International Scholarly Research Network

ISRN Applied Mathematics

Volume 2012, Article ID 769267, 29 pages
doi:10.5402/2012/769267

Research Article
Multiple Periodic Solutions to a Kind of
Lotka-Volterra Food-Chain System with Delays and
Impulses on Time Scales

Kaihong Zhao, Liang Ding, and Fengzao Yang

Department of Applied Mathematics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan,
Kunming 650093, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Kaihong Zhao, zhaokaihongs@126.com

Received 10 October 2012; Accepted 10 November 2012

Academic Editors: I. K. Argyros and H. T. Yau

Copyright q 2012 Kaihong Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

By using Mawhin’s continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory and some skills of
inequalities, we establish the existence of at least 2n periodic solutions for a kind of n-species
Lotka-Volterra food-chain system with delays and impulses on time scales. One example is given
to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.

1. Introduction
The food-chain phenomenon is universal and interesting in ecosystem. It is one of important
methods to investigate this phenomenon by establishing the model of differential equations.
The importance of studying the dynamics of food chain was pointed by Rosenzweig. In his
famous paper on the paradox of enrichment 1, he wrote “Man must be very careful in
attempting to enrich an ecosystem in order to increase its food yield. There is a real chance
that such activity may result in decimation of the food species that are wanted in greater
abundance.” Hereafter, many scholars investigated various kinds of food-chain systems see
2–9.
In 10, Li and Zhao have studied the existence of multiple positive periodic solutions
for the following Lotka-Volterra food-chain system:

ẋ1 t  x1 ta1 t − b1 tx1 t − c12 tx2 t − h1 t,
..
.
2 ISRN Applied Mathematics

ẋi t  xi t−di t − bi txi t  ci,i−1 txi−1 t − ci,i1 txi1 t

− hi t, 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
..
.

ẋn t  xn t−dn t − bn txn t  cn,n−1 txn t − hn t.
1.1

As we know, in population dynamics, many evolutionary processes experience short-time

rapid chance after undergoing relatively long sooth variation. Examples include stocking
of species and annual immigration. Incorporating these phenomena give us impulsive
differential equations. For the theory of impulsive differential equations, we refer the reader
to 11, 12. In addition, there are few results on the existence of multiple periodic solutions for
the delay food-chain system with impulsive effects in literatures. This motivates us to modify
system 1.1 to the form

ẋ1 t  x1 ta1 t − b1 tx1 t − τ11 t − c12 tx2 t − τ12 t − h1 t,  tk ,
t/
..
.

ẋi t  xi t−di t − bi txi t − τii t  ci,i−1 txi−1 t − τi,i−1 t − ci,i1 txi1 t − τi,i1 t

− hi t, 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, t /
 tk ,
..
.

ẋn t  xn t−dn t − bn txn t − τnn t  cn,n−1 txn t − τn,n−1 t − hn t,  tk ,
t/
   
Δxi tk   xi tk − xi t−k  gik xi tk , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
1.2

where gik ∈ −1, ∞ i  1, 2, . . . , n; k ∈ N  {1, 2, . . . , n}. {tk }k∈N is a strictly increasing
sequence with t1 > 0 and limt → ∞ tk  ∞. xi t i  1, 2, . . . , n is the ith species population
density. a1 t > 0 is the growth rate of the only producer. bi t > 0 i  1, 2, . . . , n and
hi t > 0 i  1, 2, . . . , n stand for the ith species intraspecific competition rate and harvesting
rate, respectively. di t > 0 i  2, 3, . . . , n is the ith species death rate. ci,i1 t > 0 i 
1, 2, . . . , n − 1 represents the i  1th species predation rate on the ith species. ci,i−1 t > 0 i 
2, 3, . . . , n stands for the transformation rate from the i − 1th species to the ith species.
τi,i1 t ≥ 0 i  1, 2, . . . , n − 1 stands for the time-lag in the process of the i  1th species
predation rate on the ith species. τi,i−1 t ≥ 0 i  2, 3, . . . , n stands for the time-lag in the
process of transformation from the i − 1th species to the ith species. τii t ≥ 0 i  1, 2, . . . , n
represents the time-lag in the process of intraspecific competition. In addition, the effects of
a periodically varying environment are important for evolutionary theory as the selective
forces on systems in a fluctuating environment differ from those in a stable environment.
Therefore, the assumptions of periodicity of the parameters are a way of incorporating the
periodicity of the environment e.g., seasonal effects of weather, food supplies, mating habits,
etc., which leads us to assume that ai t, bi t, cij t, τij t, and hi t i, j  1, 2, . . . , n are all
ISRN Applied Mathematics 3

continuous ω-periodic functions. For impulsive effects, we further assume that there exists a
q ∈ N such that gikq  gik i  1, 2, . . . , n and tkq  tk  ω.
However, dynamics in each equally spaced time interval may vary continuously.
So, it may be more realistic to assume that the population dynamics involves the hybrid
discrete-continuous processes. For example, Gamarra and Solé pointed out that such hybrid
processes appear in the population dynamics of certain species that feature nonoverlapping
generations: the change in population from one generation to the next is discrete and so
is modeled by a difference equation, while within-generation dynamics vary continuously
due to mortality rates, resource consumption, predation, interaction, etc. and thus are
described by a differential equation 13. The theory of calculus on time scales see 14, 15
and references cited therein was initiated by Hilger in his Ph.D. thesis in 1988 16 in order to
unify continuous and discrete analysis, and it has become an effective approach to the study
of mathematical models involving the hybrid discrete-continuous processes. This motivates
us to consider Lotka-Volterra food-chain system with delays and impulses on time scales T
of the following form:

uΔ
1 t  a1 t − b1 te
u1 t−τ11 t
− c12 teu2 t−τ12 t − h1 te−u1 t , t ∈ T, t /
 tk ,
..
.

uΔ
i t  −di t − bi te
ui t−τii t
 ci,i−1 teui−1 t−τi,i−1 t − ci,i1 teui1 t−τi,i1 t

− hi te−ui t , 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, t ∈ T, t /
 tk , 1.3

..
.

uΔ
n t  −dn t − bn te
un t−τnn t
 cn,n−1 teun t−τn,n−1 t − hn te−un t , t ∈ T, t 
/ tk ,
     
Δui tk   ui tk − ui t−k  ln 1  gik , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,

where T is a ω-periodic time scale. gik ∈ −1, ∞ i  1, 2, . . . , n; k ∈ N  {1, 2, . . . , n} is a

constant. {tk }k∈N is a strictly increasing sequence with t1 > 0 and limk → ∞ tk  ∞. a1 t > 0,
bi t > 0, hi t > 0, di t > 0, ci,i1 t > 0, ci,i−1 t > 0, τi,i1 t, τi,i−1 t, τii t ≥ 0 are rd-
continuous ω-periodic functions. For impulsive effects, we further assume that there exists
a integer q ∈ N such that gikq  gik i  1, 2, . . . , n and tkq  tk  ω. We denote by κ 
min{0, ∞ ∩ T}, Iω  κ, κ  ω ∩ T. Without loss of generality, we also assume that Iω ∩ {tk :
k ∈ N}  {t1 , t2 , . . . , tq }.

Remark 1.1. In 1.3, let xi t  eui t , i  1, 2, . . . , n. If T  R the set of all real numbers, then
1.3 reduces to 1.2.

To the best our knowledge, few papers have been published on the existence of
multiple periodic solutions for this model. Our main purpose of this paper is by using
Mawhin’s continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory 17, to establish the existence
of at least 2n periodic solutions for system 1.3. For the work concerning the multiple
existence of periodic solutions of periodic population models which was done using
coincidence degree theory, we refer to 18–25.
4 ISRN Applied Mathematics

The organization of the rest of this paper is as follows. In the Section 2, we will
introduce some basic notations and lemmas which are used in what follows. In Section 3,
by employing the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory and the skills of
inequalities, we establish the existence of at least 2n periodic solutions of system 1.3. In
the final Section, one example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.

2. Preliminaries on Time Scales

In this section, we briefly recall some basic definitions and lemmas on time scales which are
used in what follows. For more details, one can see 14–16.
Let T be a nonempty closed subset time scale of R. The forward and backward jump
operators σ, ρ : T → T and the graininess μ : T → R are defined, respectively, by

σt  inf{s ∈ T : s > t}, ρt  sup{s ∈ T : s < t}, μt  σt − t. 2.1

A point t ∈ T is called left-dense if t > inf T and ρt  t, left-scattered if ρt < t,
right-dense if t < sup T and σt  t, and right-scattered if σt > t. If T has a left-scattered
maximum m, then Tk  T \ {m}; otherwise Tk  T. If T has a right-scattered minimum m,
then Tk  T \ {m}; otherwise Tk  T.
Let ω > 0. Throughout this paper, the time scale T is assumed to be ω-periodic, that
is, t ∈ T implies t  ω ∈ T. In particular, the time scale T under consideration is unbounded
above and below.

Definition 2.1. A function f : T → R is called regulated provided its right-side limits exist
finite at all right-side points in T and its left-side limits exist finite at all left-side points in
T.

Definition 2.2. A function f : T → R is called rd-continuous provided it is continuous at

right-dense point in T and its left-side limits exist finite at left-dense points in T. The set of
rd-continuous functions f : T → R will be denoted by Crd  Crd T  Crd T, R.

Definition 2.3. Assume f : T → R and t ∈ Tk . Then we define f Δ t to be the number if
it exists with the property that given any ε > 0 there exists a neighborhood U of t i.e.,
U  t − δ, t  δ ∩ T for some δ > 0 such that

  
 
 fσt − fs − f Δ tσt − s < ε|σt − s| 2.2

for all s ∈ U. we call f Δ t the delta or Hilger derivative of f at t. The set of functions
f : T → R that are differentiable and whose derivative is rd-continuous is denoted by Crd 1

Crd T  Crd T, R.
1 1

If f is continuous, then f is rd-continuous. If f is rd-continuous, the f is regulated. If

f is delta differentiable at t, then f is continuous at t.
ISRN Applied Mathematics 5

Lemma 2.4. Let f be regulated, then there exists a function F which is delta differentiable with region
of differentiation D such that

F Δ t  ft ∀t ∈ D. 2.3

Definition 2.5. Assume f : T → R is a regulated function. Any function F as in Lemma 2.4 is

called a Δ-antiderivative of f. We define the indefinite integral of a regulated function f by


ftΔt  Ft  C, 2.4

where C is an arbitrary constant and F is a Δ-antiderivative of f. We define the Cauchy

integral by

b
fsΔs  Fb − Fa ∀a, b ∈ T. 2.5
a

A function F : T → R is called an antiderivative of f : T → R provided

F Δ t  ft ∀t ∈ Tk . 2.6

Lemma 2.6. If a, b ∈ T, α, β ∈ R and f, g ∈ CT, R, then

b b b
i a
αft  βgtΔt  α ftΔt  β a gtΔt;
a
b
ii if ft ≥ 0 for all a ≤ t < b, then a ftΔt ≥ 0;
b b
iii if |ft| ≤ gt on a, b : {t ∈ T : a ≤ t < b}, then | a
ftΔt| ≤ a
gtΔt.

For convenience, we now introduce some notation to be used throughout this paper.
Let

κ  min{0, ∞ ∩ T}, Iω  κ, κ  ω ∩ T, g M  sup gt,

t∈Iω
  κω 2.7
1 1
g l  inf gt, g gsΔs  gsΔs,
t∈Iω ω Iω ω κ

where g ∈ Crd T is an ω-periodic real function, that is, gt  ω  gt for all t ∈ T.

Lemma 2.7 see 26. Assume that {fn }n∈N is a function on J such that

i {fn }n∈N is uniformly bounded on J,

ii {fnΔ }n∈N is uniformly bounded on J.

Then there is a subsequence of {fn }n∈N which converges uniformly on J.

6 ISRN Applied Mathematics

3. Existence of at Least 2n Periodic Solutions

In this section, by using Mawhin’s continuation theorem and the skills of inequalities, we
will show the existence of periodic solutions of 1.3. To do so, we need to make some
preparations.
Let X and Z be real normed vector spaces. Let L : Dom L ⊂ X → Z be a linear
mapping and N : X × 0, 1 → Z be a continuous mapping. The mapping L will be called a
Fredholm mapping of index zero if dim Ker L  codim Im L < ∞ and Im L is closed in Z. If
L is a Fredholm mapping of index zero, then there exists continuous projectors P : X → X
and Q : Z → Z such that Im P  Ker L and Ker Q  Im L  ImI − Q, and X  Ker L ⊕ Ker P ,
Z  Im L ⊕ Im Q. It follows that L|Dom L∩Ker P : I − P X → Im L is invertible and its inverse is
denoted by KP . If Ω is a bounded open subset of X, the mapping N is called L-compact on
Ω × 0, 1, if QNΩ × 0, 1 is bounded and KP I − QN : Ω × 0, 1 → X is compact. Because
Im Q is isomorphic to Ker L, there exists an isomorphism J : Im Q → Ker L.
The Mawhin’s continuous theorem 17, page 40 is given as follows.

Lemma 3.1 see 17. Let L be a Fredholm mapping of index zero and let N be L-compact on
Ω × 0, 1. Assume

a for each λ ∈ 0, 1, every solution x of Lx  λNx, λ is such that x ∈
/ ∂Ω ∩ Dom L;

b QNx, 0x 

/ 0 for each x ∈ ∂Ω ∩ Ker L;

c degJQNx, 0, Ω ∩ Ker L, 0 /

 0.

Then Lx  Nx, 1 has at least one solution in Ω ∩ Dom L.

For simplicity, we need to introduce some notations as follows:

1
q
  q
1      
gi  ln 1  gik 1 ≤ i ≤ n, Gi  ln 1  gik  ln 1  gik  1 ≤ i ≤ n,
2 k1 2 k1
      2
a1  2g1 /ω ea1 ωG1 ± a1  2g1 /ω ea1 ωG1 − 4b1 h1 ea1 ωG1
l1±  ,
2b1
       2
a1  2g1 /ω − c12 l2 ± a1  2g1 /ω − c12 l2 − 4b1 h1 ea1 ωG1
A±1  ,
2b1
        2
a1  2g1 /ω − c12 l2 e−a1 ωG1  ± a1  2g1 /ω − c12 l2 e−a1 ωG1  − 4b1 h1 e−a1 ωG1 
B1±  ,
2b1
      2
ci,i−1  2gi /ω eci,i−1 ωGi ± ci,i−1  2gi /ω eci,i−1 ωGi − 4bi hi eci,i−1 ωGi
li± 
2bi
2 ≤ i ≤ n,
ISRN Applied Mathematics 7

  
  
2
2gi /ω − di − ci,i1 li1 ± 2gi /ω − di − ci,i1 li1 − 4bi hi eci,i−1 ωGi
A±i 
2bi
2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
⎡ 
  2
1 ⎣ 2gi
Bi±  ± 
− di − ci,i1 li1 e −c i,−1 ωGi  − 4bi hi e−ci,i−1 ωGi 
2bi ω
⎤
 
2gi
 
− di − ci,i1 li1 e−ci,i−1 ωGi  ⎦ 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
ω

    2
2gn /ω − dn e−cn,n−1 ωGn  ± 2gn /ω − dn e−cn,n−1 ωGn  − 4bn hn e−cn,n−1 ωGn 
Bn±  ,
2bn
    2
2gn /ω − dn ± 2gn /ω − dn − 4bn hn ecn,n−1 ωGn
A±n  ,
2bn

H1  l1− e−a1 ωG1  , Hi  li− e−ci,i−1 ωGi  2 ≤ i ≤ n.

3.1

Throughout this paper, we need the following assumptions:

H1  a1  2g1 /ω − c12 l2 e−1/2a1 ωG1  > 2 b1 h1 ,


H2  2gi /ω − di − ci,i1 li1 e−1/2ci,i−1 ωGi  > 2 bi hi 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,

H3  2gn /ω − dn e−1/2cn,n−1 ωGn  > 2 bn hn .

The following results will play an important role in the proof of our main result.

Lemma 3.2. Let T be a ω-periodic time scale. {tk }∞ 1 ⊂ T is a strictly increasing sequence with t1 > 0
and limk → ∞ tk  ∞. κ  min{0, ∞ ∩ T}, Iω  κ, κ  ω ∩ T, Iω ∩ {tk }∞ k1  {t1 , t2 , . . . , tq }.
Suppose ψ : T → R be a ω-periodic function which is rd-continuous for t  / k exists the right limit
t ,
 −
ψtk  and left limit ψtk   ψtk  in the sense of time scales. Then

 κω 
  q
 
1  Δ  Δψtk  .
0 ≤ sup ψs − inf ψs ≤ ψ sΔs  3.2
s∈Iω s∈Iω 2 κ k1
8 ISRN Applied Mathematics

Proof. First, take t∗ ∈ Iω such that ψt∗   infs∈Iω ψs. Next, take t∗ ∈ t∗ , t∗  ω ∩ T such that
ψt∗   sups∈Iω ψs. Then we have

 
ψt∗   ψt∗   ψt∗  − ψt∗ 
 
∗
 ψt∗   ψt  − Δψtk  − ψt∗   Δψtk 
t∗ ≤tk <t∗ t∗ ≤tk <t∗
 t∗ 3.3
 ψt∗   ψsΔs  Δψtk 
t∗ t∗ ≤tk <t∗
 t∗
   
≤ ψt∗   ψsΔs  Δψtk .
t∗ t∗ ≤tk <t∗

Noticing that ψt∗   ψt∗ − ω  ψt∗   ψt∗  − ψt∗ − ω, similar to the above, we can get

 t∗
   
∗
ψt  ≤ ψt∗   ψsΔs  Δψtk . 3.4
t∗ −ω t∗ −ω≤tk <t∗

From 3.3 and 3.4, we get

 t∗  t∗
       
∗
2ψt  ≤ 2ψt∗   ψsΔs  ψsΔs  Δψtk   Δψtk 
t∗ t∗ −ω t∗ ≤tk <t∗ t∗ −ω≤tk <t∗
ω 3.5
   
 2ψt∗   ψsΔs  Δψtk ,
0 0≤tk <ω

that is
 κω 
1   q
 
∗
ψt  ≤ ψt∗   ψsΔs  Δψtk  , 3.6
2 κ k1

which implies that 3.2 holds. This completes the proof.

√
Lemma 3.3. Let x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 and x > 2 yz, for the functions fx, y, z  x 
x2 − 4yz/2z and gx, y, z  x − x2 − 4yz/2z, the following assertions hold.

1 fx, y, z and gx, y, z are monotonically increasing and monotonically decreasing on the
variable x ∈ 0, ∞, respectively.
2 fx, y, z and gx, y, z are monotonically decreasing and monotonically increasing on the
variable y ∈ 0, ∞, respectively.
3 fx, y, z and gx, y, z are monotonically decreasing and monotonically increasing on the
variable z ∈ 0, ∞, respectively.
ISRN Applied Mathematics 9

Proof. In fact, for all x > 0, y > 0, z > 0, we have

∂f x  x2 − 4yz ∂g x2 − 4yz − x ∂f −1
 > 0,  < 0,  < 0,
∂x 2z x2 − 4yz ∂x 2z x2 − 4yz ∂y x2 − 4yz

2 2
∂g 1 ∂f − x  x2 − 4yz ∂g x − x2 − 4yz
 > 0,  < 0,  > 0.
∂y x2 − 4yz ∂z 4z2 x2 − 4yz ∂z 4z2 x2 − 4yz
3.7

By the relationship of the derivative and the monotonicity, the above assertions obviously
hold. The proof of Lemma 3.3 is complete.

Lemma 3.4. Assume that H1 , H2 , and H3  hold, then we have the following inequalities:

1 ln li > ln Ai > ln A−i > ln li− > ln Hi 1 ≤ i ≤ n;

2 ln li > ln Bi > ln Bi− > ln li− > ln Hi 1 ≤ i ≤ n;

3 min{ln Ai , ln Bi } > max{ln A−i , ln Bi− } 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

Proof. 1 Since

   
2g1 a1 ωG1 2g1 2g1
a1  e > a1  − c12 l2 > a1  − c12 l2 e−1/2a1 ωG1  > 2 b1 h1 > 0,
ω ω ω
   
2gi ci,i−1 ωGi 2gi  2gi 
ci,i−1  e > − di − ci,i1 li1 > − di − ci,i1 li1 e−1/2ci,i−1 ωGi 
ω ω ω

> 2 bi hi > 0,
   
2gn cn,n−1 ωGn 2gn 2gn
cn,n−1  e > − dn > − dn e−1/2cn,n−1 ωGn  > 2 bn hn > 0,
ω ω ω

0 < bi , 0 < hi , i  1, 2, . . . , n.
3.8
10 ISRN Applied Mathematics

Applying Lemma 3.3, we have

  
2g1 a1 ωG1
0 < H1  l1− e−a1 ωG1 
< g l1− a1  e , b1 , h1 e a1 ωG1
ω
   
2g1  −  2g1 
< g a1  − c12 l2 , b1 , h1 e a1 ωG1
 A1 < A1  f a1  − c12 l2 , b1 , h1 e a1 ωG1
ω ω
  
2g1 a1 ωG1
<f a1  e , b 1 , h1 e a1 ωG1
 l1 ,
ω
  
− −ci,i−1 ωGi  − 2gi ci,i−1 ωGi
0 < Hi  li e < li  g ci,i−1  e , bi , hi e ci,i−1 ωGi
ω
 
2gi 
<g − di − ci,i1 li1 , bi , hi e ci,i−1 ωGi
 A−i
ω
  3.9
 2gi 
< Ai  f − di − ci,i1 li1 , bi , hi e ci,i−1 ωGi
ω
  
2gi ci,i−1 ωGi
<f ci,i−1  e , bi , hi e ci,i−1 ωGi
 li , i  2, 3, . . . , n − 1,
ω
  
− −cn,n−1 ωGn  − 2gn cn,n−1 ωGn
0 < Hn  ln e < ln  g cn,n−1  e , b n , hn e cn,n−1 ωGn
ω
   
2gn −  2gn
<g − dn , bn , hn e cn,n−1 ωGn
 An < An  f − dn , bn , hn e cn,n−1 ωGn
ω ω
  
2gn cn,n−1 ωGn
<f cn,n−1  e , b n , hn e cn,n−1 ωGn
 ln .
ω

Thus, we have ln Hi < ln li− < ln A−i < ln Ai < ln li , i  1, 2, . . . , n. The proof of 1 of
Lemma 3.4 is complete. For 2 of Lemma 3.4, we similarly have
  
2g1 a1 ωG1
0 < H1  l1− e−a1 ωG1  < l1−  g a1  e , b1 ea1 ωG1 , h1
ω
   
2g1 2g1
< g a1  − c12 l2 , b1 ea1 ωG1 , h1  B1− < B1  f a1  − c12 l2 , b1 ea1 ωG1 , h1
ω ω
  
2g1 a1 ωG1
<f a1  e , b1 ea1 ωG1 , h1  l1 ,
ω
  
− −ci,i−1 ωGi  − 2gi ci,i−1 ωGi
0 < Hi  li e < li  g ci,i−1  e , bi e ci,i−1 ωGi
, hi
ω
 
2gi 
<g − di − ci,i1 li1 , bi e ci,i−1 ωGi
, hi  Bi−
ω
 
 2gi 
< Bi  f − di − ci,i1 li1 , bi e ci,i−1 ωGi
, hi
ω
  
2gi ci,i−1 ωGi
<f ci,i−1  e , bi e ci,i−1 ωGi
, hi  li , i  2, 3, . . . , n − 1,
ω
ISRN Applied Mathematics 11
  
2gn cn,n−1 ωGn
0 < Hn  ln− e−cn,n−1 ωGn  < ln−  g cn,n−1  e , bn ecn,n−1 ωGn , hn
ω
   
2gn 2gn
<g − dn , bn ecn,n−1 ωGn , hn  Bn− < Bn  f − dn , bn ecn,n−1 ωGn , hn
ω ω
  
2gn cn,n−1 ωGn
<f cn,n−1  e , bn ecn,n−1 ωGn , hn  ln ,
ω
3.10

which imply that ln Hi < ln li− < ln Bi− < ln Bi < ln li , i  1, 2, . . . , n; that is, the inequality 2
of Lemma 3.4 holds. Let us now to prove the inequality 3 of Lemma 3.4. In fact, since

 
 ln A−i  ln Bi−  ln A−i − ln Bi− 

max ln A−i , ln Bi−
 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
2
  3.11
  
 ln Ai  ln Bi − ln Ai − ln Bi 
min ln Ai , ln Bi  1 ≤ i ≤ n,
2

we have
   
min ln Ai , ln Bi − max ln A−i , ln Bi−
1     3.12
 ln Ai  ln Bi − ln A−i − ln Bi− − ln A−i − ln Bi−  − ln Ai − ln Bi  .
2

If Ai ≥ Bi , then A−i ≤ Bi− , and

   
min ln Ai , ln Bi − max ln A−i , ln Bi−  ln Bi − ln Bi− > 0; 3.13

If Ai ≤ Bi , then A−i ≥ Bi− , and

   
min ln Ai , ln Bi − max ln A−i , ln Bi−  ln Ai − ln A−i > 0. 3.14

So, we drive min{ln Ai , ln Bi } > max{ln A−i , ln Bi− }. From the above, we have completed the
proof of Lemma 3.4.

Theorem 3.5. Assume that H1 , H2 , and H3  hold. Then system 1.3 has at least 2n ω-periodic
solutions.

Proof. Let CIω ; t1 , . . . , tq   {u : Iω → Rn is a piecewise continuous map with first-class

discontinuity points in Iω ∩ {tk }∞ k1 , and at each discontinuity point, it is continuous on the
left}. Take

   
X  u  u1 , u2 , . . . , un T ∈ C Iω ; t1 , . . . , tq : ui t  ω  ui t , Z  X × Rn×q1
3.15
12 ISRN Applied Mathematics

and define

n
u 0  sup|ui t|, u ∈ X,
i1 t∈Iω
3.16
q
   
z  u  ξj , z  u, ξ1 , ξ2 , . . . , ξq ∈ Z.
1 0
j1

Then both X, · 0 and Z, · 1 are Banach spaces. Let

 
Dom L  u ∈ X : uΔ ∈ X , L : Dom L −→ Z, N : X −→ Z,
⎛⎛ ⎞   ⎞⎞
uΔ
Δu1 t1 
1
⎛
⎞ ⎛
Δu1 tq 
⎜⎜ Δ ⎟ ⎟
⎜⎜u2 ⎟ ⎜ Δu2 t1  ⎟ ⎜ Δu2 tq ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
Lu  ⎜⎜ ⎟, ⎜ .. ⎟, . . . , ⎜ .. ⎟⎟,
⎜⎜ .. ⎟ ⎝ . ⎠ ⎝ . ⎠⎟
⎝⎝ . ⎠ ⎠
u Δ Δun t 1  Δu n t q
n 3.17
⎛⎛ ⎞ ⎛  ⎞ ⎛   ⎞⎞
F1 t, λ ln 1  g11 ln 1  g1q
⎜⎜ . ⎟ ⎜ .. ⎟ ⎜ .. ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ .. ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜  .  ⎟ ⎜  .  ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
Nu, λ  ⎜⎜ Fi t, λ ⎟, ⎜ ln 1  gi1 ⎟, . . . , ⎜ ln 1  giq ⎟⎟,
⎜⎜ . ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ . ⎟ ⎜ .. ⎟ ⎜ .. ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ . ⎠ ⎝ . ⎠ ⎝ . ⎠⎠
   
Fn t, λ ln 1  gn1 ln 1  gnq

where

F1 t, λ  a1 t − b1 teu1 t−τ11 t − λc12 teu2 t−τ12 t − h1 te−u1 t ,

Fi t, λ  − λdi t − bi teui t−τii t  ci,i−1 teui−1 t−τi,i−1 t

− λci,i1 teui1 t−τi,i1 t − hi te−ui t , i  2, 3, . . . , n − 1,

Fn t, λ  −λdn t − bn teun t−τnn t  cn,n−1 teun−1 t−τn,n−1 t − hn te−un t .

P : X −→ X, Q : Z −→ Z,

P u  u1 , u2 , . . . , un T  u1 , u2 , . . . , un T , u ∈ X,
3.18
⎛⎛ q ⎞ ⎞
1
⎜ ⎜ u1  m1k ⎟ ⎟
⎛⎛ ⎞ ⎧⎛ ⎞ ⎜⎜ ω k1 ⎟ ⎟
⎞⎫q ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎧⎛ ⎞⎫q ⎟
u1 ⎪ m ⎪ ⎜⎜ ⎟ 0 ⎟
⎜⎜ u ⎟ ⎪ ⎪
1k
⎪
⎪ ⎟ ⎜⎜ q ⎟ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎟
⎨ ⎜
⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2k ⎟m ⎟ ⎬ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜u  1 ⎟ ⎨ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎬ ⎟
Q⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜ 2 m2k ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜⎜ . ⎟, ⎜ . ⎟ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ω k1 ⎟, ⎜ . ⎟ ⎟.
⎝
⎝ . . ⎠ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎝ .
. ⎠ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎠ ⎜⎜
⎜
⎜
⎟ ⎪
⎟ ⎪
⎪
⎝ . ⎠
. ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎟
⎟
⎩ ⎭ ⎜⎜ .. ⎟ ⎩ ⎭ ⎟
un mnk ⎜⎜ . ⎟ 0 ⎟
k1 ⎜⎜ q ⎟ k1 ⎟
⎝⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎠
un  mnk
ω k1
ISRN Applied Mathematics 13

Obviously,

 
Ker L  u  u1 , u2 , . . . , un T ∈ X : u1 t, u2 t, . . . , un t  c1 , c2 , . . . , cn  ∈ Rn , t ∈ T ,
⎧ q ⎫
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ωu1  m1k  0 ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎛⎛ ⎞ ⎧⎛ ⎞⎫q ⎞ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ u m
k1 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 ⎪
⎪ 1k ⎪
⎪
q ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎜ ⎪
⎨⎜⎜ u2 ⎟ ⎨⎜ m2k ⎟⎬ ⎟ ⎪ ⎟ ωu  m  0 ⎪
⎬
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2 2k
Im L  ⎜⎜⎜ . ⎟ ⎜ . ⎟
, ⎟
⎟ ∈ Z : k1 .
⎪
⎪ ⎝⎝ .. ⎠ ⎪ ⎪ ⎝ .. ⎠⎪ ⎪ ⎠ .. ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎭ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ . ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ un mnk ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
k1 q ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ωu  m  0 ⎪
⎪
⎩ n nk ⎭
k1
3.19

Since Im L is closed in Z, Im P  Ker L, Ker Q  Im L, and dim Ker L  n  codim Im L, we

know that L is a Fredholm mapping of index zero. Furthermore, the generalized inverse to
L KP : Im L → Ker P ∩ Dom L is given by

⎛ ⎛⎛
⎞ ⎧⎛ ⎞⎫q ⎞⎞
u1 ⎪ m1k ⎪
⎜ ⎜⎜ u ⎟ ⎪⎪ m ⎟⎪ ⎪
⎬ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎨⎜ ⎜ 2k ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎜
KP ⎜z  ⎜⎜ . ⎟, ⎜ . ⎟ ⎟ ⎟
⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝⎝ .. ⎠ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎝ .. ⎠⎪⎪
⎪ ⎠ ⎠
⎩ ⎭
un mnk k1

⎛ t q   ⎞
1 1 κω t
⎜ u1 sΔs  m1k − m1k − u1 sΔsΔt ⎟ 3.20
⎜ κ ω k1 ω κ κ ⎟
⎜ t κ<tk <t
 κω  t ⎟
⎜ 1
q
1 ⎟
⎜ u sΔs  m2k − m2k − u2 sΔsΔt ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜
⎜ κ κ<tk <t
ω k1 ω κ κ ⎟.
⎟
⎜ . ⎟
⎜ .. ⎟
⎜  κω  t ⎟
⎜ t q ⎟
⎝ 1 1 ⎠
u1 sΔs  m1k − mnk − un sΔsΔt
κ κ<tk <t
ω k1
ω κ κ

Then


⎛⎛
1 κω 2g1 ⎞ ⎞
⎧⎛ ⎞⎫q
⎜⎜ ω κ F1 s, λΔs  ω ⎟ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎪
⎨ 0 ⎪ ⎬ ⎟
⎜⎜ .. ⎟ ⎜ .. ⎟ ⎟
QNu, λ  ⎜⎜ . ⎟, ⎝ . ⎠ ⎟,
⎜⎜  κω ⎟ ⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎭ ⎟
⎝⎝ 1 2gn ⎠ 0 ⎠
Fn s, λΔs  k1
ω κ ω
14 ISRN Applied Mathematics
⎛ t ⎞
 
⎜ F 1 s, λΔs  ln 1  g 1k ⎟
⎜ κ ⎟
⎜ κ<tk <t ⎟
⎜ . ⎟
KP I − QNu, λ  ⎜ .. ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ t   ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Fn s, λΔs  ln 1  g1k
κ κ<tk <t
⎛  κω ⎞
F s, λΔs  2g
⎜ κ
1 1⎟

1 t ⎜
⎜ .
⎟
⎟
 − ⎜ .. ⎟
2 ω ⎜ 
⎝ κω
⎟
⎠
Fn s, λΔs  2gn
κ
⎛  κω  t ⎞
⎜ F 1 s, λΔsΔt  2g 1⎟
⎜ κ ⎟
1⎜ ⎟
κ
− ⎜⎜ .
.. ⎟,
ω ⎜ κω  t ⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
Fn s, λΔsΔt  2gn
κ κ
3.21

where

F1 s, λ  a1 s − b1 seu1 s−τ11 s − λc12 seu2 s−τ12 s − h1 se−u1 s ,

Fi s, λ  − λdi s − bi seui s−τii s  ci,i−1 seui−1 s−τi,i−1 s
3.22
− λci,i1 seui1 s−τi,i1 s − hi se−ui s , i  2, 3, . . . , n − 1,

Fn s, λ  −λdn s − bn seun s−τnn s  cn,n−1 seun−1 s−τn,n−1 s − hn se−un s .

By the Lebesgue convergence theorem, QN and KP I − QN are continuous. Next, we show
that KP I − QN maps bounded sets into relatively compact sets. Let Ω ⊂ X be an arbitrary
bounded set in X, then there exists a number R > 0 such that u < R for any u ⊂ Ω. We prove
that KP I − QNΩ is relatively compact. In fact, for any {uν  uν1 , uν2 , . . . , uνn T }ν∈N ∈ Ω and
t ∈ Iω , we have

  
n t  
 1 t
KP I − QNuν , λ  sup Fi s, λΔs  ln 1  gik  −
i1 t∈Iω
 κ κ<t
2 ω
k <t

 κω  κω  t 

1 
× Fi s, λΔs  2gi − Fi s, λΔsΔt  2g1 .
κ ω κ κ 

3.23
ISRN Applied Mathematics 15

Since uν < R, it follows from the periodicity that there exists a constant W1 such that
KP I − QNuν , λ ≤ W1 . For any {uν  uν1 , uν2 , . . . , uνn T }ν∈N ∈ Ω and t ∈ Iω ∩ tk , tk1 ,
k  1, 2, . . . , q − 1, we have

⎛  κω ⎞
⎛ F s,⎞ λΔs  2g
F1 s, λ ⎜ κ 1 1 ⎟
Δ ⎜ . ⎟ 1⎜
⎜ .
⎟
⎟
KP I − QNuν , λ  ⎝ .. ⎠− ⎜ .. ⎟. 3.24
ω⎜
⎝  κω
⎟
⎠
Fn s, λ
Fn s, λΔs  2gn
κ

Similarly, there has a constant W2 such that

n  
 
sup KP I − QNuν , λΔ  ≤ W2 , k  1, 2, . . . , q − 1. 3.25
i1 t∈Iω ∩tk ,tk1 

It follows from the definition of X that the right limit of uν t exists at each tk for k  1, 2, . . . , q.
ν ∈ N. Without loss of generality, here, we can assume that t1  κ and tq  κ  ω, for if t1 > κ
or tq < κ  ω, we only need to add intervals κ, t1  ∩ T or tq , κ  ω ∩ T into the consideration.
Consider the following functions:

*
KP I − QNuν , λt, t ∈ Iω ∩ tk , tk1 , k  1, . . . , q − 1,
Huν , λt 
KP I − QNuν , λtk  0, t  tk , k  1, . . . , q,
*
Δ KP I − QNuν , λΔ t, t ∈ Iω ∩ tk , tk1 , k  1, . . . , q − 1,
Huν , λ t 
KP I − QNuν , λΔ tk  0, t  tk , k  1, . . . , q,
3.26

where ν ∈ N. Then on each interval tk , tk1 , {Hk uν   Huν |tk ,tk1  }ν∈N , and {Hk uν Δ 
Huν Δ |tk ,tk1  }ν∈N are uniformly bounded on tk , tk1  ∩ T, k  1, 2, . . . , q − 1. By Lemma 2.7,
there exists a subsequence {H1 uν1 }ν1 ∈N of {H1 uν }ν∈N converges uniformly on t1 , t2  ∩
1 1
T. Similarly, there is a subsequence {H2 uν2 }ν2 ∈N of {H1 uν1 }ν1 ∈N converges uniformly
2 2 1 1
on t2 , t3  ∩ T. Repeating such a process, we can obtain that there is a subsequence
{Hq−1 uνq−1 }νq−1 ∈N of {Hq−2 uνq−2 }νq−2 ∈N converges uniformly on tq−1 , tq  ∩ T. Obviously,
q−1 q−1 q−2 q−2
{Hq−1 uνq−1 }νq−1 ∈N is a subsequence of {Huν }ν∈N that converges uniformly on Iω  κ, κ 
q−1 q−1
ω ∩ T. Therefore, {KP I − QNq−1 uνq−1 }νq−1 ∈N is a subsequence of {KP I − QNuν }ν∈N that
q−1 q−1

converges uniformly on Iω , namely, KP I − QNΩ is relatively compact. Moreover, QNΩ

is bounded. Thus, N is L-compact on Ω for any open bounded set Ω ⊂ X.
16 ISRN Applied Mathematics

In order to use Lemma 3.1, we have to find at least 2n appropriate open bounded
subsets of X. Considering the operator equation Lu  λNu, λ, λ ∈ 0, 1, we have

uΔ
1 t  λ a1 t − b1 te
u1 t−τ11 t
− λc12 teu2 t−τ12 t − h1 te−u1 t ,

..
.

uΔ
i t  λ −λdi t − bi te
ui t−τii t
 ci,i−1 teui−1 t−τi,i−1 t − λci,i1 teui1 t−τi,i1  − hi te−ui t ,

2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
..
.

uΔ
n t  λ −λdn t − bn te
un t−τnn t
 cn,n−1 teun−1 t−τn,−1 t − hn te−un t ,
 
Δuj tk   λ ln 1  gjk , 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
3.27

Assume that u ∈ X is an ω-periodic solution of system 3.27 for some λ ∈ 0, 1. Integrating
3.27 from κ to κ  ω, we have

 κω  
− 2g1  a1 t − b1 teu1 t−τ11 t − λc12 teu2 t−τ12 t − h1 te−u1 t Δt,
κ

..
.
 κω 
− 2gi  −λdi t − bi teui t−τii t  ci,i−1 teui−1 t−τi,i−1 t
κ
3.28

ui1 t−τi,i1 t −ui t
−λci,i1 te − hi te Δt, 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,

..
.
 κω  
− 2gn  −λdn t − bn teun t−τnn t  cn,n−1 teun−1 t−τn,n−1 t − hn te−un t Δt.
κ

Then

 κω  
b1 teu1 t−τ11 t  λc12 teu2 t−τ12 t  h1 te−u1 t Δt  a1 ω  2g1
κ

..
.
ISRN Applied Mathematics 17
 κω  
λdi t  bi teui t−τii t  λci,i1 teui1 t−τi,i1 t  hi te−ui t Δt
κ
 κω
 ci,i−1 teui−1 t−τi,i−1 t Δt  2gi , 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
κ

..
.
 κω    κω
un t−τnn t −un t
λdn t  bn te  hn te Δt  cn,n−1 teun−1 t−τn,n−1 t Δt  2gn .
κ κ
3.29

Furthermore, Note that u  u1 , u2 , . . . , un T ∈ X, and there exists ξi , ηi ∈ κ, κ  ω ∩ T  Iω ,

i  1, 2, . . . , n, such that ui ξi   supt∈Iω ui t, ui ηi   inft∈Iω ui t.
On the one hand, according to the first equation of 3.27 and 3.29, we have

 κω  
 Δ 
u1 tΔt < 2a1 ω  2g1 . 3.30
κ

In the light of the first of equation of 3.29, 3.30, and Lemma 3.2, we get

 κω +q
|uΔ
ωb1 eu1 ξ1 −a1 ωG1   ωh1 e−u1 ξ1  ≤ ωb1 eu1 ξ1 −1/2 κ 1 s|Δs k1
|Δu1 tk |
 ωh1 e−u1 ξ1 

< ωb1 eu1 η1   ωh1 e−u1 ξ1 

 κω  
< b1 teu1 t−τ11 t  λc12 teu2 t−τ12 t  h1 te−u1 t Δt
κ

 a1 ω  2g1 ,
3.31

namely,

 
2g1 a1 ωG1 u1 ξ1 
b1 e2u1 ξ1  − a1  e e  h1 ea1 ωG1 < 0, 3.32
ω

which implies that

ln l1− < u1 ξ1  < ln l1 . 3.33

Applying Lemma 3.2, we drive

 
ln H1  ln l1− − a1 ω  G1  < u1 η ≤ u1 ξ1  < ln l1 . 3.34
18 ISRN Applied Mathematics

According to 3.29 and 3.30, we get

 κω  
 Δ 
u2 tΔt < 2c21 ω  2g2 . 3.35
κ

By 3.29 and 3.35, we have

ωb2 eu2 ξ2 −c21 ωG2   ωh2 e−u2 ξ2 

 κω Δ +q
≤ ωb2 eu2 ξ2 −1/2 κ |u2 s|Δs k1 |Δu2 tk |  ωh2 e−u2 ξ2  < ωb2 eu2 η2   ωh2 e−u2 ξ2 
 κω   3.36
< λd2 t  b2 teu2 t−τ22 t  λc23 teu3 t−τ23 t  h2 te−u2 t Δt
κ
 κω
 c21 teu1 t−τ21 t Δt  2g1 < ωc21 l1  2g2 ,
κ

that is

 
2g2 c21 ωG2 u2 ξ2 
b2 e2u2 ξ2  − c21  e e  h2 ec21 ωG2 < 0, 3.37
ω

which implies that

ln l2− < u2 ξ2  < ln l2 . 3.38

Applying Lemma 3.2, we drive

 
ln H2  ln l2− − c21 ω  G2  < u2 η ≤ u2 ξ2  < ln l2 . 3.39

By deducing for i  3, 4, . . . , n, we obtain

 κω  
 Δ 
ui tΔt < 2ci,i−1 ω  2gi ,
κ

ωbi eui ξi −ci,i−1 ωGi   ωhi e−ui ξi 

 κω Δ +q
≤ ωbi eui ξi −1/2 κ |ui s|Δs k1 |Δui tk |  ωhi e−ui ξi  < ωbi eui ηi   ωhi e−ui ξi  3.40
 κω  
< λdi t  bi teui t−τii t  λci,i1 teui1 t−τi,i1 t  hi te−ui t Δt
κ
 κω
 ci,i−1 teui−1 t−τi,i−1 t Δt  2gi−1 < ωci,i−1 li−1

 2gi ,
κ
ISRN Applied Mathematics 19

namely,
 
2gi ci,i−1 ωGi ui ξi 
bi e2ui ξi  − ci,i−1  e e  hi eci,i−1 ωGi < 0, 3.41
ω

which implies that

ln li− < ui ξi  < ln li , i  3, 4, . . . , n. 3.42

Applying Lemma 3.2, we drive

 
ln Hi  ln li− − ci,i−1 ω  Gi  < ui η ≤ ui ξi  < ln li , i  3, 4, . . . , n. 3.43

On the other hand, in the light of the first equation of 3.29 and 3.30, we have
 κω  
a1 ω  2g1  b1 teu1 t−τ11 t  λc12 teu2 t−τ12 t  h1 te−u1 t Δt
κ

< b1 ωeu1 ξ1   c12 ωl2  h1 ωe−u1 η1 

3.44
 κω +q
|uΔ
< b1 ωeu1 ξ1   c12 ωl2  h1 ωe−u1 ξ1 1/2 κ 1 s|Δs k1 |Δu1 tk |

< b1 ωeu1 ξ1   c12 ωl2  h1 ωe−u1 ξ1 a1 ωG1 ,

namely,
 
2g1
b1 e2u1 ξ1  − a1  − c12 l2 eu1 ξ1   h1 ea1 ωG1 > 0, 3.45
ω

which implies that

ln A1 < u1 ξ1  or u1 ξ1  < ln A−1 ,

 κω  
a1 ω  2g1  b1 teu1 t−τ11 t  λc12 teu2 t−τ12 t  h1 te−u1 t Δt
κ

< ω b1 eu1 ξ1   c12 l2  h1 e−u1 η1  3.46

 κω +q
|uΔ
< ω b1 eu1 η1 1/2 κ 1 s|Δs k1
|Δu1 tk |
 c12 l2  h1 e−u1 η1 

< b1 ωeu1 η1 a1 ωG1  c12 ωl2  h1 ωe−u1 η1  ,

that is,
 
2u1 η1  2g1
b1 e − a1  − c12 l2 e−a1 ωG1  eu1 η1   h1 e−a1 ωG1  > 0,

3.47
ω
20 ISRN Applied Mathematics

which implies that

   
ln B1 < u1 η1 or u1 η1 < ln B1− . 3.48

By 3.29 and 3.35, we have

 κω
2g2 < c21 teu1 t−τ21 t Δt  2g2
κ
 κω  
 λd2 t  b2 teu2 t−τ22 t  λc23 teu3 t−τ23 t  h2 te−u2 t Δt
κ
3.49
< b2 ωeu2 ξ2   d2  c23 l3 ω  h2 ωe−u2 η2 
 κω +q
|uΔ
< b2 ωeu2 ξ2   d2  c23 l3 ω  h2 ωe−u2 ξ2 1/2 κ 2 s|Δs k1
|Δu2 tk |

< b2 ωeu2 ξ2   d2  c23 l3 ω  h2 ωe−u2 ξ2 c21 ωG2 ,

namely,
 
2g2
b2 e2u2 ξ2  − − d2 − c23 l3 eu2 ξ2   h2 ec21 ωG2 > 0, 3.50
ω

which implies that

ln A2 < u2 ξ2  or u2 ξ2  < ln A−2 ,

 κω
2g2 < c21 teu1 t−τ21 t Δt  2g2
κ
 κω  
 λd2 t  b2 teu2 t−τ22 t  λc23 teu3 t−τ23 t  h2 te−u2 t Δt
κ 3.51
< b2 ωeu2 ξ2   d2  c23 l3 ω  h2 ωe−u2 η2 
 κω +q
|uΔ
< b2 ωeu2 η2 1/2 κ 2 s|Δs k1
|Δu2 tk |
 d2  c23 l3 ω  h2 ωe−u2 η2 

< b2 ωeu2 η2 c21 ωG2  d2  c23 l3 ω  h2 ωe−u2 η2  ,

that is,
 
2g2
b2 e2u2 η2  − − d2 − c23 l3 e−c21 ωG2  eu2 η2   h2 e−c21 ωG2  > 0, 3.52
ω

which implies that

   
ln B2 < u2 η2 or u2 η2 < ln B2− . 3.53
ISRN Applied Mathematics 21

By deducing for i  3, 4, . . . , n − 1, we obtain

 κω
2gi < ci,i−1 teui−1 t−τi,i−1 t Δt  2gi
κ
 κω  
 λdi t  bi teui t−τii t  λci,i1 teui1 t−τi,1 t  hi te−ui t Δt
κ
3.54
< bi ωeui ξi   di  ci,i1 li1

ω  hi ωe−ui ηi 
 κω +q
|uΔ
< bi ωeui ξi   di  ci,i1 li1

ω  hi ωe−ui ξi 1/2 κ i s|Δs k1
|Δui tk |

< bi ωeui ξi   di  ci,i1 li1


ω  hi ωe−ui ξi ci,i−1 ωGi ,

namely,

 
2gi
bi e2ui ξi  − 
− di − ci,i1 li1 eui ξi   hi eci,i−1 ωGi > 0, 3.55
ω

which implies that

ln Ai < ui ξi  or ui ξi  < ln A−i ,

 κω
2gi < ci,i−1 teu1 t−τi,−1 t Δt  2gi
κ
 κω  
 λdi t  bi teui t−τii t  λci,i1 teui1 t−τi,i1 t  hi te−ui t Δt
κ 3.56
ui ξi   −ui ηi 
< bi ωe  di  ci,i1 li1 ω  h2 ωe
 κω +q
|uΔ
< bi ωeui ηi 1/2 κ i s|Δs k1
|Δui tk | 
 di  ci,i1 li1 ω  hi ωe−ui ηi 

< bi ωeui ηi ci,i−1 ωGi  di  ci,i1 li1


ω  hi ωe−ui ηi  ,

that is,

 
2gi
bi e2ui ηi  − 
− di − ci,i1 li1 e−ci,i−1 ωGi  eui ηi   hi e−ci,i−1 ωGi  > 0, 3.57
ω

which implies that

   
ln Bi < ui ηi or ui ηi < ln Bi− . 3.58
22 ISRN Applied Mathematics

By the final equation of 3.29, we get

 κω
2gn < cn,n−1 teun−1 t−τn,n−1 t Δt  2gn
κ
 κω  
 λdn t  bn teun t−τnn t  hn te−un t Δt < dn ω  bn ωeun ξn   hn ωe−un ηn 
κ
 κω +q
|uΔ
< dn ω  bn ωeun ξn   hn ωe−un ξn 1/2 κ n s|Δs k1
|Δun tk |

< dn ω  bn ωeun ξn   hn ωe−un ξn cn,n−1 ωGn ,

3.59

namely,

 
2gn
bn e2un ξn  − − dn eun ξn   hn ecn,n−1 ωGn > 0, 3.60
ω

which implies that

ln An < un ξn  or un ξn  < ln A−n ,

 κω
2gn < cn,n−1 teun−1 t−τn,n−1 t Δt  2gn
κ
 κω  
 λdn t  bn teun t−τnn t  hn te−un t Δt < dn ω  bn ωeun ξn   hn ωe−un ηn 
κ
 κω +q
|uΔ
< dn ω  bn ωeun ηn 1/2 κ n s|Δs k1
|Δun tk |
 hn ωe−un ηn 

< dn ω  bn ωeun ηn cn,n−1 ωGn  hn ωe−un ηn  ,

3.61

namely,

 
2un ηn  2gn
bn e − − dn e−cn,n−1 ωGn  eun ηn   hn e−cn,n−1 ωGn  > 0, 3.62
ω

which implies that

   
ln Bn < un ηn or un ηn < ln Bn− , 3.63

In view of 3.34–3.63 and Lemma 3.3, we have

   
min ln Ai , ln Bi < ui ηi < ui ξi  < ln li 1 ≤ i ≤ n 3.64
ISRN Applied Mathematics 23

or

   
ln Hi < ui ηi < ui ξi  < max ln A−i , ln Bi− 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 3.65

which imply that, for all t ∈ T,

   
min ln Ai , ln Bi < ui t < ln li or ln Hi− < ui t < max ln A−i , ln Bi− . 3.66

For convenience, we denote

      
Gi  ln Hi− , max ln A−i , ln Bi− , Ei  min ln Ai , ln Bi , ln li 1 ≤ i ≤ n. 3.67

Clearly, li± i  1, 2, . . . , n, A±i i  1, 2, . . . , n, and Bi± i  1, 2, . . . , n are independent

of λ. For each i  1, 2, . . . , n, we choose an interval between two intervals Gi and Ei and denote
it as Δi , then define the set

 
u  u1 , u2 , . . . , un T ∈ X : ui t ∈ Δi , t ∈ T, i  1, 2, . . . , n . 3.68

Obviously, the number of the above sets is 2n . We denote these sets as Ωk , k  1, 2, . . . , 2n . Ωk ,

k  1, 2, . . . , 2n are bounded open subsets of X, Ωi ∩ Ωj  φ, i /  j. Thus Ωk k  1, 2, . . . , 2n 
satisfies the requirement a in Lemma 3.1.
Now we show that b of Lemma 3.1 holds; that is, we prove when u ∈ ∂Ωk ∩ Ker L 
∂Ωk ∩Rn , QNu, 0 /  0, 0, . . . , 0T , k  1, 2, . . . , 2n . If it is not true, then when u ∈ ∂Ωk ∩Ker L 
∂Ωk ∩ Rn , i  1, 2, . . . , 2n , constant vector u  u1 , u2 , . . . , un T with u ∈ ∂Ωk , k  1, 2, . . . , 2n ,
satisfies

 κω
 
− 2g1  a1 t − b1 teu1 − h1 te−u1 Δt,
κ

..
.
 κω
 
− 2gi  −bi teui  ci,i−1 teui−1 − hi te−ui Δt, 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, 3.69
κ

..
.
 κω
 
− 2gn  −bn teun  cn,n−1 teun−1 − hn te−un Δt,
κ
24 ISRN Applied Mathematics

that is,

2g1
−  a1 − b1 eu1 − h1 e−u1 ,
ω
..
.
2gi
−  −bi eui  ci,i−1 eui−1 − hi e−ui , 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, 3.70
ω
..
.
2gn
−  −bn eun  cn,n−1 eun−1 − hn e−un .
ω

Similar to the process of 3.29–3.66, we obtain

   
ln Hi < u−i < max ln A−i , ln Bi− < min ln Ai , ln Bi < ui < ln li 1 ≤ i ≤ n. 3.71

Then u belongs to one of Ωk ∩ Rn , k  1, 2, . . . , 2n . This contradicts the fact that u ∈ ∂Ωk ∩ Rn ,

k  1, 2, . . . , 2n . This proves that b in Lemma 3.1 holds.
Finally, in order to show that c in Lemma 3.1 holds, we only prove that for
u ∈ ∂Ωk ∩ Ker L  ∂Ωk ∩ Rn , k  1, 2, . . . , 2n , then it holds that deg{JQNu, 0, Ωk ∩
Ker L, 0, 0, . . . , 0T } /
 0. To this end, we define the mapping φ : Dom L × 0, 1 → X by

   
φ u, μ  μQNu, 0  1 − μ Gu, 3.72

here μ ∈ 0, 1 is a parameter and Gu is defined by

⎛⎛  κω ⎞ ⎞
1 u1 s −u1 s 2g1
⎜⎜ a1 s − b1 se − h1 se Δs  ⎟ ⎧⎛ ⎞⎫q ⎟
⎜⎜ κ ω ω ⎟ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎪ ⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜ .
.. ⎟ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎜ . ⎟⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎪
⎪ ⎜ . ⎟⎪
. ⎟ ⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜ 1  κω 2gi ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎬ ⎟
⎟ ⎨ ⎜
⎜⎜  ui s −ui s ⎟
Gu  ⎜⎜ ci,i−1 sli−1 − bi se − hi se Δs  ⎟, ⎜0⎟ ⎟,
⎜⎜ ω κ ⎟ ⎪ ⎜ ⎟ ⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜ ω ⎟ ⎪
⎪ ⎜ . ⎟ ⎪
⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜ .. ⎟ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎝ .. ⎠⎪⎪
⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎪ ⎪ ⎟
⎜⎜  κω . ⎟ ⎩ 0 ⎭ ⎟
⎝⎝ 1  2g n ⎠ k1 ⎠
cn,n−1 sln−1 − bn seun s − hn se−un s Δs 
ω κ ω
3.73
ISRN Applied Mathematics 25

where i  2, 3, . . . , n − 1. We show that for u ∈ ∂Ωk ∩ Ker L  ∂Ωk ∩ Rn , k  1, 2, . . . , 2n ,

μ ∈ 0, 1, then it holds that φu, μ /  0, 0, . . . , 0T . Otherwise, parameter μ and constant vector
u  u1 , u2 , . . . , un  ∈ R satisfy φu, μ  0, 0 . . . , 0T , that is,
T n

 κω , -
2g1
0μ a1 s − b1 seu1 − h1 se−u1  Δs
κ ω
 κω , -
  2g1
 1−μ a1 s − b1 seu1 − h1 se−u1  Δs,
κ ω
..
.
 κω , -
2gi
0μ ci,i−1 seui−1 − bi seui − hi se−ui  Δs
κ ω
 κω , - 3.74
   2gi
 1−μ ci,i−1 sli−1 − bi seui − hi se−ui  Δs,
κ ω
..
.
 κω , -
−un 2gn
0μ cn,n−1 se un−1
− bn se un
− hn se  Δs
κ ω
 κω , -
   2gn
 1−μ cn,n−1 sln−1 − bn seun − hn se−un  Δs,
κ ω

where i  2, 3, . . . , n − 1, that is,

2g1
a1 − b1 eu1 − h1 e−u1  − ,
ω
..
.


  2gi
ci,i−1 li−1 − bi eui − hi e−ui  μ ci,i−1 li−1

− ci,i−1 eui−1 − , 3.75
ω
..
.


  2gn
cn,n−1 ln−1 − bn eun − hn e−un  μ cn,n−1 ln−1

− ci,n−1 eun−1 − ,
ω

where i  2, 3, . . . , n − 1. Following the argument of 3.29–3.66, we obtain

   
ln Hi < u−i < max ln A−i , ln Bi− < min ln Ai , ln Bi < ui < ln li 1 ≤ i ≤ n. 3.76
26 ISRN Applied Mathematics

Equation 3.76 gives that u belongs to one of Ωk ∩ Rn , k  1, 2, . . . , 2n . This contradicts the

 0, 0, . . . , 0T holds. Note that the
fact that u ∈ ∂Ωk ∩ Rn , k  1, 2, . . . , 2n . This proves φu, μ /
system of algebraic equations

2g1
a1 − b1 ex1 − h1 e−x1  − ,
ω
..
.

 2gi
ci,i−1 li−1 − bi exi − hi e−xi  − , 3.77
ω
..
.

 2gn
cn,n−1 ln−1 − bn exn − hn e−xn  − ,
ω

has 2n distinct solutions since H1 , H2 , and H3  hold, x1∗ , x2∗ , . . . , xn∗   ln x.1 , ln x.2 ,
. . . , ln x.n , where x1±  a1  2g1 /ω ± a1  2g1 /ω2 − 4b1 h1 /2b1 , xk±  ck,k−1 lk−1


2gk /ω ± ck,k−1 lk−1 
 2gk /ω2 − 4bk hk /2bk k  2, 3, . . . , n, x.i  xi− or x.i  xi ,
i  1, 2, . . . , n. Similar to the proof of Lemma 3.3, it is easy to verify that
   
ln Hi− < ln xi− < max ln Bi− , ln A−i < min ln Ai , ln Bi < ln xi < ln li , i  1, 2, . . . , n.
3.78

Therefore, x1∗ , x2∗ , . . . , xn∗  uniquely belongs to the corresponding Ωk . Since Ker L 
Im Q, we can take J  I. A direct computation gives, for k  1, 2, . . . , 2n ,
   
deg JQNu, 0, Ωk ∩ Ker L, 0, 0, . . . , 0T  deg φu, 1, Ωk ∩ Ker L, 0, 0, . . . , 0T
 
 deg φu, 0, Ωk ∩ Ker L, 0, 0, . . . , 0T
3.79
 n  
/ hi
 sign −bi xi∗  .
i1
xi∗

Since a1 2g1 /ω−b1 x1∗ −h1 /x1∗   0, ci,i−1 li−1


2gi /ω−bi xi∗ −hi /xi∗   0 i  2, 3, . . . , n,
then
 
deg JQNu, 0, Ωk ∩ Ker L, 0, 0, . . . , 0T
 n    3.80
/ 2g1 2gi
 sign a1  − 2b1 x1∗ 
ci,i−1 li−1  ∗
− 2bi xi  ±1, k  1, 2, . . . , 2 .
n

i2
ω ω

So far, we have proved that Ωk k  1, 2, . . . , 2n  satisfies all the assumptions in

Lemma 3.1. Hence, system 1.3 has at least 2n different ω-periodic solutions. This completes
the proof of Theorem 3.5.
ISRN Applied Mathematics 27

If n  2, then 1.3 is changed into the predator-prey system 3.81. The following
Corollary 3.6 gives the existence of multiple periodic solutions for system 3.81.

Corollary 3.6. For the following predator-prey system on ω-periodic time scales T,

uΔ
1 t  a1 t − b1 te
u1 t−τ11 t
− c12 teu2 t−τ12 t − h1 te−u1 t , t
/ tk ,

uΔ
2 t  −d2 t − b2 te
u2 t−τ22 t
 c21 teu1 t−τ21 t − h2 te−u2 t ,  tk ,
t/ 3.81
     
Δui tk   ui tk − ui t−k  ln 1  gik , i  1, 2, t  tk

if the inequalities a1 2g1 /ω−c12 l2 e−1/2a1 ωG1  > 2 b1 h1 and 2g2 /ω−d2 e−1/2c21 ωG2  >
2 b2 h2 hold, then system 3.81 at least exist four ω-periodic solutions.

4. Illustrative Examples
Consider the following time-delay predator-prey system with impulses on time scales:

uΔ
1 t  a1 t − b1 te
u1 t−τ11 t
− c12 teu2 t−τ12 t − h1 te−u1 t ,

uΔ
2 t  −d2 t − b2 te
u2 t−τ22 t
 c21 teu1 t−τ21 t − h2 te−u2 t , 4.1

Δx1 1  −2, Δx1 3  2, Δx2 1  −1, Δx2 3  3,

where a1 t  3  sin0.5πt/2, b1 t  2  sin0.5πt/10e4 , h1 t  4  cos0.5πt/20e4 ,

τ11 t  | sin0.5πt|, τ12 t  | cos0.5πt|, d2 t  2  cos0.5πt/25, b2 t  5 
cos0.5πt/10, h2 t  2  cos0.5πt/25e2 , c21 t  2  sinπt/8, τ22 t  | cosπt|,
τ21 t  | sinπt|.
If T  R, then 4.1 reduces to the following system:

u̇1 t  a1 t − b1 teu1 t−τ11 t − c12 teu2 t−τ12 t − h1 te−u1 t ,

u̇2 t  −d2 t − b2 teu2 t−τ22 t  c21 teu1 t−τ21 t − h2 te−u2 t , 4.2

Δx1 1  −2, Δx1 3  2, Δx2 1  −1, Δx2 3  3.

Let xi t  eui t i  1, 2, then 4.2 can be changed into the following system:

ẋ1 t  x1 ta1 t − b1 tx1 t − τ11 t − c12 tx2 t − τ12 t − h1 t,

ẋ2 t  x2 t−d2 t − b2 tx2 t − τ22 t  c21 tx1 t − τ21 t − h2 t, 4.3

Δx1 1  e−2 − 1, Δx1 3  e2 − 1, Δx2 1  e−1 − 1, Δx2 3  e3 − 1.
28 ISRN Applied Mathematics

Since

     2
a1  2g1 /ω ea1 ωG1 ± a1  2g1 /ω ea1 ωG1 − 4b1 h1 ea1 ωG1
l1± 
2b1
√
15e8 ± 3 225e16 − 16
 ,
4e−4 4.4
      2
c21  2g2 /ω ec21 ωG2 ± c21  2g2 /ω ec21 ωG2 − 4b2 h2 ec21 ωG2
l2± 
2b2
√
15e4 ± 225e8 − 64
 .
20e−2

Take c12 t  c12 t  2π > 0, such that c12  1/l2 , then
 
2g1 1 2
a1  − c12 l2 e−1/2a1 ωG1   e−4 > e−4  2 b1 h1 ,
ω 2 5
  4.5
2g2 21 −2 2 −2
− d2 e−1/2c21 ωG2   e > e  2 b2 h2 .
ω 25 5

Therefore, all conditions of Corollary 3.6 are satisfied. By Corollary 3.6, system 4.1 has at
least four 4-periodic solutions.

Acknowledgments
This work are supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of People’s Republic
of China under Grant no. 11161025, Yunnan Province Natural Scientific Research Fund
Project no. 2011FZ058, and Yunnan Province Education Department Scientific Research
Fund Project no. 2011Z001.

References
1 M. L. Rosenzweig, “Paradox of enrichment: destabilization of exploitation ecosystems in ecological
time,” Science, vol. 171, no. 3969, pp. 385–387, 1971.
2 A. Hastings and T. Powell, “Chaos in a three-species food chain,” Ecology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 896–903,
1991.
3 K. McCann and P. Yodzis, “Biological conditions for chaos in a three-species food chain,” Ecology, vol.
75, no. 2, pp. 561–564, 1994.
4 P. A. Abrams and J. D. Roth, “The effects of enrichment of three-species food chains with nonlinear
functional responses,” Ecology, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1118–1130, 1994.
5 Yu. A. Kuznetsov and S. Rinaldi, “Remarks on food chain dynamics,” Mathematical Biosciences, vol.
134, no. 1, pp. 1–33, 1996.
6 A. Gragnani, O. De Feo, and S. Rinaldi, “Food chains in the chemostat: relationships between mean
yield and complex dynamics,” Interim Report IR-97-042, International Institute for Applied Systems
Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 1997.
7 C.-H. Chiu and S.-B. Hsu, “Extinction of top-predator in a three-level food-chain model,” Journal of
Mathematical Biology, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 372–380, 1998.
ISRN Applied Mathematics 29

8 Z. Wen and C. Zhong, “Non-constant positive steady states for the HP food chain system with cross-
diffusions,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 51, no. 9-10, pp. 1026–1036, 2010.
9 G.-H. Cui and X.-P. Yan, “Stability and bifurcation analysis on a three-species food chain system with
two delays,” Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 3704–
3720, 2011.
10 Y. Li and K. Zhao, “Existence of 2n positive periodic solutions to n-species nonautonomous food
chains with Harvesting terms,” Advances in Difference Equations, vol. 2010, Article ID 262461, 17 pages,
2010.
11 D. Baı̆nov and P. Simeonov, Impulsive Differential Equations: Periodic Solutions and Applications, Pitman
Monographs and Surveys in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Longman Scientific & Technical,
Harlow, UK, 1993.
12 V. Lakshmikantham, D. D. Baı̆nov, and P. S. Simeonov, Theory of Impulsive Differential Equations, vol. 6,
World Scientific Publishing, Teaneck, NJ, USA, 1989.
13 J. G. P. Gamarra and R. V. Solé, “Complex discrete dynamics from simple continuous population
models,” Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 611–620, 2002.
14 M. Bohner and A. Peterson, Dynamic Equations on Time Scales: An Introduction with Applications,
Birkhäauser, Boston, Mass, USA, 2001.
15 M. Bohner and A. Peterson, Advances in Dynamic Equations on Time Scales, Birkhäauser, Boston, Mass,
USA, 2003.
16 S. Hilger, “Analysis on measure chains-a unified approach to continuous and discrete calculus,”
Results in Mathematics. Resultate der Mathematik, vol. 18, no. 1-2, pp. 18–56, 1990.
17 R. Gaines and J. Mawhin, Coincidence Degree and Nonlinear Differetial Equitions, Springer, Berlin,
Germany, 1977.
18 Y. Chen, “Multiple periodic solutions of delayed predator-prey systems with type IV functional
responses,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 45–53, 2004.
19 Q. Wang, B. Dai, and Y. Chen, “Multiple periodic solutions of an impulsive predator-prey model with
Holling-type IV functional response,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 49, no. 9-10, pp. 1829–
1836, 2009.
20 D. Hu and Z. Zhang, “Four positive periodic solutions to a Lotka-Volterra cooperative system with
harvesting terms,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1115–1121, 2010.
21 Z. Zhang and T. Tian, “Multiple positive periodic solutions for a generalized predator-prey system
with exploited terms,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 26–39, 2008.
22 K. Zhao and Y. Ye, “Four positive periodic solutions to a periodic Lotka-Volterra predatory-prey
system with harvesting terms,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2448–
2455, 2010.
23 K. Zhao and Y. Li, “Four positive periodic solutions to two species parasitical system with harvesting
terms,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 2703–2710, 2010.
24 Y. Li, K. Zhao, and Y. Ye, “Multiple positive periodic solutions of n species delay competition systems
with harvesting terms,” Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1013–1022, 2011.
25 H. Fang, “Existence of at least two periodic solutions for a competition system of plankton allelopathy
on time scales,” Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol. 2012, Article ID 602679, 14 pages, 2012.
26 Y. Xing, M. Han, and G. Zheng, “Initial value problem for first-order integro-differential equation of
Volterra type on time scales,” Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, vol. 60, no. 3, pp.
429–442, 2005.
Advances in Advances in Journal of Journal of
Operations Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Decision Sciences
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Algebra
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Probability and Statistics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

The Scientific International Journal of

World Journal
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Differential Equations
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Submit your manuscripts at

http://www.hindawi.com

International Journal of Advances in

Combinatorics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematical Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Journal of Journal of Mathematical Problems Abstract and Discrete Dynamics in

Complex Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
in Engineering
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Nature and Society
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

International
Journal of Journal of
Mathematics and
Mathematical
Discrete Mathematics
Sciences

Journal of International Journal of Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Publishing Corporation Volume 2014

http://www.hindawi.com
Function Spaces
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com http://www.hindawi.com
Stochastic Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Optimization
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014