ASSIGNMENT 2-GROUP

WORK
ECH3501- POLLUTION CONTROL ENGINEERING
PROF. MADYA DR. ROZITA BINTI OMAR

NAME MATRIC NO.

MOHAMAD HAZMAN BIN MOHAMAD 198554
HUSNIN
MUHAMMAD AIZAT BIN MOHD IBRAHIM 198178
MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN KHAIRIL ANUAR 198435
MUHAMMAD IKMAL HAZIQ BIN KHAIRUL 199078
ANUAR
MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN MOHD HASAN 198163
WHAT IS JAR TEST ?

 A laboratory procedure that simulates coagulation/flocculation with differing

chemical doses. The purpose of the procedure is to estimate the minimum
coagulant dose required to achieve certain water quality goals. Samples of
water to be treated are placed in six jars. Various amounts of chemicals are
added to each jar, stirred, and the settling of solids is observed. The lowest
dose of chemicals that provides satisfactory settling is the dose used to treat
the water.
HOW THE COAGULANT WORKS IN JAR
TEST ?
 The jar test involves exposing same volume samples of the water to be
treated to different doses of the coagulant and then simultaneously mixing
the samples at a constant rapid mixing time. The microfloc formed after
coagulation further undergoes flocculation and is allowed to settle.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERNECE BETWEEN
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION ?
 Basically, coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilize a
stabilized charged particle. Meanwhile, flocculation is a mixing technique
that promotes agglomeration and assists in the settling of particles. The most
common used coagulant is alum, Al2(SO4)3 • 14 H2O.
Example 6-11

One of the most common methods to evaluate coagulation efficiency is

to conduct jar tests. Jar tests are performed in an apparatus such as shown
in Figure 6-8. Six beakers are filled with water and then each is mixed and
flocculated uniformly by a gang stirrer. The jars are square in order to
prevent swirling and are called gator jars. A test is often conducted by first
dosing each jar with the same alum dose and varying the pH in each jar. The
test can then be repeated in a second set of jars by holding the pH constant
and varying the coagulant dose. Two sets of such jar tests were conducted
on a raw water containing 15 TU and an HCO-3 alkalinity concentration of 50
mg/L expressed as CaCO3. Given the data below, find the optimal pH,
coagulant dose, and the theoretical amount of alkalinity that would be
consumed at the optimal dose.

FIGURE 6-8
Jar tests: (a) Phipps
and Bird jar tester;
(b) close up of floc
in Gator jar. (David
Cornwell)

(a) (b)
Solution

The results of the two jar tests are plotted in

Figure 6-9. The optimal pH was chosen as 6.25
and the optimal alum dose was about 12.5mg/L.
The experimenter would probably try to repeat
the test using a pH of 6.25 and varying the alum
dose between 10 and 15 to pinpoint the optimal
conditions.

FIGURE 6-9
Results of jar
test.
Find the amount of alkalinity will be consumed by using

Equation 6-1

1 mole of alum consumes 6 moles of HCO-3

Molecular weight alum = 594g/mole

Find the moles of alum added by using

Equation 5-7
which will consume

The molecular weight of HCO-3 is 61, so

are consumed, which can be expressed as CaCO3 by using

Equation 5-40
Example 6-11

A city is planning the installation of a new water treatment plant to

supply a growing population. There will be only one rapid mix basin and
then the flow will be evenly split between two flocculator trains, each
with three basins equal in volume. The required water depth of all
basins is 4.0 m. Determine correct basin volumes, basin dimensions,
tank equivalent diameter, required input power, impeller diameter
from table below, and rotational speed using the following parameters:
  

Parameters:

/d
Rapid mix = 2 min
Based on pilot studies the rapid mix = 2 min. to remove color and natural organic matter
Rapid mix
Total flocculation = 30 min
Flocculators G = 70 , 50 , 30
Water temperature = 5 C
Place impeller at one-third the water depth

Impeller type Impeller diameters (m) Power number ()

Radial 0.8 1.1 1.4 5.7
Axial 0.8 1.4 2.0 0.31
Formula & Table:
Equation 2-27 Equation 6-23

Equation 6-22

a.   Rapid-mix design  
*Convert /d to /min • Basin dimension
= 8.0 /min Area
A=
 Find volume of the rapid mix A = 4.0
basin
side dimension
*(eqn 2-27) length and width =
= 2.0 m

• Equivalent tank diameter

Tank Equivalent=
V = (8.0 /min)*(2 min)
=
V = 16.0

=2.26m
 

• Required input power • Impeller Diameter

*from Table A-1 in Appendix A
Temp of water = 5C, so
dynamic viscosity =
*By using Table 6-9, we can evaluate
size radial impellers using the
geometric ratios.

*(eqn 6-22)

(16.0 )
= 8755 W

The shaded areas indicate values that

are not within the range. Thus, 1.1m
radial impeller are best suited.
 

• Rotational speed

*Diameter impeller = 1.1m

(eqn 6-23)

= 0.98 rps
= 59 rpm
  
a.
   Flocculator design *Because we need three equal
*Convert /d to /min flocculator tanks, total volume per
= 8.0 /min
train is divided by 3

*The flow is split between two flocculation trains,

so the flow rate should be divided by 2
• Basin dimension
Area
A=
A = 10.0
 Find volume of the rapid mix basin
side dimension
*(eqn 2-27) length and width =
= 3.16 m

• Equivalent tank diameter

V = (4.0 /min)*(30 min)
Tank Equivalent=
= 120
=
= 3.57 m
 

• Required input power • Impeller Diameter

*dynamic viscosity = *By using Table 6-9, we can evaluate

size axial impellers using the geometric
*Input power need to be calculated three times
ratios.
( 70 , 50 , 30 )

*(eqn 6-22)

(40.0 )
= 298 W
(40.0 )
= 152 W The shaded areas indicate values that
are not within the range. Thus, 1.4m
(40.0 ) axial impeller are best suited.
= 54.7 W
   

• Rotational speed *for flocculation, the tangial velocity(tip speed)

must not exceed 2.7 m/s

*Diameter impeller = 1.4m

Tip Speed = /s

*(eqn 6-23)
for G = 70 , the flocculator is true because not
exceed 2.7 m/s , then it is true for others since the
rotational speed is lower.
= 0.56 rps
= 34 rpm