Industrial Hygiene

ERT 312
Lecture 7 – Identification, Evaluation and Control
Identification
 Able to identify the hazard from single exposure or
potential combined effects from multiple exposures
 Require deep study on the chemical process, operating
conditions and operating procedures
 Source of information;
 Process design descriptions
 Operating instructions
 Safety reviews
 Equipment specs
 Etc.

2
3
4
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
 Chemical Safety Data Sheets (CSDS)
 MSDS lists the physical properties of a substance that may
be required to determine the potential hazards of the
substance
 Manufacturer/supplier is responsible to provide the MSDS
to their customers

* Example of MSDS

5
Evaluation
 To determine the extent and degree of employee exposure
to toxicants and physical hazards in the workplace
 Once exposure data obtained, comparison is being made
to acceptable occupational health standards eg: TLVs,
PELs and IDLH concentrations (page 56)
 Then, the decision on proper control measure can be made
accordingly in order to reduce the risk

6
 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of a chemical substance is
a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed
day after day for a working lifetime without adverse
health effects
 The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL or OSHA PEL)
is a legal limit for exposure of an employee to a substance
or physical agent. For substances it is usually expressed in
parts per million (ppm), or sometimes in milligrams per
cubic metre (mg/m3)
 IDLH is an initials for Immediately Dangerous to Life
and Health, and is defined by the NIOSH as exposure to
airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or
immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or
prevent escape from such an environment”

7
Table 2.7 – established by ACGIH

8
 TLVs units – ppm, mg/m3,
 For dust – mg/m3 or mppcf
 For vapors, concentration in ppm;

 Cppm = 22.4 T 1
( )( )(mg / m )
3
Equation 1
M 273 P
=
T
0.08205( )(mg / m )
3 Equation 2

PM
 T (temperature, Kelvin), P (absolute pressure, atm) M (molecular
weight, g/g-mol)

9
Problem 2.7 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
 How much acetone liquid (ml) required to produce a
vapor concentration of 200 ppm in a room of dimension 3
x 4 x 10 m?
Given T is 25°C, P is 1 atm, molecular weight is 58.1 and
specific gravity is 0.7899.

10
11
Evaluation Exposure of Organic
Toxicants
 The simplest way to determine worker exposures is
through continuous monitoring of the air concentrations.
 For computation of continuous concentration data C(t) the
TWA concentration,

1 tw

TWA   C (t )dt Equation 3

80
 C(t) the concentration of the toxicant in the air, ppm
@ mg/m3
 tw the worker shift time in hours
12
 Sometimes, continuous monitoring is not feasible.
Therefore, intermittent samples representing worker
exposure at fixed points of time are obtained.

C1T1  C2T2  ...  CnTn

TWA  Equation 4

Single Component Exposure, workers are overexposed

if the sum of conc. > permitted TWA

13
Example 3.3 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
 Determine the 8-hr TWA worker exposure if the worker is
exposed to toluene vapors as follows;
Duration (h) Concentration (ppm)
2 110
2 330
4 90

Solution:
C1T1  C2T2  ...  CnTn
TWA  Equation 5
8
Answer: 155 ppm

14
 For a case of more than 1 toxicant is present in the
workplace; the combined exposures from multiple
toxicants with different TLV-TWAs is determined by;

n Ci

i 1 (TLV  TWA )
If the sum of the equation > 1,
workers are overexposed

i Equation 6

 n the total number of toxicants

 Ci the conc. of toxicant i with respect to the other
toxicants
 (TLV-TWA)i the TLV-TWA for toxicant sp. i
15
 The mixture also TLV-TWA can be computed using
equation below;
n

C i
(TLV  TWA ) mix  i 1
Equation 7
n Ci

i 1 (TLV  TWA )
i

If the total mixture conc. > (TLV-

TWA)mix , workers are overexposed

16
Example 3.2 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Air contains 5 ppm of diethylamine (TLV-TWA = 10
ppm), 20 ppm cyclohexanol (TLV-TWA = 50 ppm) and
10 ppm of propylene oxide (TLV-TWA = 20 ppm). What
is the mixture TLV-TWA and has this level been
exceeded?

17
Evaluation of exposure to dusts
 Dusts particle size range of 0.2-0.5 µm
 Particles > 0.5 µm unable to penetrate the lungs
 Particle < 0.2 µm settle out too slowly, most exhaled with
the air
 Units: mg/m3 @ mg/mppcf
n

C i
TLV mix  i 1
Equation 8
n Ci

i 1 TLV
i
18
Example 3-5 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
 Determine the TLV for a uniform mixture of dusts
containing the following particles;
Type of dust Concentration (wt. TLV (mppcf)
%)
Nonasbestiform 70 20
Quartz 30 2.7

 Solution:

 Answer: 6.8 mppcf

19
Evaluation of exposure to Noise
 Noise levels are measured in decibels (dB)
 A dB is a relative logarithmic scale used to compare the
intensities of two sounds. If one sound is at intensity I and
another sound is at intensity Io, then the difference in
intensity levels in dB is given;

Noise intensity (dB) = - 10 log10(I/Io)

20
21
Example 3.6 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Determine whether the following noise level is
permissible with no additional control features:

Noise Level (dBa) Duration (hr) Max. allowed (hr)

85 3.6 No limit

95 3.0 4

110 0.5 0.5

22
Solution:

n Ci
(TLV – TWA)mix, noise = 
i 1 (TLV  TWA )
i

n Ci 3.6 3 0.5

i 1 (TLV  TWA )
    1.75
i
no limit 4 0.5

The sum > 1.0, workers are immediately required to wear

ear protection. For long term plan, noise reduction control
should be applied.
23
Evaluation of exposure to Toxic Vapors
Enclosure volume, V Volatile concentration, C
(mass/volume)

Ventilation rate, Qv Volatile rate out, kQvC

(volume/time) (mass/time)

QmR gT
C ppm   106
kQ v PM

Equation 9 Evolution rate of volatile, Qm

(mass/time)
24
Assumptions
 The calculated concentration is an average concentration
in the enclosure. Localized conditions could result in
significantly higher concentrations; workers directly
above an open container might be exposed to higher
concentrations
 A steady-state condition is assumed; that is, the
accumulation term in the mass balance is 0
 The non-ideal mixing factor, k varies from 0.1 – 0.5 for
most practical situations. For perfect mixing, k = 1

25
Example 3.7 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
An open toluene container in an enclosure is weighed as a
function of time, and it is determined that the average
evaporation rate is 0.1 g/min. the ventilation rate is 100
ft3/min. the temperature is 80oF and the pressure is 1 atm.
Estimate the concentration of toluene vapor in the
enclosure, and compare your answer to the TLV for
toluene of 50 ppm.

26
Solution
 Use equation 9 to solve the problem
From data given; Qm R gT
C ppm   106
Qm 0.1 g/min kQ v PM
Rg 0.7302 ft3.atm/lb-mol.oR
T 80oF = 540oR
Qv 100 ft3/min
M 92 lbm/lb-mol
P 1 atm
k ?

Answer: kCppm = 9.43 ppm

K varies from 0.1 – 0.5, therefore Cppm may vary from 18.9 – 94.3 ppm. Actual vapor
sampling is recommended to ensure that TLV is not exceeded

27
Estimating the vaporization rate of a liquid

Qm Qm

Open Vessel Chemical Spill

Volatile Substances
28
 General expression for vaporization rate, Qm (mass/time):

MKA( P  p ) sat

Qm  Equation 10
Rg TL
 M Molecular weight of volatile substance
 K mass transfer coefficient (length/time) for an area A
 Rg ideal gas constant
 TL absolute temperature of the liquid

29
 For most cases, Psat >> p;

MKAP sat

Qm  Equation 11

RgTL

 The equation is used to estimate the evaporation rate of

volatile from an open vessel or a spill of liquid

30
 To estimate the concentration of volatile in enclosure
resulting from evaporation of a liquid;

Equa. 11 used KATP sat

in Equa .9 C ppm   10 6
Equation 12
kQv PTL
Most KAP sat

events, C ppm   10 6
Equation 13
T = TL kQv P
 K gas mass transfer coefficient

31
 Estimation of K, gas mass transfer coefficient;

K  aD 2/3
Equation 14

 a constant
 D gas-phase diffusion coeeficient

32
 To determine the ratio of the mass transfer coefficient
between species K and a reference species Ko;
2/3
K D
  
K o  Do  Equation 15

 The gas-phase diffusion coefficients are estimated from

the molecular weight, M of the species;

D Mo
 Equation 16
Do M

33
 Combined equation 15 & 16, simplified;

1/ 3
 Mo 
K  Ko   Equation 17

M 

 Kwater 0.83 cm/s

34
Example 3.8 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
 A large open tank with a 5-ft diameter contains toluene.
Estimate the evaporation rate from this tank assuming a
temperature of 77oF and a pressure of 1 atm. If the
ventilation rate is 3000 ft3/min, estimate the concentration
of toluene in this workplace enclosure.

35
Evaluation of exposure during vessel
filling operations
 For this case, volatile emissions are generated from 2
sources:
 Evaporation of a liquid, (Qm)1
 Displacement of the vapor in the vapor space by the liquid
filling the vessel, (Qm)2

 Therefore, the net generation of volatile;

Equation 18
(Qm) = (Qm)1 + (Qm)2

36
 Total Source = Evaporation + Displaced Air

Volatile in

Vapor

Evaporation
Liquid

Vessel

37
 MKAP sat

(Qm )1  Equation 19

RgTL
(Qm ) 2  rf Vc  v Equation 20

rf constant filling rate of the vessel (time-1)

v density of the volatile vapor

38
 Hence, the net source term;
Equation 20

MP sat

Qm  (Qm )1  (Qm ) 2  (rf Vc  KA)

RgTL
Equation 21

P sat

C ppm  (rf Vc  KA)  10 6

kQv P
39
Problem 3.24 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
55-gallon drums are being filled with 2-butoxyethanol.
The drums are being splash-filled at the rate of 30 drums
per hour. The bung opening through which the drums are
being filled has an area of 8 cm2. estimate the ambient
vapor concentration if the ventilation rate is 3000 ft 3/min.
the vapor pressure for 2-butoxyethanol is 0.6 mm Hg
under these conditions.

2-butoxyethanol chemical formula: HOCH2C2HOC4H9

40
Solution:

41
Appendix A

42
Appendix B
 Conversion of Fahrenheit (°F) to Rankine (°R)

1st step TF  32
Convert Fahrenheit to Celcius TC 
2nd step 1.8
Convert Celcius to Kelvin T  TC  273.15
K
3 step
rd

Convert Kelvin to Rankine

TR  1.8TK

43