Sample Paper-1

Answers
Section-A
1. (d) a brown gas is evolved and a yellow residue is 22. (i) Placenta is essential for foetal development
left behind because it helps to transport the nutrients from
Heat mother’s blood to foetus body. It also helps in
2Pb(NO3)2(s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
transferring waste substance generated by
Colourless    Yellow Brown
fumes foetus into the mother’s blood.
2. (a) Anodising (ii) This is required for nourishing the embryo, if
3. (c) Sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3 . 10H2O). fertilisation had taken place.
W
 ashing soda, i.e., sodium carbonate 23. Aquatic organisms like fishes obtain oxygen from
decahydrate (Na2CO3 . 10H2O) is used for water present in dissolved state through their gills.
removing permanent hardness of water. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low as
4. (b) HCl and CCl4 are covalent compounds, where compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate
the compound is formed by mutual sharing of
of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than
electrons.
that seen in terrestrial organisms.
5. (c) (ii) and (iv)
6. (b) X and Y are discarded because they are not OR
malleable and ductile. Z is discarded because it Transpiration is important for plants because of the
does not conduct electricity. following reasons:
7. (c) zinc (i) It helps in absorption and upward movement of
8. (c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow water and minerals from roots to leaves.
backwards (ii) It also helps in temperature regulation.
9. (b) axonal end 24.
10. (a) general growth rate begins to slow down
11. (c) rapid cell divisions in tendrillar cells that are TiP
away from the support Here, object distance = 20 cm and focal length = 40
12. (b) They selectively filter toxic substances through cm, i.e., object is placed between pole and focus of the
their leaves concave mirror.
13. (a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens.
When light rays from a point source is incident on Four characteristics of image formed by the given
concave mirror and convex lens, emergent beams concave mirror are:
are parallel and the image is formed at infinity.
(i) Image is virtual
Convex mirror and concave lens on the other hand
always form a virtual image. Emergent beams from (ii) Image is erect
these are not parallel but diverging when the object (iii) Image is enlarged/magnified
is kept at focus. (iv) Image is formed behind the mirror.
14. (d) r < v 25. Given that,
While passing through the prism, red light bends
P = 1100 W
the least and violet light the most.
15. (b) convert organic material to inorganic forms. V = 220 V
16. (d) paper cups are biodegradable and eco-friendly. (i) As we know
17. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and V2
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion P=
R
(A).
18. (c) Reason (R) is false because in vasectomy, small V 2 220 × 220
portion of the sperm duct is cut or tied properly. Or R= = = 44 W
P 1100
19. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (ii) From, V = IR
(A). V 220
20. (a)  Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true I= = =5A
R 44
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A). Or
21. (i) This black substance is formed because oxygen is (i) P → North pole
added to copper powder and copper oxide (black Q → South pole
substance) is formed. R → North pole
(ii) If hydrogen gas is passed over this black S → South pole
substance (CuO), the black coating on the surface (ii) The magnetic field lines emerge from north
turns brown as the reverse reaction takes place pole and merge at the south pole.
and original form (copper) is obtained.
2 |
26. DDT being a non-biodegradable pesticide will enter 30. (i) Tall (ii) 3 : 1
the food chain from the first trophic level. As DDT is (iii) Dwarf.
non-biodegradable, it get accumulated in organisms Reason: Being a recessive trait, dwarfness can only be
body and its concentration keeps on increasing at
expressed in the recessive homozygous condition or
each trophic level. The maximum concentration of
in the absence of dominant trait.
DDT gets accumulated in Hawk. This is because Hawk
have occupied the top most place in the given food 31. (i) Convex lens is used in this case. When object is
chain. placed between F1 and 2F1, its magnified, real and
27. (i) G old is the most malleable and the most ductile inverted image is formed.
metal. M
(ii) Silver is the best conductor and lead is the A
poorest conductor of heat. C1 2F2 B¢
(iii) Tungsten has the highest melting point and 2 F1 B F1 O F2 C2
mercury has the lowest melting point.

28. (i) Mg N
A´
 MgO contains Mg2+as cation and O2– as anion.
      

(ii) Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water. (ii) Concave mirror is used in this case. When object
(iii) This is because aqueous solution consists of is placed between P and F, its enlarged, erected
ions which can move freely and are responsible and virtual image is formed.
for conduction of electricity. A¢

TiP A
M
E

Learn the properties of ionic compounds with proper

justification. i
C F B r P B¢
OR

Basis of N
Roasting Calcination
Difference 32. (i) The Ohm’s law i.e., potential difference across the
Use This is used for sulphide This is used for ends of a conductor in an electric circuit is directly
ores. carbonate ores. proportional to the current flowing through it,
correlates electric current and voltage.
Process The ore is heated The ore is heated
  or V
strongly in the pres- strongly in limited = constant
ence of excess air. air. I
Graph:
Chemical Heat Heat
Equation 2ZnS(s ) + 3O2 (g ) → ZnCO3 (s ) →
2ZnO(s ) + 2SO2 (g ) ZnO(s ) + CO2 (g )

The metal oxides obtained after roasting/calcination

of the ore are reduced to the corresponding metal
by using suitable reducing agents such as carbon.
Chemical equation:
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
29. Plant hormones help to coordinate growth,
development and responses in environment. 
I
Different types of plant hormones are given below:
(ii) Given, I = 0.35 A and V = 1.4 V
(i) Auxins: They control the tropic (growth related)
  From Ohm’s law,
movements of the plants in response to light,
V
gravity, touch, etc., by increasing the size of cells. R=⇒ R = 1.4 ⇒ R=4Ω
(ii) Gibberellins: They stimulate stem elongation I 0.35
and expansion of leaves. 33. (i) M
 agnetic field lines diverge from N-pole and
(iiii) Cytokinins: They promote growth by stimulating converge at S-pole because strength of
cell division. magnetic field is higher near the poles.
(iv) Abscisic Acid: It is a stress hormone in plants (ii) Current carrying solenoid acts as a bar magnet
that inhibits growth in different parts of the which rests in North-south direction when
plant body. suspended freely.
 Science  |  Class 10 | 3
(iii) The burnt out fuse cannot be reused. Also, if a of next neuron where it generates an electrical
fuse with larger rating is used, the fuse wire will impulse or signal. Hence, the electrical signal is
melt and hence would fail to serve the required converted into a chemical signal at the axonal
purpose. So, new fuse of same rating should be end. Since these chemicals are absent at the
used for electrical safety. dendrite end of the neuron, the electrical signal
34. (i) The simplest saturated hydrocarbon is methane.
cannot be converted into chemical signal. Thus,
Electron dot structure of methane (CH4):
H the impulse always flows from axonal end of
one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron.
H C H (ii) Sameer’s action was voluntary because rushing
out of the room was under his conscious control.
H The smoke and smell were perceived by the
Covalent bonds exist in methane receptors in the sense organs and signals are
(ii) Bio-gas and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). sent to the brain. The brain, then sent signals to
(iii) Homologous series: Alkane the effector organs, i.e., the muscles, to move
  General formula : CnH2n + 2, where n = no. of out of the room.
carbon atoms.
(iv) M ethane on burning produces a blue and non- 36. (i) We know that,
sooty flame. Refractive index of a medium (µ) = Velocity of
OR
light in vacuum / Velocity of light in the medium.
(i) Sulphuric acid acts as dehydrating agent which
Let the velocity of light in vacuum be v1 and
removes water from ethanol.
Conc. H2SO4 , 443K
velocity of light in the medium be v2.
C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
Hence, m = v1/v2
(ii) A
 dd sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogen = v1/(v1/2) [Given that, v2 = v1/2]
carbonate solution in both the test tubes. The
= 2
test tube which will produce brisk effervescence
(ii) (a) The ray moves towards the normal.
of CO2 gas will contain ethanoic acid. Ethanol do
not evolve CO2 gas when reacted with Na2CO3 or n2
NaHCO3.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
or
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 n1
35. (i) Diagram showing germination of pollen on
stigma of flower:
Pollen grain (b) The ray moves undeviated.
Stigma
n2
Pollen tube

n1

Female
germ-cell

(c) The ray moves away from the normal.

TiP n2
Don’t waste time in labelling all the parts of the diagram.
Only label the parts asked in the question.
n1
(ii) Pollen tube helps in transportation of the male
gamete cells from the pollen grain to the ovules
present inside the ovary, leading to fertilisation.
OR
(iii) (a) Ovule develops into seed.
(i) Given: u = - 30 cm,    f = - 30 cm
(b) Ovary develops into fruit.
1 1 1
OR Using lens formula, = −
f v u
(i) When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end
of a neuron, it releases a chemical substance. 1 1 1
⇒ = +
This chemical diffuses towards the dendrite end     v f u
4 |
1 1 −1−1 38. (i) From both mother and father.
= + =
( − 30) ( − 30) 30 (ii) Sex of a child is not controlled by autosomes.

    
(iii) The possibility of having a girl or boy child is
1 −2 −1
= = equal i.e., 50%, as 50% male gametes are Y type

v 30 15
and 50% are X type.

v = - 15 cm OR
v No, because mothers have a pair of X chromosomes.
Now, m=
u All children will inherit an X chromosome from their
mother regardless of whether they are boys or girls.
− 15 cm 1
⇒ m= =+ 39. (i) In arm C, 10 W, 20 W and 30 W are in series,
− 30 cm 2

Thus, the equivalent resistance,
(ii) Characteristics of the image:
RC = 10 + 20 + 30 = 60 W
(a) Nature: Virtual
(ii) From the given circuit, the equivalent resistance of
(b) Position: 15 cm from the lens on the same
parallel combination of arm B and C,
side as the object.
1 1 1
(c) Size of the image: Diminished = +
RBC (5 + 10 + 15) (10 + 20 + 30)
(d) Image formed: Erect

(iii) Ray Diagram: 1 1

= +
30 60
A 1 2+1 3
= =
A´ RBC 60 60

B O
F1 B´ F2 60
\ RBC = = 20 W
15 cm 3
30 cm 30 cm
(iii) (a) From the given circuit, the equivalent resistance
37. (i) A : CH2 == CH2 Ethene of arm A (RA) is combined in series with RBC.
B : CH3  CH3 Ethane
\ Total resistance of the circuit R = RA + RBC
hydrogen
CH == CH nickel CH  CH3 = (5 + 15 + 20) + 20
2 2 3
    (A)     (B) = 40 + 20 = 60 W
(ii) Essential conditions required for the addition Thus, the current flowing through ammeter,
reaction to occur:
(a) M  ultiple bonds (double and triple bonds) V 6 1
I= = = = 0.1 A
must be present between carbon atoms in R 60 10
the chain of hydrocarbon.                      Or
(b) Addition of hydrogen should be carried out (b) When the arm B is withdrawn from the circuit,
in the presence of catelyst such as nickel or the equivalent resistance,
platinum.
C : CH3  CH2  Cl Chloroethane R = (5 + 15 + 20) + (10 + 20 + 30)
CH3  CH3 + Cl2 → CH3  CH3  Cl + HCl   = 40 + 60 = 100
    (B)         (c)      (in the presence of V 6 = 0.06 A
sunlight)
\ Current, I = =
R 100

Sample Paper-2
Answers
Section-A
1. (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
2. (d) K → Cu, L → Zn, M → K, N → Pb. Hydrogen gas is not evolved with Cu and Zn because:
3. (c) 2 > 1 > 4 > 3 HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent.

TiP +
5.
6.
(c) It catches fire and forms hydroxide.
(d) Steel
Lower is the pH value, higher is the H ion concentration.
7. (a) deposited on cathode
4. (c) (iii) and (iv) 8. (d) Shark, dog fish, sting ray
9. (b) chemotropism
 Science  |  Class 10 | 5
10. (b) are formed by fusion of gametes Object should be placed at a distance of 40 cm
11. (d) Adrenaline (at 2F1) from the given convex lens to obtain an
12. (b) Urea inverted image of same size.
13. (c) The speed of light in air > the speed of light in 25. A is Electric Bulb; B is Rheostat or variable resistance;
water > the speed of light in glass.
C is an electric cell and D is ammeter.
H
 igher the refractive index, lesser is the speed of OR
light in that medium and vice-versa.
The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown
14. (d) Concave lens, -0.5 D
by the degree of closeness of the field lines. The
The person mentioned here is suffering from myopia
degree of closeness is more at A than at B. Therefore,
and needs a concave lens to correct the defect.
the magnetic field is stronger at A where the field
According to the question,
lines are crowded.
f = 2 m
B
1
\ P = − = - 0.5 D
2
A
Thus, the power of -0.5 D is required to correct this N S
defect. 26.
15. (c) various interlinked food chains in an ecosystem.  ig. ‘A’ is correct. In a ecosystem, the number of
F
16. (c) The tigers will die. individuals at producer level is maximum. This
17. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and number reduces at each successive level. Therefore,
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion the shape is a pyramid with broader base and
(A). tapering apex. On an average 10% of the food
18. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and changes into the body mass and is available for the
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion next level of consumers.
(A).
27. (i) These oxides are called basic oxides and solution
19. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of of these metal oxides in water is called alkali.
Assertion (A). e.g., NaOH (Sodium hydroxide).
20. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (ii) This layer is called oxide layer. It makes the metal
Assertion (A). less reactive and prevents further oxidation. Due
21. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) reacts slowly with to this layer, the metal cannot get corroded and
carbon dioxide present in the air to form calcium remains intact.
carbonate which results in milkiness or white ppt. (iii) Some alkali metals can be cut with a knife be-
cause they are very soft and have low densities.
Ca(OH)₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) → CaCO₃ (s) + H₂O (l)
(Slaked           (White ppt.) e.g. Sodium, potassium, lithium etc.
lime) Heat
28. (i) 2HgO (s ) → 2Hg (l ) + O2 (g )
22. (i) Urethra (ii) Testes (iii) Vas deferens (iv) Prostate Mercuric Mercury
gland and seminal vesicles. oxide metal
23. The plant kept in sunlight will live longer as the leaves Heat
(ii) 2Cu2O (s ) + Cu2S (s ) → 6Cu (s ) + SO2 (g )
of the plants will be able to make food for the plant Cuprous Cuprous Copper Sulphur
through photosynthesis. However, in the absence of oxide sulphide metal dioxide
sunlight, the leaves will not be able to make food. (iii) 3MnO2 (s ) + 4Al (s )
This is because photosynthesis will not take place in Manganese Aluminium
dioxide powder
the absence of sunlight. Hence, the plant kept in dark
could not survive longer as compared to the plant → 3Mn (l ) + 2Al 2O3 (s ) + Heat
kept in sunlight. Manganese Aluminium
metal oxide
OR
Or
(i) If xylem is removed, upward movement of
Metals like potassium and sodium react with cold
water will stop leading to wilting of leaves and
water. So, X is K or Na.
ultimately causes death of a plant.
Magnesium reacts with cold water, so, Y is Mg. Metals
(ii) This leads to loss of pressure which reduces the like aluminium, iron and zinc reacts with steam. So,
efficiency of the pumping system. To avoid this, Z is Al, Fe or Zn.
blood has platelet cells which circulate around Increasing order of Reactivity:
the body and plugs these leaks by helping to K > Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe
clot the blood at the point of injury.
24. Given, P = + 5 D
We know that, f = 100/P = 100/5 = + 20 cm
Common Err ! r O
Most students commit errors in writing the correct order
+f indicates that the lens is convex (converging) in of reactivity of metals.
nature.
6 |
29. Chemical communication is better than electrical 32. In the given circuit, resistances
impulses as a means of communication between 5 W, 10 W and R1 W are in parallel
cells in a multicellular organism because of the
1 1 1 1
following reasons: \ Resistance = + +
R 5 10 R1
(i) Electrical impulses have limited access to only
those cells that are connected by nervous tissue 2R1 + R1 + 10 3R1 + 10
(neurons), whereas chemical signals can reach = =
10R1 10R1
each and every cell of the body.
(ii) Cells connected by nervous tissues, after 10R1
⇒ R=
generation and transmission of the impulse, 3R1 + 10
  
take some time to reset in order to generate and
10R1
transmit new electrical impulses whereas no such Now, , 6 W and 6 W are in series
3R1 + 10
time is required for chemical communication.
30. Mendel cross-bred round seed plants with wrinkled 10R1
seed plants, it was observed that in F1 progeny, only \ Equivalent resistance Req = 12 +
3R1 + 10
round seed plants were obtained and no wrinkled seed
36R1 + 10R1 + 120
plant was obtained. =
3R1 + 10
Parent RR WW
F1 Round Wrinkled V
As we know, R =
I
36R1 + 10R1 + 120 30
\ = ⇒ 46R1 + 120 = 45R1 + 150
Rr 3R1 + 10 2
All round \ R1 = 30 W
F2 R r 33. Right-hand thumb rule states that if a current carrying
Round Seed conductor is held in the right-hand in such a way that
R RR Rr
RR, Rr thumb indicates the direction of current, then the
r Rr rr
Wrinkled Seed curled finger indicates the direction of magnetic field
rr lines around conductor.
But in F2 generation, both round and wrinkled seed
plants were obtained in 3 : 1 ratio. Since, in F1 progeny,
Common Err ! r O
Students do not learn the statement of rule properly or
only round seeds were obtained, so dominant trait identify incorrect rules.
was round seed and recessive trait was wrinkled
The magnetic field will be directed perpendicular into
seeds. the plane of table inside the circular loop.
The two contrasting characters that Mendel used in The magnetic field will be directed perpendicular
his experiment with pea plants are as follows: outside the plane of table for a point outside the
(i) Tallness and dwarfness. circular loop.
(ii) Green seed and yellow seed. Hence, the direction of magnetic field lines inside the
31. loop will be entering into the table while outside the

TiP
loop, they will be emerging from the table.
34.
Image formed by a concave (diverging) lens is always
virtual and diminished in size. So, the given lens can’t TiP
be diverging in nature as the given image is virtual but Practice such questions in which identification of
enlarged. compounds is based on chemical reactions.
(i) Converging lens The gas evolved at anode during electrolysis of brine
(ii) In microscope and telescope is chlorine (G ). When chlorine gas is passed through
(iii) Three characteristics of the image formed by a dry Ca(OH)2 i.e., Y produces bleaching powder (Z )
concave mirror: used for disinfecting drinking water.
(a) Virtual and erect image (G)
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
(b) Enlarged image Bleaching
Slaked
(c) Image will be formed behind the mirror lime (Y ) powder (Z )
Since, Y and Z are calcium salts, therefore X is also a
Common Err ! rO
Students get confused between converging and
calcium salt known as calcium carbonate.

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2↑ + H2O

diverging lens.
X
 Science  |  Class 10 | 7
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O Role of Testosterone:
Y (a) It regulates the formation of sperms.
OR
(b) It brings change in appearance of boys at the
Ethanol is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks
time of puberty.
and its chemical formula is C2H5OH or CH3CH2OH
(iii) Function of B: It provides nutrition and
Uses of ethanol:
transportation to sperms.
• It is used in medicines such as tincture iodine,
cough syrups and many tonics.   Function of C: It forms a common passage for
• It is used in hand sanitizers. both the sperms and urine.
Chemical equation and products: 36. (i) The lens is convex because it forms virtual, erect
(i) 2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O−Na+ + H2 ↑ and magnified image of his palm.
Sodium
Ethanol Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
(ii) Real and magnified image is obtained when the
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O−Na+ + H2 ↑ object is placed between f and 2f of the lens.
Sodium
 Ethanol Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
(iii) Given : f = + 10 cm
The products formed are sodium ethoxide and
u=-5m
hydrogen gas.
v=?
Hot conc.
(ii) CH3CH2OH → CH2 == CH2 + H2O According to lens formula,
Ethanol
H2SO4
Ethene Water 1 1 1
− =
v u f
The products formed are ethene and water.
1 1 1
35. (i)  − =
v − 5 10

Nervous 1 1 1
Basis of Hormonal System + =
S.No. System
Difference
Mechanism
Mechanism v 5 10 
1 1 1
= −
1. Parts It consists of It consists of v 10 5
 
nerve impulses endocrine system 1 1−2 −1
between PNS, which secretes = =
v 10 10
CNS and brain. hormones directly
into blood. v = – 10 cm

2. Flow of The flow of The information Image will be formed at a distance of 10 cm on

the left hand side of lens. h2 v
informa- information is travels slowly and m= =
tion and rapid and the the response is h1 u

response response is slow. h2 − 10
Let h1 be x.
∴ =
quick. x −5

3. Action Nerve impulses Each hormone has h2 = 2x
are not specific specific actions.
in their action. So, the size of the image will be twice of the
object.
4. Effect Effects are It has prolonged
OR
short lived. effects.
Given, ho = + 3 cm, f = - 12 cm (concave mirror) and
 (Any three) u = - 18 cm
(ii) When growing plants detect light, a hormone (i) Using mirror formula, 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
called auxin is synthesised at the shoot tip 1 1 1 1 1
\ = − = −
which helps the cells to grow longer. When v f u ( −12) ( −18)
light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin −1 1 −3 + 2 −1
= + = =
diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot.    12 18 36 36
This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells \ v = - 36 cm
to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is Therefore, distance of image from mirror is 36 cm.
away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend (ii) We know that,
−v hi
towards unidirectional light. m = =
u ho
OR
−v 36
(i) A-Ureter   B- Seminal vesicle ⇒ hi = × ho = ×3
u −18
   C-Urethra    D- Vas deferens
  = - 6 cm
(ii) The hormones secreted by testes is
Therefore, height of image is 6 cm.
testosterone.
8 |
(iii) Ray Diagram to show the formation of Image as 38. (i) Genes present in F1 generation is Tt.
mentioned in part (i) (ii) It is so because tallness (T) is a dominant trait
A´ and short (t) is a recessive trait in pea plants.
E (iii) When F1 plants were self-pollinated, both tall
A and short traits are expressed in F2 generation
D in the ratio 3 : 1.
Thus, 600 plants will be tall and 200 plants will
C F B P B´ be short.
The genotype of F2 generation is TT : Tt : tt
Y
1 : 2: 1
X
Or
(i) T
37. wo characteristics of this homologous series
t t
are as follows:
(a) B  oiling points of aldehydes increases with T Tt Tt
increasing molecular mass. t tt tt
(b) S
 olubility water decreases as their molecular In this cross, 400 tall (Tt) and 400 short (tt) will be
mass increases. produced.
(ii) Comparing molecular formulae: The genotype of F2 generation is Tt : tt
1 : 1
Aldehydes Molecular formula 39. (i) When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
Methanal HCHO magnetic field, a mechanical force is exerted on
↓+CH2 the conductor which makes rod displaced.
Ethanal CH3CHO (ii) Fleming’s left hand rule determines the direction
↓+CH2 of the force on the conductor AB.
Propanal CH3CH2CHO According to this rule, stretch the thumb,
↓+CH2 forefinger and middle finger of your left hand
Butanal CH3CH2CH2CHO such that they are mutually perpendicular. If
Each member of the series differs from the the first finger point in the direction of magnetic
previous by a  CH2 unit. field and the second finger in the direction of
(iii) Formula: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CHO current, then the thumb will point in the direction
IUPAC Name: Pentanal of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
OR (iii) (a) Towards the left.
H H (b) Electric motor and electric generator.
 
× ×
× Or
H C × C
×


×

×


O
×

H



CH3CH2 CHO
Propanal
H H O



 



× ×
×
×

× ×
H C × C × C H
×

×


× ×


H H
Electron dot structure of propanal

Sample Paper-3
Answers
Section-A
1. (c) Magnesium ribbon burns with brilliant white octet, which is a property of non-metals.
light.   O n the other hand, element Z has 2 extra
2. (d) Zinc amalgam electrons, not it will lose electrons to become
3. (c) A has pH greater than 7 and B has pH less than 7. stable which is a property of metals.
4. (d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal 5. (b) Q and S
  E  lement Y has 1 less electron to complete its 6. (a) green solution slowly turns brown

7. (b) YZ
8. (b) movement of water in and out of guard cells
9. (a) spinal cord
10. (d) C haracteristics will remain the same even if
protein changes.
11. (a) Parents VV vv
Gametes V v
F1 generation Vv
On selfing
F2 generation V v
V VV Vv
v Vv vv
  Required ratio = VV : vv = 1 : 1
12. (a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
13. (b) A-B
14. (a) scattering of light is not enough at such heights
15. (b) 10%
16. (d) (ii) and (iv)
17. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
TiP
Mixing an acid/base with water results decrease in the
concentration of H3O+/OH - ions per unit volume.
Degree of ionisation increases with dilution.
18. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
19. (c) T  he element of electric iron and heater are made
up of alloys having high melting point. Hence,
Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
20. (a)  Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
21. (i) We would observe the deposition of metal on
zinc in test tubes II and IV.
 eason: Displacement reactions take place in
R
test tube II and IV because Zn is more reactive
than Cu and Fe, leading to deposition of Cu and
Fe respectively on zinc in test tube II and IV.
(ii) Cu < Fe < Zn < Al is the increasing order of
reactivity.
22. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas
which helps in regulating blood sugar levels.
Patients of diabetes have high sugar level in their
blood. This has ill effects on the working of vital
organs of the body. Thus, diabetic patients are given
injections of insulin to control their blood sugar level.
23. Tissue fluid is also known as lymph.
Functions of lymph:
(i) It carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine.
(ii) It drains excess fluid from extra cellular space
back into the blood.
Science  |  Class 10 | 9
Or
(i) Renal artery: It carries oxygenated blood from
the heart to the kidneys.
(ii) Urethra: This allows urine to pass from the
urinary bladder to the outside.
(iii) Glomerulus: Its function is to filter the blood
passing through it.
(iv) Tubular part of nephron: Its function is selective
reabsorption of filtrate (such as glucose, amino
acids, salts, water) as urine flows along it.
24. (i) Myopia
(ii) Causes:
  (a) excessive curvature of the eye lens
  (b) elongation of the eye ball.
(iii) A concave lens of suitable power is used for the
correction of this defect.
25. (i) Magnetic field lines of a current carrying circular
loop.
(ii) Magnetic field lines in a solenoid.
Or
(i) No. The resistance of the bulbs in series will
be three times of the resistance of single bulb.
So, the current in the series combination will
be one-third as compared to current in each
bulb in parallel combination. So, in the parallel
combination, bulbs will glow more brightly.
(ii) The bulbs in series will stop glowing as the
circuit is broken and current becomes zero.
However, the bulbs in parallel combination shall
continue to glow with the same brightness.
26. (i) The food chain most advantageous for human
being is:
  Cereal plant → Human being
(ii) When human beings consume this cereal plant,
then the pesticides would go in their body with
the food and leads to biological magnification.
27. (i) N2(s) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
  Type of reaction: Combination reaction
Heat
(ii) 2Pb(NO3 )2 (s ) → 2PbO(s ) + 4NO2 (g ) + O2 (g )
Type of reaction: Decomposition reaction.
(iii) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Type of reaction: Displacement reaction.
Common Err ! rO
Many students forget to answer the type of chemical
reactions in this question.

28. The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic
configuration is 2, 4. So, it has 4 electrons in its
outermost shell. It cannot lose 4 electrons to form
4+
C cations because a lot of energy is required to
4-
remove 4e . It also cannot gain 4e to form C
- -
anions because it is difficult for 6 protons to hold on
- 4+ 4-
to 10e . Hence, it cannot form C cation or C anion
–
and thus it shares 4e to form covalent compounds.
Since the electrons are shared by carbon so there
are no charged particles and hence covalent
compounds are bad conductors of electricity.
10 |
There are weak intermolecular forces in the 32. In figure (a), the value of resistance,
molecules of covalent compounds so they have low L
Ra = ρ
melting and boiling points. A

Or In figure (b), the value of resistance,
(i) A is Ethanol (C2H5OH)
 3L   ρL 
Electron dot structure of ethanol: Rb = ρ   = 9   = 9Ra
 A /3  A
H H
In figure (c), the value of resistance,

H C C O H  L / 3  1  ρL  1
Rc = ρ   =   = Ra
 3A  9  A  9
H H
Hence, Rb > Ra > Rc
(ii) M
 olecular formula of two homologous of ‘A’ is
C3H8O(C3H7OH) and C4H10O(C4H9OH). Also, ρA = ρB = ρC because all three conductors are
29. Steps involved in sexual reproduction are as follows: of same material i.e., copper.

O
(i) Formation of male and female gametes.
(ii) Transfer of male gamete into female body. Common Err ! r
(iii) Fertilisation, i.e., fusion of male and female  any students commit errors in substituting the values
M
gametes, resulting in zygote formation. in formulas. Some of them forget to answer the sub-
(iv) Development of zygote into a new individual. part of this question i.e., compare the resistivity of three
conductors.
Advantages of sexual reproduction:
(i) It is a source of genetic variation among 33. (i) W hen iron filings are placed in a magnetic
individuals of a population. field around a bar magnet, they behave like
(ii) It is necessary for the continuity of species. tiny magnets. The magnetic force experienced

TiP by these tiny magnets make them rotate and

align themselves along the direction of field
While learning the sexual mode of reproduction, lay stress lines.
on the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual (ii) The physical property indicated by this
reproduction. arrangement is the magnetic field produced by
30. In human beings, nervous and hormonal systems the bar magnet.
(iii) Two properties of magnetic field lines are as
work together in controlling and coordinating
follows:
various life processes in the body. Nervous system (a) Magnetic field lines never intersect.
work by generation and transmission of electrical (b) Magnetic field lines are closed curves.
impulse while hormonal system works by secreting 34. There are five ways in which six carbons can be
joined with 14 hydrogen atoms.
chemical messengers called hormones.
    H H H H H H
For example, when an emergency stimulus is
                         
detected by the nervous system, the stimulus is (i) H  C  C  C  C  C  C  H
received and analysed by CNS that send message to                         
   H H H H H H
effectors to provide proper response. At the same
time, nervous system activates adrenal gland to     H H H H H
                     
release adrenaline that prepares body by increasing (ii) H  C  C  C  C  C  H
heart rate, blood pressure, respiration etc. Thus, both                     
these systems work together to perform functions    H  H H H
HCH
of control and coordination.         
31. (i) 
Refractive index of alcohol is greater than         H
refractive index of water. So, alcohol is optically     H H H H H
denser than water.                      
Normal
(iii) H  C  C  C  C  C  H
(ii) When a ray of light                     
enters from water (n1 < n2)    H H  H H
Water i
to alcohol, it bends HCH
towards the normal. Alcohol             
r
             H
(iii) Angle of incidence is
(iv) CH3  CH  CH  CH3
greater than angle of
           
refraction.    CH3 CH3

    CH3
         somehow gets cut into a number of pieces,
(v) CH3  C  CH2  CH3
      
   CH3
Or
The two oxidising agents are:
(i) alkaline potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
(ii) acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
(a) Litmus Test: Ethanoic acid is acidic in nature
and therefore it changes blue litmus to red
whereas ethanol, which is neutral in nature
does not change the colour of litmus paper.
(b) Reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate:
Ethanol does not react with sodium
hydrogen carbonate whereas ethanoic acid
36. When a person is unable to clearly see distant objects,
reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to
give brisk effervescence with the evolution
of carbon dioxide gas.
TiP
Students should learn the chemical properties of carbon
compounds and different agents/catalysts required for
these reactions. Also, lay stress on properties of ethanol
and ethanoic acid.
(ii) A reaction in which an acid and a base react with
each other to give salt and water is termed as
neutralisation reaction. In this reaction, energy
is evolved in the form of heat.
For example,
(i) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O + Heat
(ii) During indigestion an antacid like milk of
magnesia, neutralises the excess of acid
produced in stomach and thus relief from   
indigestion.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O
35. 1. Male, 2. Female, 3. X and Y, 4. X and X, 5. XX, 6. XX,
7. XY, 8. XY.
A child who inherits ‘X’ chromosome from father will
be a girl and the one who inherits ‘Y’ chromosome
from father will be a boy.
Or
TiP
Learn and understand the basic concepts of each mode
of asexual reproduction and make a list of how each one
differs from the other ones with examples.
(i) Two modes of asexual reproduction observed in
Hydra are Budding and Regeneration.
Budding in Hydra: In Hydra, a bud develops as
an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at
one specific site. These buds develop into tiny
Hydra individuals and when fully mature, detach
from the body of parent Hydra and become new
independent Hydra individuals.
Science  |  Class 10 | 11
Regeneration in Hydra: If the body of Hydra
then each body piece of Hydra can grow into a
complete Hydra.
(ii) Vegetative propagation is an asexual method
of reproduction. In this method, new plants are
obtained from the parts of old plants (like stems,
roots and leaves) under appropriate conditions.
Advantages of vegetative propagation:
(a) Plants bear flowers and fruits earlier by those
propagated sexually.
(b) Plants which have lost the capacity to
produce seeds can reproduce by vegetative
propagation.
(c) All plants produced are genetically similar to
the parent plant. (Any two)
he is suffering from myopia. This happens when
image is formed in front of the retina.
When a person is unable to clearly see a nearby
object, he is suffering from hypermetropia. This
happens when image is formed behind the retina.
Causes of hypermetropia:
(i) Increase in focal length of eye lens
(ii) Decrease in the length of eyeball
Hypermetropia is corrected by using a convex lens
of appropriate power placed in front of eye. It shifts
the image back onto the retina instead of behind the
retina and the defect is corrected.
N N
(a) Near point of a
  
Hypermetropic eye
N N
(b) Hypermetropic eye
N N’
(c) Correction for
Hypermetropic eye
Common Err ! r O
Mostly students commit errors in drawing myopic/
hypermetropic eye and its correction.
Or
(i) Optical Centre: It is the central point ‘O’ on the
principal axis of the lens, through which an
incident ray of light passes (refracted) without
suffering any deviation.
12 |
(ii) Given, f = - 20 cm, ho = 4 cm, v = -10 cm Or
By using lens formula,
1 1
Ȍ CaSO4 ⋅ H2O+ 1 H2O → CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O
= − 2 2 Gypsum
Ȍ Plaster of Paris
1 1 1 1 1 White hard solid mass, i.e., Gypsum is CaSO4. 2H2O and
⇒ = − = −
Ȍ − 10 − 20 1
white powder, i.e., Plaster of Paris is CaSO4 ⋅ H2O .
⇒ u = -20 cm 2
h Difference in number of water molecules
Now, m = i = v
ho u 1 3
=2− = .
2 2
v −10
⇒ hi = × ho = × 4 = +2 (i) Pancreas
38.
u −20 (ii) Ovary
 H
 ence, a diminished virtual image is formed (iii) P-Adrenal gland
and its size is 2 cm. Q-Pineal gland
R-Thymus
(iii) Ray Diagram:
S-Thyroid gland
Or
B Hormone secreted by P is adrenaline. It increases
B′ alertness and regulates heart rate, blood pressure
etc. Hormone secreted by S is thyroxin. It regulates
carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body.
A
39. (i) The strength of an electromagnet depends on
F1 A′ O F2
the number of turns in the coils and the strength
of the current passing through the coil.
10 cm
(ii) The energy change that takes place in an
20 cm electromagnet is electrical energy to magnetic
energy.
37. (i) T
 he ‘white powder’ is called as Plaster of Paris (iii) Soft iron is used to make electromagnets
and ‘white hard solid mass’ is called as Gypsum. because soft iron loses all of its magnetism
The chemical name of white powder i.e., plaster when current in the coil is switched off.
of Paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrate and Or
that of white hard solid mass i.e., Gypsum is

Electromagnet diagram:
calcium sulphate dihydrate.
Coil
(ii) This is because the presence of moisture can
cause the slow setting of powder (Plaster Soft iron
of Paris) into hard mass by bringing out its
hydration. This makes Plaster of Paris useless
– + K
after some time.
Battery Key
          

Sample Paper-4
Answers
Section-A
1. (a) The litmus paper used is dry. 4. (c) A is an unsaturated hydrocarbon while B, C and D
are saturated hydrocarbons.
2. (d) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
H H
R
 eaction (a) takes place in the presence of
H H Ni
electricity. (b) and (c) are carried out by the C == C → H  C  C  H
action of light energy. Decomposition of calcium H H H2
carbonate, i.e., (d) is carried out by heating, thus, H H
(A) (C)
it is a thermal decomposition reaction.
alk. KMnO4
3. (c) 6 electrons are shared between two ‘C’ atoms CH3CH2OH → CH3COOH
and 4 electrons are shared between two CH (D )
+ Heat
(B )

bonds.
H
 ence, 10 electrons are shared in formation of
5. (a) (i) and (iii)
ethyne.

6. (b) Sodium hydroxide is a base which is soluble in
water while Ferric hydroxide is also a base but it
is not soluble in water.
7. (c) 1/2
8. (d) Urine is more diluted
If the tubule from the nephron is not functioning
at all, it results in lack of reabsorption of glucose,
amino acids, sodium ions, etc., and reabsorption of
water is also affected leading to more diluted urine.
9. (a) promote cell division
10. (c) (v)-(iii)-(ii)-(iv)-(i)
11. (b) less secretion of growth hormone
12. (c) No, No
13. (b) Refractive index of flint glass w.r.t. alcohol
Refractive index of flint glass
=
Refractive index of alcohol
1.65
= = 1.21
1.36
14. (d) opaque eye lens
15. (b) 100 J
16. (c) Ozone layer is protected by CFCs.
17. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
18. (d) Assertion (A) is false because in case of bb, the
person will have brown eyes.
19. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
20. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
21. (i) As per the electronic configuration of given
elements, P is oxygen, Q is sodium, R is chlorine
27. (i) Atomic number of CA = 20
and S is Argon. Sodium form ionic compounds
and Argon is a noble gas. So, they does not form
covalent bonds with carbon. Hence, P and R will
form covalent bonds with carbon.
(ii) Several compounds are formed because of the
following two properties:
Science  |  Class 10 | 13
24. The splitting of white light into seven colours on
passing through a prism is called dispersion.
For a constant frequency, wavelength is directly
proportional to velocity. So, yellow will have greater
wavelength than blue as the velocity of yellow light is
greater than blue light.
25. (i) T
 he magnetic field lines produced is into the
plane of the paper at R and out of it at S.
(ii) Field at S> field at R. Magnetic field strength
for a straight current carrying conductor is
inversely proportional to the distance from the
wire.
Or
Fuse is used for protecting appliances from short-
circuiting or overloading.
When a fuse with defined rating for a particular
appliance is replaced by one with larger rating, it does
not blow off and the appliance is damaged due to
larger current passing through it.
26. (i) The household waste produced in our day-to-day
life is called garbage. It includes vegetable peels,
dried leaves, plastic materials, etc. The garbage
is classified into biodegradable waste and non-
biodegradable waste.
(ii) The given statement means that specific
enzymes are needed for the breakdown of a
particular substance. For example, plastic is not
broken down by the action of bacteria or other
saprophytes.
Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 8, 2
Electron dot structure = Ca:
Atomic number of S = 16
Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 6
××
Electron dot structure = ××
S
××

(a) Tetravalency (b) Catenation (ii) +

Ca → Ca2 + 2e-
22. (i) Tt 2,8,8,2 2,8,8
- -
(ii) It is so because tallness (T) is a dominant trait S + 2e → S2
and shortness (t) is a recessive trait in pea plant. 2,8,6 2,8,8

(iii) When F1 plants are self-pollinated, both tall and ×× ×× 2-

Ca: + ××
S → (Ca2+) S
××

××

short traits are expressed in F2 generation in the

••

××

ratio 3 : 1. (iii) Two physical properties of CaS are as follows:

23. (i) In Amoeba, during binary fission, the cell divides (a) CaS being an ionic compound is solid and
into two daughter cells while in Plasmodium, hard.
multiple fission occurs, where the cell divides
(b) It has high melting and boiling points.
into many daughter cells simultaneously.
(ii) In binary fission, a unicellular organism splits into 28. (i) Fe(s ) + CuSO4 (aq ) → FeSO4 (aq ) + Cu (s )
two or more daughter cells while in fragmentation,
The blue colour of solution changes to light green.
the body of a multicellular organism breaks up
into smaller pieces upon maturation. (ii) CaO(s ) + H2O(l ) → Ca(OH)2 (aq ) + Heat
Or
The temperature increases because heat is
(i) Ovaries in female; both make gametes. evolved.
(ii) Oviducts in female; both transport gametes.
14 |
(iii) Pb(NO3 )2 (aq )+ 2KI(aq ) → PbI2 (s ) + 2KNO3(aq ) (iii) Used as shaving mirror or used by dentists to
Le ad nitrate Lead iodide get enlarged image of teeth.
(Yellow ppt.)
32.
Yellow precipitate of PbI2 is formed.
Or
Chemical Equation Involved:
TiP
Practice plenty of numericals based on finding the
2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2↑ equivalent resistance of series and parallel circuits.
Sodium
zincate (i) To get equivalent resistance of 13.5 Ω, two 9
Test for Detection: The hydrogen gas can be tested Ω resistors are first connected in parallel and
by putting burning matchstick over the solution. then their combination is connected in series
The burning matchstick will extinguish with a pop with the remaining 9 Ω resistor.
sound.
Gas Evolved: When Zn metal reacts with a dilute
solution of strong acid such as HCl, it will give zinc
chloride and hydrogen gas is evolved.
2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2↑
Hydrogen gas 1 1 1 2
= + =
29. Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants Rp 9 9 9

manufacture their food with the help of carbon
9
dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and Rp = = 4.5 Ω
chlorophyll. 2
The process of photosynthesis can be defined by the R = (9+ 4.5)Ω = 13.5 W
following events: (ii) To get equivalent resistance of 6 W, two 9 W
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. resistors are first connected in series and then
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy this combination is connected in parallel with
and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen the remaining 9 W resistor.
and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Common Err ! r O
Students often write irrelevant answer. It seems that they
are unaware of the mechanism of photosynthesis.         

Rs = 9 Ω + 9 Ω = 18 Ω
30. A = Pollen grain 1 1 1 3
= + =
B = Pollen tube R 18 9 18
C = Stigma 18
R= =6Ω
D = Style 3

E = Ovary Common
O
Err ! r
Most students show the circuit diagram and write theory
F = Ovule
part while answering this question, but do not show
Role of B : Pollen tube acts as a carrier of male calculations due to which their marks will be deducted.
gametes to the ovule.
33. Fleming’s Left Hand Rule: The direction of force
Role of F : Ovule becomes seed after fertilisation.
which acts on the current carrying conductor placed
31. (i) T
 he object has to be placed at a distance between in a magnetic field is given by Fleming’s left hand
0 to 40 cm. This is because image is virtual, rule. It states that if the forefinger, thumb and
erect and magnified when the object is placed middle finger of left hand are stretched mutually
between F and P. perendicular and the forefinger point along the
direction of external magnetic field, middle finger
(ii) A´
indicates the direction of of current, then thumb
E points along the direction of force acting on the
A conductor.
D
Example: When an electron enters a magnetic field
C F B P B´ at right angles, the direction of force of an electron
Y is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field
and current according to this rule.
X
 Science  |  Class 10 | 15
H H H O (ii) Detergents are better than soaps because:
| | | ||
  (a) Detergents can be used even with hard water
34. (i) (a) H  C  C  C  C  OH
| | | whereas soaps are not suitable for use with
H H H hard water.
H H H H H    (b) Detergents have a stronger cleansing action
| | | | |
than soaps.
     (b) H  C  C  C  C  C  Cl
| | | | |
35. (i) Oxygenated: B/D/F [B = left ventricle/D = aorta/
H H H H H
F = left atrium/pulmonary vein]
(ii) S
 tructure (i) and (ii) are structural isomers   Deoxygenated: A/C/E [A = right ventricle/
because they have the same molecular formula
C6H14 but different structures. C = pulmonary artery/E = right atrium]
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 (ii) Process of Double Circulation:
  (iii) T
 he general formula of saturated hydrocarbons LUNGS
is CnH2n + 2 where n is the number of carbon Pulmonary
vein
atoms. The general formula of unsaturated Pulmonary (Oxygenated
hydrocarbons is CnH2n or CnH2n - 2 where n is the artery blood)
(Deoxygenated Right Left
number of carbon atoms. blood) atrium atrium
Or V2 V1
(i) Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long Right Left
ventricle ventricle
chain carboxylic acid.
Heart Main artery
Cleansing action of soap: Main vein (Aorta)
(Vena cava) (Oxygenated
When a dirty cloth is put in water containing (Deoxygenated blood)
dissolved soap, then the hydrocarbon ends of the blood)
Body organs
soap molecules in the micelle attach to the oil or
grease particles present on the surface of dirty Or
cloth. In this way the soap micelle entraps the oily (i) The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex
or greasy particle by using its hydrocarbon ends. action is called the reflex arc:
The ionic ends of the soap molecules in the micelles, Sequences of events, which occur during
however, remain attached to water. When the dirty sneezing are:
Nerve endings located in the nasal passage
cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily and greasy
identifies the irritant entered in the nose.
particles present on its surface and entrapped by ↓
soap micelles get dispersed in water due to which Receptors send the information or nerve
the soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets impulses to the sneezing centre located in the
brain stem.
cleaned.
↓
Brain stem in return sends the instructions to
the lungs or diaphragm for response.
Hydrophillic end ↓
Hydrophobic end Diaphragm moves abruptly, chest muscles con-
tract in response to the instructions received.
↓
Grease or dirt
Air blows out from nose and mouth instantly
and rapidly.
↓
Sneezing occurs in response to the irritant.
Four plant hormones are as follws:
(ii) (a) Auxin—Controls growth and help the cells to
grow longer.
(b) Gibberellins—Helps growth in stem.
(c) Cytokinins—Promotes cell division
(d) Abscisic acid—Inhibits growth and wilting of
leaves.
36. A convex lens of focal length ‘f ’ can produce:
(i) a magnified and erect image only when the
object position is between its focus ‘F’ and
optical centre ‘O’ of the lens.
16 |
B 1 1 1
+ =
  v u f
1 1 1
B + =
v − 20 5 / 2

2F2 1 1 2
− =
A 2F1 F1 A O F2   v 20 5 
1 2 1 8+1 9
= + = =
  v 5 20 20 20
20
v= = 2.2m
(ii) A magnified and inverted image can be obtained   9
when an object is kept in the following positions:   Let h1 be x
(a) Between F1 and 2F1.
−v h2
m= =
    u x

− 20 h
  ⇒ = 2
9 × − 20 x
1 h2
=
    9 x
x
h2 =
    9
  Virtual and erect image is formed.
(b) At focus F1. 1
  Size: Image would be th of the original size of
9
the customer i.e., diminished image.
(ii) This mirror will be concave mirror because it
forms virtual, erect and enlarged image of the
object (when object is placed between pole and
focus of this mirror). It helps the doctor to see
an enlarged image of tooth.
37. (i) T he compound is sodium hydrogen carbonate
So, for the given positions of the object for a
(NaHCO3), commonly known as baking soda.
convex lens, the given statement is perfect.
For concave lens: PH value of baking soda (X) is higher than 7.
As given in the question, (ii) The chemical equation is:
h0 = +4 cm, u = -20 cm, f = -10 cm, v = ? NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
By using lens formula, (Sodium
hydrogen
1 1 1 carbonate)
= −
f v u The following reaction takes place when ‘X’ is
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 heated :
or = + = + =− − Heat
v v u −10 −20 10 20 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 ↑

−2 − 1 3 Or
= =−
20 20
(i) (a)  Baking soda is weakly basic in nature and
20 hence neutralises hyperacidity.
or v=− = −6.67 cm
3 (b) Baking soda liberates CO2 with H2SO4 that
Therefore, the image is produced on the same extinguishes fire.
side of the object at 6.67 cm from the optical
centre of a concave lens. 38. (i) B
 ecause in sexual reproduction, both the
Or father and mother contribute practically equal
amounts of genetic material to the offspring.
TiP Thus, each trait is influenced by both paternal
The given mirror is convex because convex mirrors are and maternal DNA.
used as security mirrors in big showrooms. (ii) F1 generation is produced by the breeding of
(i) R = 5 m two parental organisms while F2 generation
+5 is produced by the interbreeding of two F1
f= m (Convex mirror) u = -20 m
  2 generation offsprings.
   According to mirror formula, (iii) Variations are useful for the survival of a species
 Science  |  Class 10 | 17
over time as variation makes species more V1
adapted to survive and grow in the changing
environmental conditions. If a population
3Ω
of reproducing organisms were suited to a
particular niche and if the niche were drastically
3Ω
altered, the population could be wiped out.
However, if some variations were to be present or Req = 3/2 W = 1.5 W
in a few individuals in these populations, there 3
   V1 = IReq = 1 × = 1.5 V
would be some chance for them to survive. 2
Variation is thus useful for the survival of                      Or 3Ω
species over time.
1 1 1 3 3Ω
Or     1/R e′ q = × × = = 1
3 3 3 3

Round green and wrinkled yellow were the new 3Ω
combinations. In crossing, if two or more traits are or     R e′ q = 1 W
involved, the factors responsible for each pair of traits 1 1 1 1 4
  Similarly, 1/R″eq = + + + =
separate and behave independently in F2 generation 3 3 3 3 3
irrespective of the combinations present in parents. 3
So, new features appear in F2 generation. or       R ″eq = Ω = 0.75 W
4
39. (i) Reading of A1 = Reading of A3 because they are
connected in series. Or
(ii) Reading of A2 < Reading of A3   Total resistance = R ′eq + R ′eq + R ″eq
1 1
(iii) 1/Req = +      = 1.5 W + 1 W + 0.75 W
3 3
     = 3.25 W