TYPES OF

BONES AND
OSSIFICATION
z PRESENTED BY : ABHINAV,
ABHISHEK, ADITI, ABHIMANYU
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CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION

 TYPES OF BONES

 OSSIFICATION AND ITS TYPES

 FLAT BONES AND THEIR OSSIFICATON

 LONG BONES AND THEIR OSSIFICATION

 SHORT BONES AND THEIR OSSIFICATION

 IRREGULAR BONES AND THEIR OSSIFICATION

 SESAMOID BONES AND THEIR OSSIFICATION

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INTRODUCTION
 Bone is a living, rigid tissue of the human
body that makes up the body's skeletal
system. An adult human has two hundred
and six bones.

 STRUCTURE:
 Cortical bone - outer layer
 Bone tissue (cancellous bone) - inner layers
 Medullary canal - contains either red (active) or
yellow (inactive) bone marrow
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TYPES OF

BONES
Flat bones (e.g. skull bones)
 Long bones (e.g. femur)

 Short bones (e.g. carpal bones)

 Irregular bones (e.g. vertebrae)

 Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella)

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OSSIFICATON
 During embryonic development most bones
of the body are first seen in the form of
cartilage. The replacement of these cartilages
by bone is called ossification.
 TYPES:
 It is of two types -
 INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
 ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
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INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

 Forms many flat bones, including bones of skull and

clavicles, during fetal development.
 Bones formed in this way are primary bone, which is
eventually resorbed and replaced with secondary
bone.
 This type of ossification occurs within a mesenchymal
membrane composed of a sheet of embryonic
connective tissue; richly supplied with blood and
populated with mesenchymal cells.
STAGES OF INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
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ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
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FLAT BONES
 In flat bones, the two layers of
compact bone cover both spongy
bone and bone marrow space.
 They grow by replacing connective
tissue. Fibrocartilage covers their
articular surfaces.
 The prime function of flat bones is to protect
internal organs such as the brain, heart, and
pelvic organs.
 Also, due to their flat shape, these bones
provide large areas for muscle attachments.
This group includes the following
bones:

The skull bones

The ribs
The sternum
The scapulae
z OSSIFICATION OF THE SCAPULA

 body: 8 weeks in IUL

 coracoid process (two centres): 12-18 months
 glenoid: 10-11 years
 inferior angle: 14-20 years (puberty)
 acromion (three centres): 14-20 years
(puberty)
 medial border: 14-20 years (puberty)
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LONG BONES
 A shaft, or diaphysis, connects the two ends known as the
epiphyses (plural for epiphysis).
 The marrow cavity is enclosed by the diaphysis which is
thick, compact bone.
 The epiphysis is mainly spongy bone and is covered by a
thin layer of compact bone; the articular ends participate
in the joints.
 The metaphysis is situated on the border of the diaphysis
and the epiphysis at the neck of the bone and is the place
of growth during development.
Some examples of this type of
bones include:

The Clavicle
The humerus
The fibula
The tibia
The metacarpal bones
The phalanges
The radius and ulna.
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OSSIFICATION OF THE CLAVICLE
z SHORT BONES
 The short bones are usually as long as they are
wide. They are usually found in the carpus of the
hand and tarsus of the foot.
 In the short bones, a thin external layer of
compact bone covers vast spongy bone and
marrow, making a shape that is more or less
cuboid.
 The main function of the short bones is to
provide stability and some degree of movement.
 Some examples of these bones are:

 The scaphoid bone

 The lunate bone
 The calcaneus
 The talus
 The navicular bone
z OSSIFICATION OF THE SCAPHOID

 Ossification of the scaphoid begins

between age 5 to 6 years and is
complete between 13 to 15 years of
age.
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IRREGULAR BONES

 Due to their variable and irregular

shape and structure, the irregular
bones do not fit into any other
category.
 In irregular bones, the thin layer of
compact bone covers a mass of
mostly spongy bone.
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 The complex shape of these bones help them

to protect internal structures. For example,
the irregular pelvic bones protect the contents
of the pelvis.
 Some examples of these types of bones
include:
 The bones of the spine (i.e. vertebrae)

 The bones of the pelvis (ilium, ischium and

pubis)
z OSSIFICATION OF THE VERTEBRAE
 All vertebrae begin ossification in the embryonic period of
development around 8 weeks of gestation.
 They ossify from three primary ossification centers: one in
the endochondral centrum (which will develop into the
vertebral body) and one in each neural process (which will
develop into the pedicles).
 The neural processes fuse with the centrum in between
three and six years of age
 During puberty, five secondary ossification centers
develop at the tip of the spinous process and both
transverse processes, and on the superior and inferior
surfaces of the vertebral body.
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SESAMOID BONES

 Sesamoid bones are embedded within

tendons. These bones are usually small and
oval-shaped.
 The sesamoid bones are found at the end of
long bones in the upper and lower limbs,
where the tendons cross.
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 Some examples of the sesamoid bones are

the patella bone in the knee or the pisiform
bone of the carpus.
 The main function of the sesamoid bone is to
protect the tendons from excess stress and
wear by reducing friction.
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OSSIFICATION OF THE PATELLA

 The patella begins to ossify between 3 and 5

years of age.
 The patellar ossification center expands, the
peripheral margins may appear irregular and
may be associated with accessory ossification
centers.
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CLINICAL ASPECT
 Common bone diseases often affect the bone
density, e.g. in young children due to
malnutrition. For example, rickets is a bone
deformity seen in young children who lack
vitamin D.
 Their legs are disfigured and they have
trouble walking. The damage is irreversible
though surgery may help
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 Osteomalacia is the improper mineralization

of bone due to a lack of available calcium and
phosphate. The bone density decreases and
the bones become soft.
 Osteoporosis has been noted in all ages but
mostly in postmenopausal and elderly
women. A progressive decrease in bone
density increases the risk of fracture
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