Circle
Equation of any diameter to the given circle is perpendicu-
lar to the given parallel chord is my + x + l = 0 which passes
through the centre of a circle.
Thus 0+0+l=0
fi l=0
Hence, the required equation of the diameter is x + my = 0.
25. POLE AND POLAR
If from a point P, any straight line is drawn to meet the circle
in Q and R and if tangents to the circle at Q and R meet in
T, the locus of T is called the polar of P with respect to the
circle.
The point P is known as the pole of its polar.
Q
B
A
P Polar
C B
D The chord joining the points of intersection of two given cir-
R
Polar of a circle exists only when the point P lies either
outside or inside of the given circle.
(i) The equation of a polar of the point (x1, y1) with respect
to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy1 = a2
(ii) The equation of polar of the point (x1, y1) with respect
to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0.
(iii) If a point P lies outside of a circle, then the polar and
the chord of contact of this point P are the same straight
line.
(iv) If a point P lies on the circle, then the polar and the
tangent to the circle at P are the same straight line.
(v) The pole of a line lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the
Ê a 2l a 2 m ˆ
circle x2 + y2 = a2 is Á - ,- ˜.
Ë n n ¯
(vi) If the polar of a point P with respect to a circle passes
through Q, then the polar of Q with respect to the circle
will pass through P.
Here, the points P and Q are called the conjugate
points.
(vii) Conjugate Points: Two points are said to be conju-
gate points with respect to a circle, if the polar of either
passes through the other.
(viii) If the pole of a line L1 with respect to a circle lies on
another line L2, then the pole of the other line L2 with
respect to the same circle will lie on the first line L1.
Here, the lines L1 and L2 are conjugate lines.
CG_03.indd 9
3.
(ix) Conjugate lines: Two straight lines are said to be con-
jugate lines if the pole of either lies on the other.
(x) If the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
conjugate to each other with respect to the circle x2 + y2
cc
= c2, then a1a2 + b1b2 = 1 22 .
r
(xi) If O be the centre of a circle and P be any point, OP is
perpendicular to the polar of P.
(xii) If O be the centre of a circle and P be any point, then if
OP (produced, if it is necessary) meet the polar of P in
Q, then OP ◊ OQ = (radius)2.
26. COMMON CHORD OF TWO CIRCLES
A
O O¢
cles is called their common chord.
The equation of the common chord between two circles
is S1 – S2 = 0
fi 2(g1 – g2)x + 2(f1 – f2)y = c1 – c2,
where S1 ∫ x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0
and S2 ∫ x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
(i) The length of the common chord = PQ = 2 ◊ PM =
2 (C1P ) 2 - (C1M ) 2 ,
where
C1P = radius of the circle S1 = 0 and
C1M = Length of the perpendicular from C1 on the
common chord PQ.
(ii) The common chord PQ of two circles becomes of the
maximum length, when it is a diameter of the smaller
one between them.
(iii) If the circle on the common chord be a diameter, then
the centre of the circle passing through P and Q lie on
the common chord of the two circles.
(iv) If the circle S1 = 0, bisects the circumference of the
circle S2 = 0, then their common chord will be the di-
ameter of the circle S2 = 0.
27. INTERSECTION BETWEEN TWO CIRCLES
Let the two circles be (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r12 and (x – g)2 +
(y – d)2 = r22, where centres are C1(a, b) and C2(g, d) and radii
are r1 and r2, respectively.
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