Straight Line

Inclination of a line
Smallest non- negative angle which the line makes with the positive
direction of the 𝒙- axis (in anticlockwise direction)

Slope (or Gradient) of a line :

𝝅
If the inclination of a line (i.e. non vertical line, 𝛉 ≠ ) is 𝛉 then the
𝟐
slope of a line is defined to be 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉.
 Straight Line
Slope of the line joining two points
Slope of line joining points 𝐀 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 and 𝐁 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 is given by

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 (𝒙𝟐, 𝒚𝟐)
𝐦=
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏

θ
(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏)

❑ If 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 , then slope is not defined but line will be parallel to 𝒚 – axis

Example

Find the slope of the straight line if

(i) it makes an angle of 𝟑𝟎° with the positive direction of 𝒙 −axis in
anticlockwise direction

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Find the slope of the straight line if

(ii) it makes an angle of 𝟗𝟎° with the positive direction of 𝒙 −axis in
anticlockwise direction

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Find the slope of the straight line if

(iii) it makes an angle of 𝟎° with the positive direction of 𝒙 −axis

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Find the slope of the line segment joining

(i) points 𝟒, 𝟓 and 𝟖, 𝟗
(ii) points 𝟕, 𝟐𝟎 and 𝟕, −𝟐

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
 Straight Line
Angle between lines
If angle between line 𝐋𝟏(having slope 𝒎𝟏 ) & 𝐋𝟐(having slope 𝒎𝟐 ) is 𝛉,
then

𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 =
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
θ

𝛼
KEY TAKEAWAYS

Locus

Equation of locus

Inclination of a line

Slope of the line

Angle between lines

CONTENT

Condition on slopes

Intercept of a line
 1 m 1 = m 2 ⇒ L1 | | L 2

Conditions 2 m1m2 = –1 ⇒ L1 ⊥ L2
on m1,m2

m1 + m 2 = 0 ⇒ L 1 & L2
3 are equally inclined
to co-ordinate axes
Example

Find the acute angle between lines

(i) having slopes 1 and 2

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Find the acute angle between lines

(ii) passing through 𝐀 𝟐, 𝟒 , 𝐁 𝟑, 𝟔 and through 𝐂 𝟎, 𝟎 , 𝐃 −𝟑, −𝟐

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Find the angle between diagonals a parallelogram whose vertices

are 𝟐, −𝟏 , 𝟎, 𝟐 , 𝟐, 𝟑 and 𝟒, 𝟎 .

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

. 𝟐, 𝟑

𝟎, 𝟐 .
.
.
𝟐, −𝟏
𝟒, 𝟎
Example

Find the slope of the line which is inclined at an angle of 60° with the
line having slope 1.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
 Straight Line

Intercept of a line
In a cartesian co-ordinate system, it is the algebraic distance from the
origin to the point at which a line cuts a given axis. It may be positive
or negative

(0,b)
.

.
(a,0)
 Straight Line
If line has equal non – zero intercepts,
then m = –1 (0,a)
.

.
(-a,0)
.
(a,0)

. (0,-a)
 Straight Line
If line is equally inclined with coordinate axes

then m = ± 1
.
Equation of straight line
Equation of Straight Line
A relation between 𝒙 and 𝒚 which is satisfied by co-ordinates of
every point lying on a line is called equation of the straight line.

Every linear equation in two variable 𝒙 and 𝒚 always represents a

straight line.

General form of straight line is given by

𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎; 𝒂 & 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎 simultaneously.
 Equation of Straight Line
❑ Equation of 𝒙-axis is 𝒚 = 0
❑ Equation of 𝒚-axis is 𝒙 = 0
❑ Equation of 𝒂 line parallel to 𝒙-axis at 𝒂 distance ‘𝒂’ is 𝒚 = 𝒂 or 𝒚 = – 𝒂

𝒚=𝒂

𝒙=𝟎
𝒂
𝒙′ 𝒙
O 𝒚=𝟎

𝒚 = −𝒂

𝒚′
 Equation of Straight Line

❑ Equation of line parallel to 𝒚-axis at 𝒂 distance ‘𝒃’ is 𝒙 = 𝒃 or 𝒙 = – 𝒃

𝒙=𝟎
𝒃 𝒃
𝒙′ 𝒙
O 𝒚=𝟎

𝒙 = −𝒃
𝒙=𝒃

𝒚′
❑ Combined equation of coordinate axes is 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
Examples
Example
Example

Prove that every first degree equation in 𝒙, 𝒚 represents a straight line.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
 CONTENT

Point slope form

Two point form

 Point Slope Form
Equation of line having slope 𝒎 and passing through 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 is given by

(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝛉
Examples
Example
Example

Find the equation of line if

(i) Its slope is 3 and passes through 𝟒, 𝟓 .
(ii) It passes through origin and is inclined at an angle of 𝟑𝟎° with positive
direction of 𝒙 −axis

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

A line passing through the point (1, 0) and (2, 1) is rotated anticlockwise
about the point (1, 0) by an angle of 15°. Find the equation in its new
position.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟐, 𝟏)

(𝟏, 𝟎)
Example

If mid points of sides of triangle are (𝟐, 𝟏), (– 𝟓, 𝟕) & (– 𝟓, – 𝟓), then find
equation of sides of triangle.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

(– 𝟓, 𝟕) (– 𝟓, – 𝟓)

(𝟐, 𝟏)
 Two Point Form
Equation of line through the two points 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 and 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 is given by

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
(𝒙𝟐, 𝒚𝟐)

(𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏)
KEY TAKEAWAYS

Condition on slopes

Intercept of a line

Equation of straight line

Point slope form

Two point form

 CONTENT

Equation of the line in different forms

Slope intercept form

Intercept form

General equation of a line

 Slope Intercept Form

Equation of line having 𝒚 −intercept 𝐜 and slope 𝐦 is given by

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

(𝟎, 𝒄)

𝛉
 Intercept Form of a Line

Equation of line having 𝒙 −intercept 𝐚 and 𝒚 −intercept 𝐛 is given by

𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
(0, 𝑏)

(𝒂, 𝟎)
 General equation of a line

❑ Every linear equation in two variable 𝒙 and 𝒚 always represents a

straight line
i.e. 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 ; 𝒂 & 𝒃 ≠ 0 simultaneously

Conversion to :
→Slope intercept → 𝐈ntercept form
 𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄

❑ Any line parallel to 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + c = 0 is 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = p &

perpendicular to 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 is 𝒃𝒙 – 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒒
Examples
Example

Find equation of the straight line passing through 𝟒, 𝟕 and −𝟖, 𝟏𝟎

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

For the line 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎, find

(i) Slope
(ii) 𝒚 −intercept
(iii) 𝒙 −intercept
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Find the angle between the lines 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Find orthocenter of triangle 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 and

𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 A

B C