APPENDICES
APPENDIX A.0 APPROXIMATE METHODS SECTION A.2 APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR
FOR SLIDING AND ROCKING OF AN
UNANCHORED RIGID BODY
Commentary and examples on approximate meth­
ods for sliding and rocking of an unanchored rigid
body can be found in Appendix B.
SECTION A.1 APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR
SLIDING OF AN UNANCHORED RIGID BODY
A conservatively biased sliding distance estimate
for a rigid body sliding on a level surf ace may be
computed by the following procedure. First, define an
effective coefficient of friction, µ,e, by:
µ, , = µ, [I - 0.4 A vlg] (Eq.A-1)
where µ, is the coefficient of sliding friction and A v is
the peak vertical acceleration. Next, define a sliding
coefficient, cs, by:
Cs= 2 µ,, g (Eq. A-2)
where g is the acceleration due to gravity. The conser...
vatively biased "best estimate" sliding distance, 8s, is
given by:
(Eq. A-3)
where/es is t),!e lowest natural frequency at which the
horizontal 10% damped vector spectral acceleration
SA vH equals cs, where
(Eq.A-4)
in which SA H and SA H2 are the 10% damped spectral
1
accelerations for each of the two orthogonal horizontal
components, where SA H 1 is the larger of the two spec­
tral accelerations.
When this conservatively biased approximate
•
method is used to estimate sliding displacements, the
required sliding factor of safety, FSs, may be reduced
to 2.0 because of the conservatism of this approximate
method.
ROCKING OF AN UNANCHORED RIGID BODY
The "best estimate" maximum rocking angle, 0 0
(see Figure A-1), may be computed by the following
procedure. In the following procedure, 00 is always
taken as positive (i.e., the absolute value of the maxi­
mum rocking angle is used). In some situations, the
lateral inertial mass, ML , inducing lateral rocking
forces, differs from the vertical mass, M, resisting
rocking. The following approach accommodates the
possible difference between ML and M.
Step #1 Determine the horizontal spectral acceler­
ation capacity, SAHcAP, corresponding to
any rotation angle, 00 .
(Eq. A-5)
[Eq. A-5(a)]
[Eq. A-5(b)]
[Eq. A-5(c)]
where
g = Acceleration due to gravity
a = As defined in Eq. [7-2(b)]
Fv = Correction for probabilistically combined
vertical ground motion
SA V, SAR = Ratio of vertical to horizontal spectral
acceleration determined at the effective
rocking frequency,.f., and effective
damping
The factor FH corrects for the difference between
the lateral inertial mass, ML, and the vertical resisting
mass, M, where hL is the center of gravity height for
the lateral inertial mass, ML, and his the center of
gravity height of the resisting mass, M.
For 00 angles less than 0.4 rad, the following
approximation can be used:
- �)
(/1(80) - 1) = eo(a [Eq. A-5(d)]
g
S AHcAP = FHFv (2a - 0a) [Eq. A-5(e)]
33
 I
SEISMIC DESIGN CRITEIìIA FOR S'TRUCI-URE,S, SYSTEMS, AND COMPONENTS IN NUCLEAR
FACILITIES

SAHcAptor 0,,, fì'orrr Eq. (A-5). If SAHcAp excecds

tlre maxintum SAHt¡¡¡n, rocking will be negligible.
lf SAHc^p is lcss thanrlhe maximum SAHp6¡a, then
gradrrally incrcase Q,'until SAH c,\t,l-irst equals
SAHt;tu', that is,

SAHç,1p = SAH¡1¡.'¡a (Eq. A-7)

Hcre, SAHoeu is no longer thc maximuln input spec-

B
tral acccleration but is the spectral acceleration evalu-
A-1. Rigid Body Rocking Definitions ated at 8,. andf,., which is a function of 0,,. The result-
ing 0., represents the "best estirnate" of the maxirnum
rocking angle.

Step #2 Determine the effective rocking

frequencyr;f, corresponding to any 0,,and APPENDIX B.O COMMENTARY ON AND
effective damping, B". EXAMPLES OF APPROXIMATE METHODS
FOR SLIDING AND ROCKING OF AN
UNANCHORED RIGID BODY
l,: +lllp¿Jlt rEq A_6(a)l
SECTION 8.1 APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR
v SLIDING OF AN UNANCHORED RIGID BODY
Pe- [4,n2+yr]'1 [Eq. A-6(b)J
Figure B-l shows the rcsisting force, lÇ'¡.5, dis-
where placement diagrarn fbr a rigid bocly of mass, M, with
sliding resisted by an cffective friction coefficient,
: ¡"c.,, where
' (#þ) lEq. A-6(c)l
: lt" MÍ1
y: -2h(Cp) Fns (Eq. B-l)
[Eq. A-6(d)l
Also shown in Figure B-l is an equivalent linear fbrce-
CR_
l'-#l [Eq. A-6(e)l dellection stiffness, K,., which absorbs the sarne work
done when displaccd, ô.5, where
in which 1¿is the mass lnornent of inertia of the rigid
body about the edge, B, or center ofrotation (see Fig- .. = -----:
2Fns 2p"Mg csM
1(., (Eq. B-2)
ure A- I ), and M is the rigid body vertical resisting O,5 ô.s ô.t
mass. For the situation whcre the center of gravity is at
the center of the rigid body and the lateral inertial where c.ç is a sliding coefïicient defined in Eq. (A-2).
mass, M¿, and vertical resisting mass, M, are equal and
unifbrmly distributed,

c,:+0+a2) tEq. A-6(f)l

Step #3 Determine 0, for which SAHç,1¡,et¡uals

the input spectral acceleration demand,
SAH D6M, determined at frequency,f",
and damping, B".
The procedure is to initially determine the fì.e-
quency,f.,,,, at which the input spectral acceleration
denrand, SAH¡¡¡;¡a, is maximum and back couìpute
0,,,,,fïomJ,,,,, using Eq. [A-6(a)]. Ncxt, conìpute B-1. Sliding Force-Displacement Diagram

34
 ASCL/Slil 43-()5

The cfl'cctive frequency of lhis equivalent linear holizontal clirection motion is c<lnsiclcrccl in tl.tc
system is comparison, which is consistcnt with thc Ncwrnark
approaches.
, : 2,lr
t,,: :;lal
| [K,'ln_ r [.''l^ (Bq B-rr
rrì
Thc input grouncl lnotion is assurncd to have the
l fbllowing propertics:
. : 1.0I :
PGA:A 386 in./s2
horizontal spectral acceleration, SAy¡¡,
ancl thr: vector . PGV: V: 36 in./s
PGD: I) : 20 it't.
which would displace this eguivalent linear systerìl a .
clistance, ô5, is
and the l0% danrpecl responsr: spectlal accclelatio¡rs,
S.r1, are assurned to be defined by the following:
SAvtt:
+: ,, (Bq. ts-4)

5A : 633 in./s2 2.04 Hz - .Í',,s - 8 Hz

Thr¡s, fbr lhis cquivalcnt lincar systcl'rl,
5X : 1310 in.is)/,.5 0.321H'¿ <.f,..s < 2.04Llz
5¡ : 1947.5 in.)./å .f,,, < 0.327 Hz
¡r: ;f] -
(2¡1,.)'
(Eq. B-5)
Comparisons arc rnadc for ef'f cctive sliding coefii-
whcrc.L,.5 is thc lorucst natural flcquency at which .SAy7 cicnts of'lì'iction, p.,., oï 0.2,0.4. ¿rnd 0.7. Thc New-
cclttals c.5.. mark I equation fbr sliding displaceurent, ô5, is
For a complete cycle fì'om * ô5 to - to
ô,e, thc
ô5 f
ecluivalcnt viscous clamping, B¡¡, rcqLrirccl to dissipate
thc tol¿rl hyslcrclic cuorgy is
u,: ,*,L['- +l (Eq.B-B)

and the results are shown in Table B- 1. The Newmark

o _l _
PIt- 0.32 (Eq. 8-6)
T- ll cquation lbr slicling displaccrncnt is

r>r 32o/o.However, each slicling cyclc cloes nol clisplacc ç zv. l, p,.sl.
as-l[['- )t
(8q.ts-e)
the full alnount frorn I ô.5 to - ô5 to * ô5 scl that the
cffective clamping, p,., cluling a tirne histoly of ^I
l'esponscwill be less than B¡7. Basecl on a largc numbel' ancl thc rcsults aro also shown in Tablc B-1.'Ihc Iìc-
of timchistoly analyses, Ref. [B- l ] has suggestecl the serve lìnergy apploach is clescribecl in Section A. 1. Re-
lbllowing: sulls ale computed in Table B-2 and also are shown in
Table B- l.
ß": 0.3ßu: l0o/o (Eq. B-7) Thc Rescrve Iinergy approach fol computing slicl-
ing clisplacements is conseLvatively biasecl, as op¡rosetl
Lastly, rcducing p.,.by 0.44y in Eq. (A-l) is likcly to being a "bcst cstirnatc" approach. Thcrcfirrc, whcn
to bc cxccssivcly consclvalivc for a "best-estimate" this apploach is usecl. thc slicling f¿rctor ol-sal'cty, fS.r,
sliding clisplacement. This is true particularly whcn.L,5 could bc reduced to 2.0. Within the large scatter of
is low. sincc thc vcrtical acccleration will oscillatc scv- time-history lesults, both Ncwrnark ll ancl Rcscrvc
eral times during thc tiure the rigid body displaces
It'om zero to ô5. It is likely that no colrection ol'¡-r.
should bc madc. Howcver, thc likely conservatisnl of'
Eq. (A-I ) will be retaincd at this lime.
TABLE Il-1. Comparison of Sliding
Comparison of Sliding Displacement Approaches Displaccments, ô.ç

Sliding clisplacements cornputed by the Reserve

Ilnergy apploach outlinecl in Scction A. I vcrsus two
ù (in.l
Newmark approaches, dcscribecl in Rel's. lB-7 1 ancl Newnrark I Ncwmalk ll lìcservc Enelgy
[B-81, arc comparecl here.'Ihe comparison is made
0.2 6.72 zt.4q 15.77
frlr a broad-fre(luency grounrl motion rcsponsc
0.4 2.52 6.04 7.88
spcctrulìr since the Newnralk approaches arc only
0.'7 0.12 0.86 4.50
applicablc for such an input motion. Only one

35
SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR S1]{UCTURE.S, SYSTEMS, AND COMPONENTS IN NUCLEAR FACILII'IES

TABLE B-2. Computation of Sliding For positive angle 0, Eq. (B-l) uray be rewritten as
Displacements,6s, by Reserve Energy Approach

C5 .f ôs -\' v
crë +
(in./s2) (Hz.\
"s
(in.) f;f,<o): -flo)Ftt h-fr(0)i (Eq. B-12)

0.2 154.4 0.498 15.77

0.4 308.8 0.99ó 7.88 where C¡ is defined by Eq. [A-6(c)] andfl(0) andf2(0)
0.7 540.4 t.743 4.50 are defined by

rt(0): cos 0 *
0 csin [Eq. B-13(a)]
Encrgy give sirnilar results for (p""g/A) ratios between
0.2 and 0.5 so that this reduced FS.ç : 2.9 should also
J;(0): acos0 - sin 0 [Eq. B-13(b)]
be applicablc to Newmark II within this range. New-
mark I is unconservative for real time histories because Eq. (B- 1 2) is a nonlinear equation of motion. However,
real time histories tend to ratchet sliding in one direc- by the Reserve Energy method, the lefl-hand side of
tion. Therefore, a FS5 : 3.0 may not be sufficiently this nonlinear equation is approximated by a linear'
conservative when Newmark I is used. Use of New- equation that retains the same potential energy at maxi-
mark I is not recommended because of this unconser- mum rotation, 0,,, as does the nonlinear equation. The
vatism. potential energy of the nonlinear and linear approxirna-
Since tilne-history colt.tputed sliding displacements tion at maxirnurn rotation, l?.,, are
are so highly variable, it is impossible to judge between
Newmark II and Reserve Energy. This Standard fol- PE: Wh[fíï,,) - ll
Nonlinear: tEq.B-14(a)l
lows the Reserve Energy approach, despitc the fact that
it is conservatively biased. It has the aclvantage of being
Lincar: PE: l/2Kn07, tEq. B-la(b)l
able to be used with floor spectra input.
where

tV : Weight of the rigid body

SECTION 8.2 APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR K¡t = Linear approximated rotational stiffness
ROCKING OFAN UNANCHORED RIGID BODY
.f!0,) : Value of/(0) at angle 0,
The rocking equation of motion fbr rotation about Equating potential cncrgics,
point B in Figure A-1 is

to| + Uçg + !)Rsin(a - g)

(Eo. B-10)
K*:
# Ift(o,,) - tl (Eq. B-ls)
: -MRFncos(a - 0)i
The effective circular frcquency, r,.r,,, of free vibration
where is thus
0 : Rotational acceleration
0: Rotational angle 2( J{0,,) - l)s
i :
ji =
Horizontal input acceleration
Vertical input acceleration
@":
h]-:I Cfil,h ]-
(Eq. B-r6)

1¿ : Mass moment of inertia about point B of the

On the right-hand side of F.q. (B-12),f1(0/ ranges frorn
I .0 at d : 0 fo f( 0,,) at 0 : 0,,. Similarly,l)( 0) ranges
rocking body
M : Mass of the body
from r¡ at 0: 0 ïoJz(O") af 0: 0,,. Considering that
a : Given by Eq. [7-2(a)] nuch more ti¡ne is spent at 0 near zero than is spent at
F¡¡ : Given by Eq. [A-5(b)] 0: 0,,, the time average values of/¡(0) andJT(0) can
R: lnclined length, given by
be approximated by

n : lbz + lfltt2 : h[t + azltt2 (Eq. B-l l)

- 1.0
"f',, [Eq. B-17(a)l
where a is given by Eq. [7-2(b)]. lzu: a [Eq. B-17(b)l

36
 ASCE/StrI43-05

Thus, substituting thc linear approximations of where

Eqs. [B-17(a)] and IB-17(b)] into Eq. (B-12), the ap-
proximate linear equation of motion becoures 2rþ
Y: tt-ø+ (Eq.B-27)

o + o?0 : - r,Lt,r, ,, (Eq. B_r8)

EqLrating the reduction, r', fì'orn Eqs. (B-25) and
(B-26),

fiom which
f : -h(r) : -2tn(Cù (Eq. B-28)

Cftaf,l,,: ¡Fo<s,qa1 * a2lsAvz¡\'|, (Eq. B-19)

ancl fronr Eq. (B-21) the equivalent viscor¡s darnping,

long as the horizontal spectral acceleration, 5411, É", is

as
and the vertical spectral accelelation, SAV, are ran-
D, y
dornly phased with respcct to each othcr. Cornbining ß": *;irr1r
(Eq' B-2e)
Eqs. (B-16) and (B-19),

Thus,
2g(f!o,) - l)
0,, Cn p. (Ea)
(Eq' B-20)
: I / ¿.¡t.t¡y) \21,1, 0.5 2t.6
rrìsAHlt + (,1,"(sAH)J
l 0.6
0.7
16.0
I 1.3
from which Eq. (A-5) is obtained afier defìning Fy by 0.tr 1.t
Eq. [A--5(c)]. 0.9 3.4
The rigid body rocking cocfficicnt of restitution is 0.95 1.63

clefined in Ref. [B-9] to be 0.98 0.64

Refs. [B-2] through [B-61 provide additional infor-

Cn : - CMN] - cos(2a))l
I1 (Eq. B-21) mation on rigid body sliding and rocking.
MR2: (l -t u2\
Cunt: q \tsq.8-22) SEC'I'ION 8.3 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS: RIGID
k
BODY ROCKING AND SI,IDING
Noting that
8.3.1 Rigid Body Rocking Example
(l - : 2 sin2a : A rigid body with a height of H : 84 in. and
I a');,
cos(2a)) (Eq. B-23)
(l.;2,o width of ß : 36 in. is subjcctcd to Rcgulatory Guicle
1.60 (Ref. lB-l0l) respolìse spectrunl shape shown
Eq. (B-21) can be simplifìeclto in Figure B- l. Determinc thc maximum rocking an-
glc,0,,, and maximum uplift height, ô, as a fi¡nction

*:['-T) (Eq.B-24)
of the PGA for this input rnotion using the approxi-
rnate rocking method of Section 4.2. Assume the
vertical spectral acceleration, SA% is two-thirds of
The reduction, r, in lotation during a full cycle of thc horizontal spectral acceleration, SAH, at all
lesponse (two rocking impacts) is given by fì'ec¡r.rencies.
Assume the mass is unil'ormly distlibutcd through-
r:C2n (Eq. B-25) out the rigid body. Thus, the center of gravity height,
/r, and holizuntal clistance, å, liom the rocking corner
whereas the reduction during a full cycle of response are
with viscous claurping is given by
,H
n: = 42 in. [trq. B-30(a)l
r-e Y (Eq. B-26) )

\7
SIllSlvltC DLSIGN CI{l'iERIA FOIì STRtJCI'[JRES, SYSI'ElvlS. AND COMPONITNl'Si lN NUCILEAII I"ACILITIES;

,B :
,.2 18 in. [Eq. B-30(b)l
Valrres ctf SAH¡.,yp ancl ð arc computcrl ancl tabu-
latccl in Table B-3 filr vari<lus r<lcking anglcs, Q,.

Flonr Eqs. [1-2(a)l and I7-2(b)1, thc aspect ratio,

a, and instability angle, tr, are Step 2 Determine the effective rocking fì'equency,
;f, corresponding to any 0,, and effective
damping, B".
'-::n,ool'fn
l:l i-liïi Tho el'f'cclivc rocking lrcqucncy,.L,, is dctclrrincd
lì'onr Ec¡. [A-6(a)l and is tabulatcd in Tablc B-3 for
Assuuring the latclal inertial mass, M¡., ancl the veltical
variorrs locking angles, 0,,.The effective darnping, B,.,
lcsisting nlass, M, both act through thc ccntcr of grav-
is compr.rtcd frorrr Eqs. tA-6(b)1, lA-6(d)1, and [A-6(e)l
ity ancl arc iclcntical, thcn fi'or.r.r lrqs. lA-5(b)1, IA--5(c)1,
to bc
ancl lA-6(l')1,

F¡¡: 1.0 lEq. B-32(a)l

Cn: 0.7612
Fv: 1.04 IEq. B-32(b)ì
y:0.5299 (Eq. ts-34)

Ct: 1.5182 [Eq. B-32(c)] Ê":0.084:8.401,

Notc lloln Fy thirt thc vertical ground rnotion

has only a very snrall ef'fect on rockiug and is often Step 3 Determi¡re PGA at rvhich SAIúr ¡¡¡7 deter-
ignolcd. rnined at fïequencyr.f"ratxl damping, p,.,
equals SAHc^p for various angles, 0".

Step I Determine the horizontal spectral

For the lìegulatory Guide 1.60 response spec-
acceleration capacity, SAHov, and uplifl
trur.n shown in Figurc B-2, thuspcctral accclcration
displacement, 6, corresponding to any
clernancl, SALI ¡1¡;¡r1, is tnaximum at thc lì'cquency,
rotation angle, 0,.
.f",,,, of
The l.rorizonlal spcctral accclcration capacity,
SAH(.,1t', is clctclminccl from Ec¡. (A--5), ancl the uplil'l .f,',,r: 2'5 Hz (Eq. B-3-5)
clisplacement, ô, is tiom
'Ihe locking angle, Q,,,,, corresponcling to./),,, is ob-
ô: B(sin l/.,) (Eq. B-33) tainccl lìom Eq. lA-6(a)1, which is ur<lst casily solvetl

'l'AIILE Iì-3. Rigid llocly Rocking

SAHC,\1, ð f, PGA¡,¡1'
( ),, (.1ì(0,) - l) (g) (in. ) (Ht) (-''r,+) (g)

0.0 r98 0.00ri3 0.80-5 ().1 | 2.50 2.49 0.32

0.02 0.0084 0.805 0.72 2.4t1 2.47 0.33
0.03u 0.01 56 0.787 L31 1.78 l.9l 0.41
0.0-5 0.0202 0.'776 t.80 1..54 L7t . 0.45
0. l0 0.0378 0.'72'7 3.6 1.06 t.28 0.57
0. t-5 0.052tt 0.67'7 5.4 0.tì32 1.06 0.64
0.20 0.06-52 0.621 1.2 0.694 0.9 I6 0.6tJ
0.2,5 0.0149 0.-576 8.9 0.-s95 0.8 l3 0.71
0.30 0.0820 0.526 I0.6 0.518 0;729 0.72
0.3.5 0.08ó3 0.474 t2.3 0.456 0.6fi) 0.72
0.40 0.0tìtì0 0.42.3 14.0 0.403 0.6(x) 0.71
0.4049 0.0tìtì0 0.4lrJ t4.2 0.398 0.594 0.70

ì8
 ASCE/SEr 43-05

D/TMPIÎJC FACTOR, %

0.5
2
5
7
'i0

\
I

.E
-q
l-
õ
o
J
UJ

I
0.t
FREOilENC\', crrt

B-2. Horizontal Design Response Spectra, Scaled to 1-g Horizontal Ground Accelelation

by substituting the srnall angle approxirnation of Eq. Therefbre, Table B-3 is limitccl to thc rangc ol 0,, bc-
tA-s(d)Ì lorf/0,,) -1. Thus, twccn 0.0198 and 0.4049.
For thc Rcgulatory Guidc 1.60 l'esponse spectrultl,
0,,, al" B" : 8.4a/o,
(Eq. 8-36)
lT"*"r:).' \SAH,)EMIPGA¡ :
" /-
Laa
l
-\n
t*"

frorn which \2..sHz ) Êq. B_38)

0.25 Hz <.1'. < 2.5 Hz
0,,r,, : 0.0198 (Eq. B-37)

'l'he approximatc rocking nlcthod of Scction 4.2 Valrrcrs <tl' (,SAH¡1¡-¡ylPGA) l'or ¡þs r,¿rio¡sf, artr
also shown in Tablc B-3. Finally, the PG,4¿',1p are
can only be usecl to predict rocking angles between
computed from
0,,,,, : 0.0198 ancl a : 0.4049. Abovc rr, r<lcking bc-
comcs unst¿rblc. Bclow 0,,,,,, lllc actual rocking angle, - {Rq. R-:o¡
PGA7.,)¡, SAHt¡r6AH:)L:MIPGA) '
Q,, will tre highly variable, ranging fìotn zero up to
Q,,,,, clepencling on tl.tc dctailcd tirnc-history input. ¿uttl shown irr Tablc B-.3.
SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STRUCTUIìES, SYSTEMS, AND COMPONENTS IN NUCLEAR FACILITIES

At a PGA of 032 g, the rocking angle is only For the Regulatory Guide 1.60 response spectrum
0.0198 and the uplift displacement is 0.71 in. As the shown in Figure B-2, the maximuln spectral accelera-
PGA increases above 0.32 g, the rockittg angle in- tion demand occurs at the frequency,f",u of
cre¿ìses. At a PGA of 0.12 g, the rocking becomes
unstable and overturning occurs because 0, increases f",,, : 2'5 Hz (Eq. B-45)
runbounded at this angle.
Rocking is initiated when the horizontal spectral For frequencies below 2.5 Hz, Íhe lOVo damped
acceleration demand, SAHDEM,E, at the elastic fre- horizontal spectral acceleration demands, SA¡¡, and
quency and elastic damping of the so-called rigid SA¡1,, are given by
body exceeds
gAu, SAtt, : 2.2gPn ^ / f"s \0
7ó6

"^ \Z.SUz ) lEq. B_46(a)l

SAH¡¡¡¡¡a,B= 4!: 0.41C (Eq. B-40)
FrFv 0.25 Hz <.f"2.5 Hz

If the so-called rigid body is truly a rigid body, then

PGA
sAu, sAn,: o.3stpc| (#n)' tEq. B_a6(b)l
SAH¡¡6¡a,¿: [Eq. B-41(a)]
f" < 0.25 Hz
and rocking will not initiate until PGA : 0.41 C.
Once initiated, the rocking angle will immediately Thus, from Eq. (A-a), fhe 70o/o damped vector
increase to 0,,:0.038 for which PGAçar : 0.41 g spectral acceleration, SAy¡7, is
in Table B-3.
However, if the elastic frequency is l5 Hz and /
SAvu:2.46PGAIa l'' lo
zoa

damping is 5olo, then y^Snz ) tEq. B_47(a)l

0.25 Hz f" = 2.5 Hz
SAHDEM,E: 1.19 PGA [Eq. B-41(b)] =

so that rocking will initiate ar. PGA = 0.23 g. Between

PGA = 0.23 g and 0.32 g, the rocking angle will be
highly uncertain between zero and 4,,,, : 0.0198,
which is still a very small rocking angle.
8.3.2 Rigid Body Sliding Example
Sliding of an unanchored rigid body is resisted by
a coefficient of friction, ¡.c, of
p:0.40
sAvn: o.4ztpcA (#u,)' lEq. B-47(b)l
J" < 0.25 Hz
For any given PGA value, determine/".ç for which
SAy¡¡ eeuals c5 from Eq, (B-44). Lastly, compute the
sliding displacement, ô5, from Eq. (A-3). Results fbr
this example problern are tabulated in Table B-4.
Sliding is initiated rvhen the vector horizontal
spectral acceleration demand, SAvn,r, at the elastic
(Eq.B-42)

and is subjected to the Regulatory Guide 1.60 (Ref.

TABLE B-4. Rigid Body Sliding
tB-l0l) response spectrum shape shown in Figure B-2
in each of two orthogonal,horizontal dilections. Deter- PGA Cs .l"s ôs
mine the sliding displacement, ð5, as a function of the (e) (e) (Hz) (in.)
PGA for this input motion using the approximate slid-
ing rnethocl of Section A. l. Asst¡me the vertical accel- 0.30 0.'136 2.50 l.l5
0.34 0.728 2.08 L64
eration, Ay, is two-thirds of the horizontal PGA.
0.40 0.715 1.65 2.57
From Eqs. (A-l) and (A-2),
0.50 0.693 Ll8 4.85
0,60 0.672 0.895 8.20
: t2.9
[r - +l
O.+ o.z6i (Eq B-43) 0.70 0.651 0.702
0.80 0.629 0.564 19.3
0.tfl 0.608 0.463 27.8
: o as -
(-'5
f
r 0.267
+) @q.B-44) 1.00 0.587 0.385 38.7

40
 A,SCE/.SEI 43-0.5

frcquency and elastic clarttping of the so-callcd rigicl lB-31 Blurne, J.A. ( 1960). "A rcscrvc cncrgy tech-
body exceeds nique for the earthquake design and rating of structurcs
in thc inclastic range." ln Proc., 2nd World ConJ. ott
SAva,a2 lt"8:0.4 S - 0.107 PGA (Eq. B-48) Earthquake Engineering, pp. l06l-1083. Science
Council of Japan, Tokyo.
If thc so-called rigid body is truly a rigid bocly, then lB-41 Ishiyama, Y. (1983). "Motions of'rigitl bocl-
ies and critcria for overturning by earthquake excit¿r-
SAvn,,t: 1.08 PGA lEq. B-49(a)l tions." ln Proc., 3rd South Pacific Regional Corrf. ort
Ea rt hqu ake En g i nee ri n g, Wellington, Ncw Zcaland.
and sliding will not initiate until PGz{ : 0.34 g. Oncc IAlso in Earthquake Ert¿4rç. and Stucl. I)yncttttics,l0,
initiated, the slicling displaccment wiil jump to 1.64 in., 63s-6s0 (1982).1
as shown in Table B-4 for a PGA of 034 g. [B-5] Housner, G.W. (1963). "Thc bchavior of
However, if the elastic frequency is l5 Hz and inverted pendr.rlum structures during earthquakes."
clamping is 5Vo, then B u I l. S e i snto l o gi c a l S oc i e ty o.f Ante ri ca, 53(2),
4034t7.
SAvn,p: 1.93 PGA [Eq' B-49(b)l l8-61Milne, J. (1881). "Experirnents in
observational seismology." Trcms., Seisntological Soci-
so that sliding will initiate at PGA :
0.20 g. Between ety of Japan, vol. 3 (Jan.-Dec.).
PGA :0.20 g and 0.30 g, the sliding displacernent lB-71 Newmark, N.M. (1965). "Effects of earth-
will be highly unccrtain bctwccn 0 in. and l. l5 in. quakes on dams and embankments." Fifth Rankine
Lecture, Geotechnique.
lB-81 Newmark, N.M., and Rosenblueth, E.
( 1 97 I ). "Fundamentals of earthquake engineering."

REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX B.O Prentice-Hall, Englewood Clilï's, N.J.

lB-ll Reed, J.W., Kennedy, R.P., and Lashkari, B.
(1993). "Analysis of high frequency seis¡nic effccts."
EPRI TR-l02470,Electric Power Research Inst., Palo
Alto, Calif.
lB-21 Aslarn, M., Godden, V/.G., and Scallse, D.T.
( 1980). "Earthquakc rocking response of rigid bodies."
J. Srruct. Engrg. vol. 106 (Feb.).
lB-91 Yim, S.C.-S., Chopra, 4.K., and Penzien, J.
(1980). "Rocking resporìse of rigid blocks to earth-
quakes." Ecuthquake Engrg. and Stuct. Dynamics,S,
s6s-580.
[B-10| U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
(1973). "f)esign response spectra for scismic dcsign
of nucleal powcr plants." Regulutdr¡, Guide 1.60,
Washington, D.C.

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