Vapor Flow Models and Equations

Source Models
Vapor flow through holes and pipes

Vapor flow though holes & pipes
Vapor flow through holes
Steady flow of vapor through pipes
Example
Liquid versus Vapor flow
Liquids – Vapors –
Incompressible flow Compressible flow
 Energy from
 Kinetic energy term pressure converted
is negligible to kinetic energy
 Temperature,
pressure, density all
 Physical properties change when going
(density) constant through a hole or
down a pipe
 Throttling release
 Free Expansion
 Non choked or subsonic
 Choked, critical or sonic
Example
Throttling flow
 Small cracks – large frictional loses
 Not much energy due to pressure is
converted to kinetic
 Models require detailed information on
physical structure of leak
Throttling flow
A throttling device is a valve or crack or
porous material with high resistance to
flow that results in a large pressure
drop.
Throttling flow
First law of thermodynamics
dE
  Q  Ws   min (h  e p  ek )in   mout (h  e p  ek )out
dt
Assume Steady state

Adiabatic
Negligible potential and Kinetic energy effects
Single inlet and outlet
No shaft work
Throttling flow
Hence the process is isenthalpic
Consider the temperature as a function of

pressure and enthalpy
dT  fT ( P, h)
Throttling flow
Take partial
 T   T 
dT    dP    dh
 P h  h  P
Definition of Joule-Thomsen coefficient

 T 
  
 P h
Throttling flow
 T 
If isenthalpic then   0
 h  P
out
Integrate out Tout  Tin   dP
in
Most gases have positive Joule-Thomsen
coefficient so as pressure drops,
temperature drops
 Free Expansion
Example
Free Expansion
Assume
Negligible potential
(ΔZ=0)
No shaft work
Ws=0
Mechanical Energy Balance
dP  u2  g Ws
 
    Z  F 
 2 gc  gc m
Friction through “hole” is defined as before

dP  dP 
F   C 
2

 1
  
Need to have density as a function of
pressure to solve integral – Assume
isentropic flow
 P
Pv   constant
 
Cp
 
Cv
Substitute all into MEB and integrate
You end up with velocity as function of
several terms
u  f  P, P0 , T0 , properties 
As before, mass flow rate from velocity
Qm   uA
Design equation for subsonic flow
through holes Eq. 4-38
 2  1 
2 g c M   P    P  

Qm  C0 AP0    
RgT0   1  P0   P0  
 
 Free Expansion

Example
Choked flow through holes
As you lower the down stream pressure (or
increase upstream pressure) the velocity
increases until it reaches a critical velocity,
the sonic velocity, or speed of sound.
After that the velocity becomes independent

of pressure. Downstream conditions no
longer have an effect on velocity.
For choked, critical or sonic flow
u  a ( SpeedOfSound )   g c RgT / M
So at choked conditions Eq. 4-40
 1
 gc M  2   1
Q 
m choked  C0 AP0  
RgT0    1 
For sharp edged orifice C0=0.61, Worst
case scenario C0=1.0

Pchoked  2   1
 
P0    1 
Gas  Pchoked
Monotonic ~1.67 0.487P0
Diatomic (air) ~1.40 0.528P0
Triatomic ~1.32 0.542P0

 Adiabatic flow of vapor through pipes
 Non choked flows
 Choked flows
 Isothermal flow of vapor through pipes
 Choked flows
Example
Vapor flow through pipes
There are two cases which we can derive
(with much work) relationships for flow of
vapors through pipes
 Adiabatic – which assumes well insulated walls, no

energy loss to surroundings
 Isothermal – which assumes constant wall

temperature (submerged pipe)
 Choked flows
 Choked flows
Example
Adiabatic vapor flow in pipes
For compressible
flow it is best to
work things out in
terms of the Mach
number, Ma.
u
Ma 
a
Adiabatic vapor flow through pipes
The book doesn’t even attempt to go

through the derivations, just gives the
equations.
As before, we need to consider both

nonchoked and choked flow.
Adiabatic vapor flow through pipes
For most problems you know
 L – length of pipe
 d – diameter of pipe
 T1, P1 – upstream temperature, pressure
 P2 – downstream pressure
To get mass flow rate Qm (mass/time) from

G, mass flux, (mass/area*time) use Qm=G*A
Adiabatic non choked flows in pipes
1) Find pipe roughness from Table 4-1
2) Determine f from Eq. 4-27
1  d
 4 log  3.7 
f  
3) Determine T2 from Eq. 4-51 (trial & error)

4) Calculation G from Eq. 4-52
5) Calculate Reynolds number to verify Eq 4-
27 is valid
Adiabatic Choked flows in pipes
1) Find roughness from Table 4-1
2) Determine f from Eq 4-27
3) Determine Ma1 from Eq 4-57 (use 4-46
to get Y1) (usually trial & error)
4) Determine mass flux, Gchoked Eq. 4-56
5) Determine Pchoked from Eq 4-54
6) Double check Reynolds number
 Choked flows
Example
Isothermal non choked flows
2) Determine f from Eq. 4-27
3) Compute G from Eq. 4-63
4) Double check Reynolds number
For isothermal non choked flow no need

for trial and error, nice analytical
equations
Isothermal choked flows
2) Find f from Eq. 4-27
3) Determine Ma1 from Eq. 4-71 (trial and
error)
4) Determine G from Eq. 4-70
5) Double check the Reynolds number
Example

Vapor Flow Models and Equations

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Vapor Flow Models and Equations

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Source Models

Vapor flow through holes and pipes

Steady flow of vapor through pipes

Assume Steady state

Consider the temperature as a function of

Definition of Joule-Thomsen coefficient

Friction through “hole” is defined as before

As before, mass flow rate from velocity

Steady flow of vapor through pipes

After that the velocity becomes independent

Diatomic (air) ~1.40 0.528P0

Triatomic ~1.32 0.542P0

 Adiabatic – which assumes well insulated walls, no

 Isothermal – which assumes constant wall

The book doesn’t even attempt to go

As before, we need to consider both

To get mass flow rate Qm (mass/time) from

3) Determine T2 from Eq. 4-51 (trial & error)

For isothermal non choked flow no need

Steady flow of vapor through pipes

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