Source monitoring

Gazala Habib
 Air pollution sources of regional importance
Sources of air pollution Approaches for Emission Estimates
Biomass burning Biomass fuel combustion Chemical Fertilizers

On-road transport Brick Kilns Dairy Farm

Power generation Industries Municipal waste burning

Diesel tractors Off-road combustion Construction activity

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Area of Research
• Emission rate
• Emission inventory development
• Exposure assessment and risk
estimate
• To decide control equipment
Data requirement
• Gas velocity
• Gas temperature
• Static pressure in duct
• Barometric pressure
• Duct diameter
• Concentration of pollutant
• Emission source name and location
• Date and time
• Wind speed and direction
• Control system operating conditions
• Process operating conditions
 Challenges in Aerosol measurement at sources

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Sampling particles from stack/duct
• Isoaxial Sampling
• Iso kinetic sampling
• Sub iso kinetic sampling
• Super iso kinetic sampling
• Anisoaxial sampling
• Particle size distribution
• Particle losses
• Wall losses due to charging
• Thermophoresis losses
• Evaluation parameter for
dilution tunnel
 2∆𝑝
𝑣!" = 𝑐#,%&'(#!
𝜌)
∆𝒑 𝑸𝒔

Rotameters with
needle valve
Dilution tunnel
 Versatile Source Sampling System (VS3)
Zero air

Rotameter with
Particle

needle valve
sampling probe

DR=10-40
DR=30-100
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On-field emission measurement images-Residential sector and open burning

Outdoor open kitchen

Semi-closed kitchen

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 Evaluation of VS3

v Homogenous mixing
v Gas-to particle conversion
v Particle wall losses

𝑄" ℎ# − ℎ"
𝐷𝑅 = =
𝑄# ℎ"
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) Phase equilibrium time (t):
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙
= time required for
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
conversion of VOCs to
particles (<0.5 second)
Negligible particle losses

CO2 concentration in longitudinal
and axial direction at different
dilution ratio had insignificant
difference
!
ü The ratio of (𝝉) >4 for achieving
phase equilibrium of aerosol inside
dilution tunnel (Guo et al. 2016).
!
ü At different dilution ratios (𝝉) was
always greater than 4 indicated
complete gas-to-particle
partitioning
10
Jaiprakash et al. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY2016, VOL. 50, NO. 7, 717–731
Velocity measurement and
Dilution ratio calculation
Quantity measured Instruments Range

Velocity Pitot tube >5 m/s

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑄" Hot wire anemometer 50 mm/s - 40 m/s
𝐷𝑅 = =
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑄# Flow rate Venturi meter 1 L/s – 100 m3/s

Orifice meter 1 cm3/s – 100 m3/s

𝑄" 𝐶𝑂$%#&'()*+ − 𝐶𝑂$%",-)+#" Rotameter 0.01 cm3/s – 50 L/s

𝐷𝑅 = = Mass flow meter 0.1 cm3/s – 2 l/s
𝑄# 𝐶𝑂$%",-)+#" − 𝐶𝑂$%(./,#0+
Laminar flow element 0.1 cm3/s – 20 L/s

Volume Spirometer 1-1000 L

𝑊2 − 𝑊, Soap bubble spirometer 1-1000 cm3
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶1 =
𝑉* Piston meter 1-1000 cm3

Wet test meter Unlimited

Dry gas meter Unlimited

Pressure Manometer 1-200 kPa [0-2 atm]

0-0.5 kPa [0 – 0.005

Micromanometer
atm]

Aneroid pressure gauge 0-30 kPa [0-0.3 atm]

Bourdon tube gauge >20 kPa [>0.2 atm]

Flow rate measurement through •
•
Differential pressure
k=0.98 and k=0.62
Critical orifice downstream
particle collection substrate
•
pressure<0.53*Upstream
pressure.

• Variable-head meter-Venturi • Velocity at throat is the speed of

sound and further reduction in
down stream pressure does not
and orifice meters increase the velocity through
the throat

• Variable area meter- Rotameter 4/$ 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒

2 ∆𝑝
𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴$ 𝑄 = 11.7𝑘𝐴6
$
• Variable area 𝐴 k=0.98, 0.62
𝜌3 1− $
• Constant pressure 𝐴4
𝑝4
1 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 133.3 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑄789 ∝
𝑇4

STP=At sea level t=0 C

ü 𝐶* = 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.6 − 0.8 and p= 1 atm
4/$
2𝑔𝑚2 ü 𝐴+ = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑄 = 𝐶: 𝐴6 ü 𝑚, = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝜌: 4/$ 𝑝: 4/$
𝜌3 𝐴2 ü 𝐴, = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑄789 = 𝑄;/* = 𝑄;/*
𝜌789 𝑝789
Source monitoring plan
• Source location
• Gas flow rate: velocity pressure or Gas
kinetic
• Measurement of static pressure (velocity
pressure=total pressure-static pressure)
• Wall type
• Static tip
• Low pressure
• Velocity
• Vane probe velocity meter
• Mass flow sensor/anemometer
• Volumetric flow rate for turbulent flow
Carbon balance method for
emission factor calculation

2∆𝑝
𝑣 = 𝑐1,*%+=1#
𝜌3

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶1,*%+=1#
= 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆
− 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
∆𝑝 = 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌3 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
Emission factor calculation Problem 1a. The particle is collected on quartz filter of initial weight 2.5 mg
from monitoring of brick kiln stack. The final weight of the filter was
measured as 2.85 mg. The monitoring was conducted for 30 min at 1 LPM.
Determine the concentration of the particle in sampled air which was
diluted using 40 LPM clean air.
𝑔 𝐶# ×𝐷𝑅×𝑉!" 𝑉#& = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡
𝐸𝐹 = 𝑊, − 𝑊-
𝑘𝑔 𝐹 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶# =
𝑉%
𝜇𝑔
The carbon balance method used for emission factor calculation 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶# 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑔 𝑚0
𝑔 𝑔 𝐶- (2.85 − 2.5)×100
𝐸𝐹- = 𝐶𝑀𝐹,.!/ ∗ 𝑚0 = = 11667
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ∆𝐶 𝑔 𝑀1 𝑔 𝑀1 1×10&0 ×30
12! 0 𝑀12! + ∆𝐶 12 𝑀12
𝑚 𝑚0 Problem 1b. What would be the concentration in exhaust?

𝑔 C𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝐷𝑅 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑦 40
𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 = ×11667 = 466667 𝜇𝑔𝑚&0
= 𝐸𝐹# ×𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1
𝑘𝑔
Problem 1c. What would be the mass of particles emitted in 30 min if the
Problem 1c. Determine the emission factor of particles if 100 kg of wood measured average velocity of exhaust was recorded as 10 m/s? The stack
was burned in 30 min. diameter was 2.0 m at sampling point.

𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉!" ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡

𝐸𝐹 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑉!" = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡×𝑣!"
𝑔 26389 𝜋 3
𝐸𝐹# 𝑖𝑛 = = 263.89 𝑉!" = 2 ×10×30×60 = 56549 𝑚0
𝑘𝑔 100 4
56549 𝑚0 ×466667
𝑀# 𝑖𝑛 𝑔 = = 26389
104