A HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN OF MALL AT CHABAHIL

( MID-TERM PRESENTATION)

PROJECT SUPERVISORS: Asso. Prof. Susan Bajracharya Asso. Prof. Sunil Risal

PRESENTED BY Pramod Thapa (064bme625) Shisir Pokhrel (064bme634) Susheel Regmi (064bme646)

June 29, 2011

Presentation includes
q Introduction to Air-conditioning q Selection of Indoor and Outdoor Design Condition through climate analysis q Building description q Calculation of U of building material q Calculation of thermal load q Analysis of thermal load q Reporting of Work in Progress

Background

History of HVAC-R was started in 1820s by making ice artificially as an experiment Willis Haviland Carrier invented the first AC to control the temperature and humidity of a printing company Discovery of Freon refrigerant, invention of rotary compressor and Heat pump equipments made AC unit smaller and efficient and allow cooling and heating cycle to occur in same machine providing cooling during summer and heating during winter Today, air conditioners have been said to be a partial cause for the changes in the developed countries, and for most of us who have experienced its cooling benefits in times of searing heat waves, it is an invention that is hard to live without

Main Objective

To design Heating, Ventilating and Airconditioning (HVAC) and Fire Protection system of Mall

Specific Objectives:

HVAC system
To familiarize with different equipment regarding HVAC system To carry out thermal load calculation for HVAC Design To select appropriate design and equipment for HVAC design in order

to make energy efficient To carry out piping and ducting network design To prepare Bill of Quantity and cost estimation of HVAC system

Fire protection system

To design the fire protection system layout To prepare Bill of Quantity and cost estimation of fire protection

system.

Literature Review

HVAC SYSTEM
The primary function of an A/C is to maintain the conditioned space at required temperature, moisture content with due attention towards the air motion, air quality and noise Consists of heating units, cooling units,, humidifier, dehumidifier, air filter, ducts etc arranged in sequential order

Classification of Air Conditioning

Based on Application
Comfort air-conditioning Industrial air-conditioning

Based on Air Conditioning Unit and Distribution System

Central station air-conditioning system Unitary air-conditioning system District air-conditioning system

Based on working Fluid Used

All-water system All air system Air water system Direct expansion system

Thermodynamics of human body

Human body, a thermal machine with 20 % thermal efficiency. The heat is transferred from human body by convection, radiation and evaporation. Heat loss equation: Hm W = He Hc Hr Hs
where,

Hm = Metabolic heat produced in the body. W = Useful rate of working. H-e = Heat lost by evaporation. Hc = Heat lost or gained by convection. Hr = Heat lost or gained by radiation. Hs = Heat stored in the body.

Effective temperature
It is the combination of DBT and RH which carries the

same amount of heat from the body

73 0 F < ET < 79 0F for summer 68 0F < ET < 74 0F for winter

Source: ASHRAE handbook

Indoor comfort condition for our design

Should be comfortable for 80% of the occupants. For summer air conditioning 75 0F, RH 50%. For winter air conditioning 70 0F, RH 50%

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Outdoor Design Condition

Chart: Monthly extreme max temperature

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
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Outdoor Design Condition

Chart: Monthly Extreme Min Temperature

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

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Outdoor Design Condition

Design Outdoor Temp, 91.9 0F (JUN)

Winter outdoor temp, 32.60F (JAN)

Chart : Extreme max. mean and Extreme min. mean temperature

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
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Outdoor Design Condition

Summer RH Winter RH

Chart: Monthly Average RH from 2004 to 2009

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

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Outdoor Design Condition

MONTH 2004 Tmax Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 64.76 71.6 81.14 81.86 83.48 83.84 81.86 84.38 82.58 78.8 72.86 69.08 Tmin 37.58 41.36 51.26 55.76 61.7 66.38 68.36 69.08 66.74 55.58 45.5 40.1 2005 Tmax 64.22 71.6 78.44 83.48 84.92 86.9 84.38 84.2 85.1 79.52 73.94 69.8 Tmin 2006 Tmax Tmin 35.6 48.38 47.48 54.32 63.14 66.92 69.62 68.54 66.02 56.66 48.56 41.18 2007 Tmax 66.38 66.38 76.46 84.38 85.64 85.28 83.12 84.56 82.58 82.4 76.46 69.62 Tmin 37.22 43.7 48.74 56.84 62.24 67.1 69.08 68.9 66.56 59.54 48.02 38.84 2008 Tmax Tmin 66.92 37.4 70.34 37.94 78.8 49.1 2009 Tmax 72.5 78.44 81.5 88.52 84.38 87.08 85.64 84.38 84.92 81.32 75.2 68.9 Tmin 38.66 42.62 46.76 55.94 60.8 66.02 69.26 68.9 65.48 57.92 46.04 41.54 39.74 72.14 42.62 77.36 50.18 79.34 52.88 82.04 58.82 83.12 66.56 85.1 69.08 85.1 69.08 85.28 67.1 57.2 82.94 80.96

84.74 54.5 84.2 59.72

84.74 67.28 84.74 68.54 85.1 68.18

84.92 65.66 83.12 56.3 77.54 47.66 71.96 42.8

47.12 74.84 38.3 68.36

Chart : Max. Mean and Min. Mean Temp for Ktm. Airport Station
Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
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Outdoor Design Condition

Summ

Chart : Daily Range

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Outdoor Design Condition

Summary of Outdoor Design Condition

Summer:

91.90F and RH 71.5% 32.6 0F and RH 65.2%

Winter:

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Building Description

Mall is a 11-story including double basement floor with plinth area, around 8000 sq ft and total area of The floor height is 11-ft.
Outer Wall:
4 face brick+ 8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 on inner side of

wall For Screen 1 and 2, 4 face brick+ 8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 and 2 glass wool on inner side of wall

Partition Wall:
8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 on both side of wall For screen 1 &2, 8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 on both side

of wall with 2 in glass wool in inner side of wall 1/2 clear-in glass

Ceiling/ floor:
6 light weight Concrete with false ceiling (POP) 6 light weight concrete slab with 2 glass wool with false ceiling for

the Cinema Hall 1 and 2 on sixth floor.

Window: 1/4" Reflecting Glass with aluminum frame

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Lower Basement

N
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Upper Basement

N
21

Ground Floor

N
22

First Floor

N
23

Second Floor

N
24

Third Floor

N
25

Forth Floor

N
26

Fifth Floor

N
27

Sixth Floor

N
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Seventh Floor

N
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Eight Floor

N
30

Top Floor

N
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Design Constrain

Due to lack of enough data regarding window and door, we assumed N-face contain 70% of the glass, E and W-face contains 50% glass and S-face contains 30% glass. Mall is attached to adjacent building in east side whose height is up to second floor Architect for the design of this Mall has provided space for A/C plant in the top floor of the building A/C will be supplied only to the rental areas of Mall It is even not supplied to the upper and lower basement Door of for rental area is assumed to be made of Glass and its effect is included in partition glass wall

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Calculation of U values

RO=R1+R2+R3+RN

Where RO= overall thermal resistance

R1+R2+R3 = individual thermal resistance of each resistance. U= 1/RO

where U= overall heat transfer coefficient (BTU/hr-ft2F)

Calculation of U values
Sn. 1 3 4 5 6 Description Thermal Resistance, R (ft2-hr-oF/Btu) Outer surface Resistance (moving air 15 MPH 0.17 winter) 4 face brick 8 Common brick 0.5 Plaster Inner surface Resistance (Still air, vertical) 0.44 1.6 0.32 0.68 3.21

Total Resistance

Overall Heat transfer coefficient (U=1/R), Btu/ft2-hr-oF 0.312 Note: 8" common brick was not available in the ref. so R-value is interpolated for this thickness from 4" common brick

Table: Sample for U value calculation for outer wall for winter design condition
Source: Heating ventilation and Air conditioning, Analysis and Design ,Edward G. Pita

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Calculation of U values
S.N Building Component Winter U ( Btu/ft2-hr-oF) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Outer wall Partition Wall Outer Wall of Cinema hall of sixth floor Partition Wall of Cinema hall of sixth floor Top floor Ceiling Ceiling for cinema hall of sixth floor Ceiling for other floor Window Glass 1/4" refecting Partition Glass 1/2" clear in 0.312 0.278 0.098 0.094 0.124 0.063 0.114 1.100 0.410 Summer U ( Btu/ft2-hr-oF) 0.304 0.278 0.097 0.094 0.139 0.063 0.114 1.040 0.700

Table: Summary of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for different building component

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Heating Load Calculation

Measure the maximum possible heat loss from the conditioned space Two major heat loss i.e. First, transmission losses due to heat transfer

from the air inside the mall to outside, through the walls, floor, roof, and various windows and doors. Second, is the heating load required to account for outside air infiltration through doors, windows, etc

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Heating Load Calculation

Assumption for heating load calculation

It is carried out assuming steady state

conditions (no solar radiation and steady outdoor conditions) and neglecting internal heat sources Infiltration air is not considered but ventilation of 15 CFM per person is provided in each conditioned space Temperature between the conditioned and unconditioned space is taken as 0.6 times difference between their temperature for transmission loss calculation

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Heating Load Calculation

Calculating formulas

(a) Building Heat Transfer Loss Q = A x U x TD Where, A = area through which heat is transferred U = overall heat transfer coefficient TD = temperature difference between conditioned and unconditioned space.

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Heating Load Calculation

(b) Heat addition due to Ventilation QS = 1.1 x n x CFM x T

QL = 0.68 x n x CFM x W

Where, n is the number of people CFM is the amount of fresh air supplied to each person (ft3/min) T is temperature difference between fresh air and inside conditioned air W is the difference in water content in the fresh air and inside conditioned air (g/lb) We considered the air flow rate as 15 CFM for each person inside the conditioned air.

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Heating Load Calculation Sheet

Project Location Room Design Condition Outdoor Indoor Conduction Mall Chabahil, Kathmandu Branded showroom,G1 DB F 32.60 70 WB F 29.00 58 U RH % 65.20 50 Net Area [sq. ft.] W gr/lb 18.00 55 T[F] Heating Load Q=U*A*T [Btu/hr] Glass Wall Roof/ ceiling Floor Partition(G) Door Ventilation Wall Glass 1.10 0.31 0.11 0.114 0.28 0.41 0.41 n 45 n 45 Total Heating load [Btu/hr] 218.90 307.56 0.00 1509 811.25 440.88 0.00 Cfm 15.00 Cfm 15.00 37.40 37.40 37.40 22.44 22.44 22.44 22.44 W[gr/lb] 37.00 T[F] 37.40 9005.55 3588.86 0.00 3860.26 5060.84 4056.27 0.00 QL=0.68*n*CFM*W 16983.00 Qs=1.1*n*Cfm*T 27769.50 70324.28

Table: Heating load calculation sheet of Branded showroom of first floor

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Floor wise Heating load

Total heating load is 3,484,142 BTU/hr

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Cooling Load Calculation

For estimating cooling loads, unsteady state processes is considered (i.e. effect of solar radiation) The load on the building due to solar radiation is estimated for clear sky conditions. The building occupancy is assumed to be at full design capacity. All building internal load i.e equipment and appliances are considered to be operating at a reasonably representative capacity.

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Cooling Load Calculation

Total cooling load on a building consists of external as well as internal loads.

External load is due to heat

transfer between the surroundings and the internal conditioned space though fenestration, infiltration, wall, ceiling, floor etc Internal source are people, equipment, light etc

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Calculating Formulas
1) Conduction through exterior wall, roof and glass: Q = A x U x CLTDC

Where, Q = Transferred heat through exterior wall, roof and glass A = Area through which heat is transferred U = Overall heat transfer coefficient CLTDC = Corrected Cooling Load Temperature Difference
Where, CLTDC = (CLTD +LM) + (78 - tR) + (tO 85)

where, LM = correction factor for latitude and month

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Calculating Formulas
2) Conduction through Interior Structure Q = A x U x TD Where, A = area through which heat is transferred U = overall heat transfer coefficient TD = temperature difference between conditioned and un-conditioned space.

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Calculating Formulas
3) Solar Radiation through Glass Qglaz = A x SC x SHGF x CLF

Where, SC = Shading coefficient SHGF =Solar Heat Gain Factor CLF =Cooling Load Factor

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Calculating Formulas
4) Heat addition from Lighting Q = 3.4 x W x BF x CLF Where, W = lighting capacity (watts) BF = Ballast Factor CLF = Cooling Load Factor for lighting

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Calculating Formulas
5) Heat addition from People People adds two types of heat they are latent heat and Sensible heat Sensible heat = QS=SHG x n x CLF

Latent Heat = QL =n x LHG

Where, n = number of people SHG = Sensible heat gain LHG = Latent Heat gain CLF= Cooling load factor SHG and LHG depends upon the activity level of people
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Calculating Formulas
6) Heat addition from Equipment Q = Winput x FL x CLF

Where, Winput = rated power input of the equipment FL = load factor which is given as a product of usage factor and radiation factor CLF =cooling load factor, which depends on the scheduled hours and housing of equipment.

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Calculating Formulas
7). Heat addition due to Ventilation QS = 1.1 x n x CFM x T

QL = 0.68 x n x CFM x W

Where,

n is the number of people CFM is the amount of fresh air supplied to each person (ft3/min) T is temperature difference between fresh air and inside conditioned air W is the difference in water content in the fresh air and inside conditioned air (g/lb) We considered the air flow rate as 15 CFM for each person inside the conditioned air.

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Project Location Room Design Condition Outdoor Indoor

Mall Chabahil, Kathmandu Branded showroom (G-1) DBT[F] 91.20 75.00 Direction WBT [F] 82 63 COL

Cooling Load Calculation Sheet

wall

Dir N S E W

RH[ % ] W[g/lb] 71.5 50 U 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.114 220.88 0.00 1509.00 811.25 577.50 A 213.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 CLF 1.00 CLF 1 305.58 154 65 AREA(ft2) GROSS NET 305.58 213.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 91.67 0.00 0.00 110.44 0.00 1509.00 811.25 577.50 SC 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Factor 3.40

daily 17.43 range: roof glass(cond) CLTD/corr 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 13.49 15.49 15.99 16.49 6.49 11.49 11.49 11.49 6.49 21.49 14.49 36.20 8.49 8.99 9.49 13.49 13.99 14.49 13.49 13.99 14.49 11.49 11.49 12.49 7.49 9.49 10.49 22.49 24.49 25.49 14.49 14.49 15.49 46.20 54.20 61.20

CLTD 1pm 9 11 21 14

2pm 9 12 22 14

3pm 9 14 24 14

4pm 10 15 25 15

5pm 11 17 26 17 62 13 5pm 3444.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 375.81 0.00 0.00 587.04

T[F] 5pm 15.49 8.49 13.49 13.49 13.49 12.49 26.49 17.49 65.20 9.72 9.72 9.72

CONDUCTION N (GLASS) S E W WALL group N S E W CEILING FLOOR PARTION WALL GLASS E W

33 43 51 58 11 13 13.5 14 RSHG[Btu/hr] QS=U*A*CLTDc 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 2999.90 3444.83 3556.06 3667.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 320.07 0.00 0.00 486.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 320.07 0.00 0.00 486.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 320.07 0.00 0.00 486.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 347.94 0.00 0.00 519.89

0.114 0.304 0.70 SHGF 55.00 237.00 234.00 234.00 BF 1.25 N 23.00 23.00

1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 RSHG 9411.86 0.00 0.00 0.00

1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 9647.16 0.00 0.00 0.00

DOOR SOLAR GLASS DIR N S E W LIGHT PEOPLE EQUIPMENT VENTILATION SHG LHG TV,music

1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 0.00 9647.16 0.00 0.00 0.00

1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 9294.22 0.00 0.00 0.00

1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 9411.86 0.00 0.00 0.00

CLF 0.80 0.65 0.36 0.20

0.82 0.65 0.32 0.32

0.82 0.59 0.29 0.45

0.79 0.50 0.25 0.57

0.80 0.43 0.22 0.64

Installed wattage 300.00 HG 230.00 190.00

1275.00

1275.00

1275.00

1275.00

1275.00

5290.00 5290.00 5290.00 5290.00 5290.00 4370.00 4370.00 4370.00 4370.00 4370.00 12000.00 12000.00 12000.00 12000.00 12000.00 TC 16.2 W 89 Total cooling load [Btu/hr] Ton of Refrigeration[TR] 6147.90 20879.40 71179.01 5.93 6147.90 20879.40 71859.23 5.99 6147.90 20879.40 71970.46 6.00 6147.90 20879.40 71790.19 5.98 6147.90 20879.40 71780.39 5.98

Sensible Latent

1.1 0.68

CFM 345 345

Hourly Total Cooling load

Chart: Total Cooling Load on hourly basis

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Cooling Load at 5 pm

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Total cooling load contributed by source

Chart: Cooling load contribution from different source for 17:00 hour

Work in Progress

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Gantt Chart
S.N Month

Magh

Falgun

Chaitra

Baikash

Jestha

Ashad

Shrawan

Bhadra

Ashwoj

Week Activites
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Proposal Preparation Proposal defense Data collection and interpretation Load calculation Mid term presentation A/C system and equipment design Fire protection design Economic analysis Final presentation

10 Report submission

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Results
Summer outdoor design condition is 91.90F and

RH 71.5% and Winter design condition is 32.6 0F and RH 65.2% Total cooling load is 520 TR at 17:00 hour. Total Heating load is 3,484,142.31 BTU/hr (290 TR)

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Conclusion

The Mall is located at Chabahil, Kathmandu and is multistory building with 2 basement containing Bank, Cinema, Play Station, Departmental Store, Shops, Conference hall Cooling load was calculated by CLTD method from 13:00 to 17:00 0clock in hourly fashion Cooling load is more than heating load. Moreover, maximum cooling load occurs at 17:00 hour i.e. 520 TR in cooling load, so our design will be based upon it. Analysis of cooling load on floor wise shows that maximum load is at fourth floor Highest thermal load contribution is by Ventilation

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Reference

Pita, Edward G.,2002, Air Conditioning Principles and Systems, 4th Edition, Prentice-Hall India. Arora & Domkundar, 2001,A Course in Refrigeration and AirConditioning, 7th Revised Edition.DhanpatRai& Co. F. C. McQuiston and J. D. Parker,1994, Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, Fourth edition,Wiley http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation www.Engineeringtoolbox.com

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THANK YOU

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ANY Questions & Suggestions

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Fig. Difference bet. Heat gain to space and Cooling load

Fig. Relation between heat gain and cooling load for 24 hour operation for west exposure
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