University of Zakho

College of engineering
Mechanical department
4th stage 7th semester

Assignment VII (Proposal Methodology)

Design of an air conditioning system for a Mosque

Prepared by
Khisar H. Ahmad
Hussein S. Badal
Omer M. Ali
Sameer Kh. Hassan

Supervisor: D. Omer M. Ali

Methodology

The methodology of this project includes the following steps:

Figure-1: Flowchart of the work.

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Heating and cooling loads are measures of the energy required to maintain a comfortable indoor
environment in a building. These measures are crucial in designing and selecting HVAC systems that can
effectively regulate temperature and humidity levels within a space. The heating load refers to the amount
of heat energy required to maintain a desired temperature within a building during cold weather, while the
cooling load is the amount of heat energy that needs to be removed from a building to maintain a desired
temperature during hot weather. [1][2]

Equipment of HVAC systems:[3][4]

1. Fans
2. Heating and cooling coils
3. chillers
4. Boilers
5. Cooling Tower
6. Steam boiler
7. Converter
8. Filter
9. Humidifier
10. Air handlers

Figure (2): Equipment providing heating or cooling fluid to air handlers in typical all-air
commercial HVAC systems.

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Cooling Load Calculations
The cooling load calculations may be classified into; [2]
1. Conduction Loads
A. Walls:
We can divide walls into two kinds:
a) Not partition wall (Exposure Wall): 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ (𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 + 𝐿𝑀)] ∗ 𝐾 + (25.5 − 𝑇𝑟) + (𝑇𝑜 − 29.4)
Where:
CLTD: Cooling load temperature difference.
U: Over all heat transfer coefficient. (w/m2)
LM: Correct factor of latitude (width) line & month.
b) Partition wall: 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑇𝐷
Where:
U: Over all heat transfer coefficient. (w/m2.K).
A: Area of wall sectional. (m2).
TD: Temperature difference for partition wall. (Always assumed this value = 8°C).

B. Roofs: 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ (𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓 ∗ [(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 + 𝐿𝑀)] ∗ 𝐾 + (25.5 − 𝑇𝑟) + (𝑇𝑜 − 29.4)
Where:
CLTD: Cooling load temperature difference.
U: Over all heat transfer coefficient. (W/m2.K).
LM: Correct factor of latitude (width) line & month.
K: Correct factor of wall color. Note for K Factor K= 1 for dark colored or light in an industrial area.
K= 0.5 for light colored roof
f: is a factor for attic fan & or ducts above ceiling.
f = 1 for no attic or ducts.
f = 0.75 for positive (mechanical) ventilation; A: Area of wall sectional. (m2).
Tr: Inside room temperature.
To: to – DR/2
to : Outside room temperature,
DR : daily temperature range.

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 C. Floors: 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑇𝐷
Where:
U: Over all heat transfer coefficient. (w/m2.K).
A: Area of floor sectional. (m2).
TD: Temperature difference. (We assumed this value = 8°C). (It is the difference between the inside room
temperature and outdoor room temperature).

D. Glasses:
The heat is transferred through glasses in two ways:
a) Conduction: 𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ (𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 + (25.5 − 𝑇𝑅) + (𝑇𝑜 − 29.4)
Where:
CLTD: Cooling load temperature difference.
U: Over all heat transfer coefficient. (w/m2 C) For glasses.
A: Area of glass sectional (m2).

b) Solar: 𝑄 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑆𝐶 ∗ 𝑆𝐻𝐺 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝐹

Where:
A: Area of glass sectional. (m2).
SC: Shading coefficient of glass.
SHG: Solar heat gain. (According to the direction & LM of glass).
CLF: Cooling load factor.

E. Internal lights: 𝑄 = 𝑁𝑂.∗ 𝑊𝐴𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝐹

NO.: Number of lights.
CLF: Cooling load factor for internal lights.

F. Occupying (People):
There are two types of heat gain for people:
a) Sensible Heat: 𝑄 = 𝑁𝑂.∗ 𝑆𝐻𝐺 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝐹
b) Latent Heat: 𝑄 = 𝑁𝑂.∗ 𝐿𝐻𝐺
NO: Number of people in each zone or space.
SHG: Sensible heat gain.
LHG: Latent heat gain.
CLF: Cooling Load Factor.

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 G. Appliance:
There are two types of heat gain for apparatus:
a) Sensible Heat: 𝑄 = 𝑁𝑂.∗ 𝑆𝐻𝐺 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝐹
b) Latent Heat: 𝑄 = 𝑁𝑂. 𝐿𝐻𝐺
NO: Number of apparatuses in each zone or space.
SHG: Sensible heat gain.
LHG: Latent heat gain.
CLF: Cooling Load Factor.

H. Ventilation & Infiltration:

a) Sensible heat: 𝑄𝑆 = 1.232 𝑉(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖)
b) Latent heat : 𝑄𝑙 = 3012 𝑉(𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑖)
Wo: Moisture content at leaving air.
Wi: Moisture content at entering air.
To: Outside temperature, ℃.
Ti: Inside temperature, ℃.
V: Air volume flow rate (L/S).

c) Heat gain through ducts:

The heat gain due to the supply duct depends upon the temperature of the air in the duct & temperature of
the surrounding duct.
QD = U*AD*(Ta - Ts)
U: overall heat transfer coefficient.
AD: surface area of duct.
Ta: Temperature of ambient air.
Ts: Temperature of supply air

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Heating Load Calculations
The heating load calculations may be classified into:[1]
1. Heat Transmission Loss:
Heat loss by conduction and convection heat transfer through any surface is given by:
A. 𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝑖 – 𝑇𝑜)
Where:
Q: heat transfer through walls, roof, glass, etc.
A: surface areas
U: air-to-air heat transfer coefficient Ti: Indoor air temperature, ℃.
To: outdoor air temperature, ℃.

B. Floors on Slab:
The slab heat loss is calculated by using the following equation:
𝑄 = 𝐹 𝑃(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜)
Where:
F is the Heat Loss Coefficient for the particular construction and is a function of the degree days of
heating.
P is the perimeter of slab
Ti is the inside temperature, ℃.
To is the outside temperature, ℃.

C. Ventilation & Infiltration:

a) Sensible heat: 𝑄𝑆 = 1.232 𝑉(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖)
b) Latent heat : 𝑄𝑙 = 3012 𝑉(𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑖)
Where:
Wo: Moisture content at leaving air.
Wi: Moisture content at entering air.
To: Outside temperature,℃.
Ti: Inside temperature, ℃.
V: Air volume flow rate (L/S).

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Ventilation is the process of distributing air within a building to create a healthy breathing environment. It
has three basic elements: ventilation rate, airflow direction, and air distribution pattern. There are three
modes of ventilation: natural, mechanical, and mixed-mode ventilation. The type of mechanical
ventilation used depends on the climate. Positive pressure systems are used for warm climates, while
negative pressure systems are used for cold climates.[1]

The volume flow rate may be calculated using

Required fresh air for each applicant
Air Change Rates
𝑛 = 3600 𝑞 / 𝑉
Where:
n - air change rate per hour
q - fresh air flow through the room (m3/s)
V - volume of the room (m3)

HVAC Duct Design Procedures

Duct Classification:[1]
According To Velocity:
Low Velocity: Between 4 m/sec to 11 m/sec for Commercial Usage & Between 11 m/sec to 13 m/sec for
Factory Usage.
High Velocity: above 13 m/sec for Commercial Usage & Between 13 m/sec to 25 m/sec for Factory
Usage.
According To Pressure:
Low Pressure (Class І): up to 3.75 in.wg.
Medium Pressure (Class ІІ): Between 3.75 in.wg. to 6.75 in.wg.
High Pressure (Class ІІІ): Between 6.75 in.wg. to 12.25 in.wg.

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Design Criteria:
The following Criteria and their factors should be considered when designing an Air Duct System;
The available Space.
Architectural Appearance.
The permitted Sound Level.
The First Cost and the Operating Cost (Heat Gain or Loss, Aspect Ratio, Friction Rate & Type of
Fittings).

Estimation of pressure loss in ducts:

As air flows through a duct its total pressure drops in the direction of flow. The pressure drop is due to:
Static Pressure Losses.
Dynamic Pressure Losses.
Total Pressure Losses.

Dynamic pressure loss takes place whenever there is a change in either the velocity or direction of airflow
due to the use of a variety of bends and fittings in air conditioning ducts.
Some of the commonly used fittings are enlargements, contractions, elbows, branches, dampers etc.
Pressure drop in bends and fittings could be considerable and hence should be evaluated properly.
The pressure drop due to friction is known as frictional pressure drop or friction loss, Δpf. The pressure
drop due to momentum change is known as
momentum pressure drops or dynamic loss Δpd. Thus, the total pressure drop Δpt is given by:
𝛥pt = 𝛥pf + 𝛥pd
Duct Design Methods
The most common methods of air duct system design are
Equal Friction Method:
The principle of the method is a constant pressure loss per unit length of duct.
After the system has been designed and the total pressure grade line plotted, sections of ductwork may be
redesigned to achieve an approximate balance at the junctions without relying entirely on balancing
dampers.
After the system is sized, the system's total pressure requirements can be compared to that available, and
if there is a considerable difference, a redesign and recalculation are necessary.

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Velocity Reduction Method:
Constant Velocity Method
Static Regain Method:
T-Method Optimization Dynamic pressure loss calculation:
The dynamic loss is proportional to the square of velocity. Hence these are expressed as:
𝑘𝜌𝑣 2
∆𝑝𝑑 =
2
Where K is the dynamic loss coefficient, which is normally obtained from experiments.

Friction pressure loss calculation:

Selecting an appropriate pressure drop (1 pa/m), the required duct diameter can be selected for any given
air volume.

Total Pressure Drop in Section

Pressure loss in straight duct (Pa) = Rate of pressure drop (1.0 Pa per meter run) x length of section (m).
Total Pressure drop in Section (Pa) = Pressure loss for fittings (Pa) + Pressure loss in straight duct (Pa

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References:

[1] F. McQuiston, J. Parker, and J. Spitler, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Analysis and
Design, Sixth. Hamilton printing .

[2] Stoecker and Jones, Stoecker_Jones_Refrigeration_Air_Conditioning_2nd_Ed_McGraw_Hill,

Second. new york.

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