3-Dimensional Geometry

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3-Dimensional Geometry
3-Dimensional Geometry
● Concept of DC & DR
● Straight lines in 3D
● Planes
Concept of DC and DR
In 3-D geometry, there is no concept of “slope”. Here, vector are used to
give directions. For that we use the terms DC & DR. Lets understand the
concept of DC & DR first
Direction cosine
If vector parallel to a given line makes angles α, β & γ with x, y & z

axis respectively then the triplet cos⍺, cos β, cos γ are called
Direction cosine of line
Z
Direction cosine are generally

denoted by (l, m, n) 𝜸
β
Y
𝛼
X
NOTE l 2+ m 2+ n 2= 1
Direction ratios:
Three numbers a, b, c proportional to DC (l, m, n) are known as DR.

Basically, if line is parallel to a vector then DR of line are
(a, b, c), or better to say DR ∝ (a, b, c)
A line OP through origin O is inclined at 30° and 45° to OX and OY,
respectively. Then find the angle at which it is inclined to OZ.
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Solution:
Eg:
(a) DC and DR of z-axis are
(b) If then
(c) DC and DR of the line joining (3, 2, 0) & (0, 2, –4) are:
The direction cosines of any normal to the xz-plane are
A 1, 1, 0
B 0, 1, 0
C 1, 0, 1
D 0, 0, 1
The direction cosines of any normal to the xz-plane are
A 1, 1, 0
B 0, 1, 0
C 1, 0, 1
D 0, 0, 1
Solution: Line normal to xz-plane will be parallel to y-axis, and
perpendicular to x-axis and z-axis.
Direction cosines of this line are l, m, n, where
l = cos ⍺ ⍺ → angle between line and x-axis
m = cos β β → angle between line and y-axis
n = cos γ γ → angle between line and z-axis
Here ⍺ = γ = 90° and β = 0°
Thus, l = cos 90° = 0; m = cos 0° = 1, n = cos 90° = 0
⸫ Direction cosines of line normal to xz-plane are 0, 1, 0
Find the direction cosines of the two lines which are connected by the
relation l - 5m + 3n = 0 and 7l 2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0
Solution:
Solution:
Straight Lines in 3D
Now, we will develop equation of a line in 3D
Line through a given point & parallel to given vector
Let be a general point on line
Clearly
This is parametric form of line. r

a
O
Line through a given point & parallel to given vector
Let be a general point on line
Clearly
This is parametric form of line. r

a
Cartesian form is :
O
NOTE
In Cartesian from: a, b, c are DR of line. Obviously, few can
be zero also
Eg: Cartesian equation of:
(a) is
(b) is
(c) is
Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR
(a) 4x - 2 = 2y + 1 = z -2 (b)
(c) x = 2z + 3; y = 4z - 4
Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR
(b)
Solution:
Given,
Find the equation of a line which passes through point A(1, 0, -1) and is
perpendicular to the straight lines
Solution:
Assuming a point on line
Many times we will be required to assume a point on line. It plays very
critical role many times. So, lets see how to assume a point on line &
few examples on it

Consider a line:
A general point on this line is assumed as

Eg: General point on
(a) is taken as
is taken as
(b)
JEE Main 26th July, 2022 Shift-1
Let Q and R be two points on the line

at a distance from the point P(4, 2, 7). Then the square of the area
of the triangle PQR is______.
Let Q and R be two points on the line

at a distance from the point P(4, 2, 7). Then the square of the area
of the triangle PQR is______.
Ans: 153
Solution:
Find point of intersection of:
Solution:
Find the equation of the line passing through the intersection of
and also through the
point (2, 1, -2).
Solution:
Equation of line through (0, 1, 2) intersecting
perpendicularly is
D
Equation of line through (0, 1, 2) intersecting
perpendicularly is
D
Solution:
Given line through A intersect given line
at P
Here,
Solution:
DR of
Since they are intersecting perpendicularly
DR of or DR of
⸫ Equation of line AP is
Distance of a point from a Line &
Distance between two Lines
Lets understand distance of a point from line through example
(a) The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line
is ______.
(b) Find distance of (5, 7, -2) from measured along

is ______.
D None of these
is
D None of these
Solution:
(b) Find distance of (5, 7, -2) from measured along

Solution:
Given AP is parallel to
⸫ Equation of AP
Any point
Now, this point will lie on given line

Solution:
⸫ Distance AP
=
Thus,
Now let’s pick shortest distance between two lines
Observation
Two non-parallel lines in 3D may or may not intersect
Skew lines:
Two lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting
are called skew lines
Shortest distance between two lines is:
For skew line: For parallel line:

JEE Main 27th June, 2022 Shift-2
The shortest distance between the lines
D
JEE Main 27th June, 2022 Shift-2
The shortest distance between the lines
D
Solution:
Solution:
Result
Two lines are coplanar if either they are

parallel or shortest distance between them is zero, which can be
summarised in one condition

JEE Adv 2013
Two lines and are coplanar.

Then, 𝛼 can take values
A 0
B 2
C 3
D 4
JEE Adv 2013
Two lines and are coplanar.

Then, 𝛼 can take values
A 0
B 2
C 3
D 4
Solution: Here,
Solution: If two straight lines are coplanar
Planes
Equations of plane
Plane through a fixed point & normal to a given vector: n
A( a )
R( r )
a
r
O

Equations of plane
Let be a general point on plane

A( a )
a R( r )
i.e.
r
This is the required vector form of plane
O
Equations of plane
Let be a general point on plane

A( a )
a R( r )
i.e.
r
This is the required vector form of plane
O
In cartesian equation of plane the coefficients of x, y & z are DR of

Find the vector equation of a line passing through
and perpendicular to the plane 3x - 4y + 5z = 8.
Solution:
Find the distance of the point P(3, 8, 2) from the line
measured parallel to the plane
3x + 2y - 2z + 15 = 0.
Find the distance of the point P(3, 8, 2) from the line
measured parallel to the plane
3x + 2y - 2z + 15 = 0.
Ans: 7
Solution:
Before doing more examples lets first learn deriving equation of
Plane in different situations
Remark
All the equations of plane are based on a single fundamental.

Create a vector in the plane using general point, and a vector
normal to plane. Their dot product equal to zero gives
equation of plane

Equation of plane passing through & parallel to non-collinear
vectors ;
.A ( a )
.A ( a )
In cartesian form:
Equation of plane passing through three points:
.A ( a )
.A ( a )
In cartesian form
Intercept form:
Equation of plane having x, y, & z intercepts as a, b & c respectively is:
Intercept form:
Equation of plane having x, y, & z intercepts as a, b & c respectively is:
[Try deriving it from previous equation i.e. plane through three points]
Now, let’s do some examples to practice these equations
Find the equation of the plane passing through A(2, 2, -1), B(3, 4, 2) and
C(7, 0, 6). Also find a unit vector perpendicular to this plane.
Solution:
Find equation of plane containing:

Solution:
Method I:
Let
.A(3, 2, 1)
Equation of plane containing both lines is
.B(2, -3, -1)

Solution:
Method II:
Equation of plane having DR of normal as (a, b, c), and passing through
the point (3, 2, 1) is a(x - 3) + b(y - 2) + c(z - 1) = 0
Now, normal to plane will be normal to line
∴ a - 4b + 5c = 0 …..(i)
Also, B(2, -3, -1) will satisfy the plane equation
⇒ a(2 - 3) + b(-3 - 2) + c(-1 -1) = 0
⇒ -a - 5b - 2c = 0
⇒ a + 5b + 2c = 0 …..(ii)
Solution:
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
⸫ Equation of plane
Let the lines be
coplanar and P be the plane containing these two lines. Then which of
the following points does NOT lies on P?
A (0, -2, -2)
B (-5, 0, -1)
C (3, -1, 0)
D (0, 4, 5)
Let the lines be
coplanar and P be the plane containing these two lines. Then which of
the following points does NOT lies on P?
A (0, -2, -2)
B (-5, 0, -1)
C (3, -1, 0)
D (0, 4, 5)
Solution:
A plane P is parallel to two lines whose direction ratios are -2, 1, -3, and
-1, 2, -2 and it contains the point (2, 2, -2). Let P intersect the co-ordinate
axes at the points A, B, C making the intercepts ⍺, β, γ. If V is the
volume of the tetrahedron OABC, where O is the origin and
p = ⍺ + β + γ, then the ordered pair (V, p) is equal to
A (48, -13)
B (24, -13)
C (48, 11)
D (24, -5)
A plane P is parallel to two lines whose direction ratios are -2, 1, -3, and
-1, 2, -2 and it contains the point (2, 2, -2). Let P intersect the co-ordinate
axes at the points A, B, C making the intercepts ⍺, β, γ. If V is the
volume of the tetrahedron OABC, where O is the origin and
p = ⍺ + β + γ, then the ordered pair (V, p) is equal to
A (48, -13)
B (24, -13)
C (48, 11)
D (24, -5)
Solution:
Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (-1, 1, 1) and
(1, -1, 1) and perpendicular to the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5.
Solution:
JEE Adv 2017
The equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 1, 1) and
perpendicular to the planes 2x + y - 2z = 5 and 3x - 6y - 2z = 7, is
A -14x + 2y + 15z = 3
B 14x - 2y + 15z = 27
C 14x + 2y - 15z = 1
D 14x + 2y + 15z = 31
JEE Adv 2017
The equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 1, 1) and
perpendicular to the planes 2x + y - 2z = 5 and 3x - 6y - 2z = 7, is
A -14x + 2y + 15z = 3
B 14x - 2y + 15z = 27
C 14x + 2y - 15z = 1
D 14x + 2y + 15z = 31
Solution:
Remark
Similar to family of lines in 2-D (i.e. L1 + λL2 = 0) we have a family of

planes in 3D.
Any plane through line of intersection of
P1 : a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 & P2 : a2x + b2y + c2y + d2 = 0 is of the form
P1 + λP2 = 0
i.e.
If the plane P passes through the intersection of two mutually
perpendicular planes 2x + ky - 5z = 1 and 3kx - ky + z = 5, k < 3 and
intercepts a unit length on positive x-axis, then the intercept made by
the plane P on the y-axis is
C 6
D 7
If the plane P passes through the intersection of two mutually
perpendicular planes 2x + ky - 5z = 1 and 3kx - ky + z = 5, k < 3 and
intercepts a unit length on positive x-axis, then the intercept made by
the plane P on the y-axis is
C 6
D 7
Solution:
Some Formulae

Some formulae
Angle between two planes:
Angle between a plane and line:

Some formulae
Angle between two planes:
Angle between a plane and line:

Remark
Distance of a point from plane, distance between two parallel
planes, foot of perpendicular, image of a point in plane, bisector
of acute and obtuse angle between two planes all are
generalisation of 2-D results for straight lines
(1) Distance of (x1, y1, z1) from ax + by + cz = d
(2) Distance between two parallel planes

(3) Foot of perpendicular of (x1, y1, z1) on ax + by + cz = d
(4) Image of a point (x1, y1, z1) in (ax + by + cz = d)

Find image of (3, -2, 1) in the plane 3x - y + 4z = 2
Solution:
So,
(5) Bisector of angle containing a given point
Consider a point (⍺, β, γ)
(a) If then required bisector

is:
(b) If then required bisector is

(6) Bisector of acute and obtuse angles:
(a) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 > 0, then origin lies in obtuse angle
⸫ Obtuse angle bisector is
(b) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 < 0, then origin lies in acute angle and equation of
acute angle bisector:
(7) Ratio in which plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides join of A and B
ax + by + cz + d = 0
B (x2, y2, z2 )
JEE Adv 2013
Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line

to the plane x + y + z = 3. The feet of perpendicular lie on the line
D
JEE Adv 2013
Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line

to the plane x + y + z = 3. The feet of perpendicular lie on the line
D
Solution:
Solution:
Nature of planes and & symmetrical form of line
First let’s pick “Nature of planes”. Given three planes, they can be parallel
or they can form a prism or they can meet in a line or they can intersect at
a point. We can comment upon the nature using number of solutions

Find nature of following planes
(a) 2x + 5y + 3z = 0, 7y - 5z + 4 = 0, x - y + 4z = 2
(b) x + y + z = 1, 4x + 2y + z = 8, 5x - y - 4z = 4
(a) 2x + 5y + 3z = 0, 7y - 5z + 4 = 0, x - y + 4z = 2
Solution:
Given, equation of planes
Here,
Hence system has infinitely many solutions

⸫ They intersect in a line
(b) x + y + z = 1, 4x + 2y + z = 8, 5x - y - 4z = 4
Given equation of planes
Solution:
Here,
⸫ No solution
As planes are not parallel, hence they form a prism
A Intersect at a point
B Meet in a plane
C Form a prism
D Are parallel
A Intersect at a point
B Meet in a plane
C Form a prism
D Are parallel
Solution: Given, equation of planes
Here,
⸫ They have a unique solution

Thus, they intersect at a point
Now, Lets understand what is symmetrical form of a line
Reduce in symmetrical form, the following equation of line
x - y + 2z = 5 & 3x + y + z = 6
Remark
Primarily they asking line of
intersection of given two planes
Solution: Given,
Let a, b, c be the DR of line of intersection

Thus normal to plane will be normal to line
⸫ DR of line
Solution: Now, for passing point, can keep one of x, y or z as zero
Let’s take z = 0
Solving both we get
⸫ Equation of line
The length of the perpendicular from the point (1, -2, 5) on the line
passing through (1, 2, 4) and parallel to the line
x + y - z = 0 = x - 2y + 3z - 5 is:
D 1

The length of the perpendicular from the point (1, -2, 5) on the line
passing through (1, 2, 4) and parallel to the line
x + y - z = 0 = x - 2y + 3z - 5 is:
D 1
Solution:
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3-Dimensional Geometry

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If vector parallel to a given line makes angles α, β & γ with x, y & z

Direction cosine are generally

Three numbers a, b, c proportional to DC (l, m, n) are known as DR.

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This is parametric form of line. r

This is parametric form of line. r

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A general point on this line is assumed as

Let Q and R be two points on the line

Let Q and R be two points on the line

(b) Find distance of (5, 7, -2) from measured along

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Now, this point will lie on given line

For skew line: For parallel line:

Two lines are coplanar if either they are

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Two lines and are coplanar.

Two lines and are coplanar.

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Let be a general point on plane

Let be a general point on plane

In cartesian equation of plane the coefficients of x, y & z are DR of

All the equations of plane are based on a single fundamental.

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.B(2, -3, -1)

A (0, -2, -2)

A (0, -2, -2)

Similar to family of lines in 2-D (i.e. L1 + λL2 = 0) we have a family of

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Angle between a plane and line:

Angle between a plane and line:

(2) Distance between two parallel planes

(4) Image of a point (x1, y1, z1) in (ax + by + cz = d)

Consider a point (⍺, β, γ)

(a) If then required bisector

(b) If then required bisector is

⸫ Obtuse angle bisector is

Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line

Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line

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Hence system has infinitely many solutions

⸫ They have a unique solution

Let a, b, c be the DR of line of intersection

Solving both we get

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