3.

PROCESSDESI
GN

3.
1.Cal
cul
ati
onofoper
ati
ngpr
essur
e:

Att
het
opoft
hecol
umn
Assumet
hebubbl
epoi
ntofdi
sti
l
lat
e=60˚
C

Atbubbl
epoi
nt,

Σy
i=Σxi=1

Kpr*
xpr+kpe*
xpe+kbr*
xbr=1

Kpr*
0.6154+kpe*
0.3808+kbr*
0.0038=1.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
(A)

Here,theval
uesoftheequi
li
bri
um constant‘
K’areto becal
cul
atedatt
he
t
emper
ature60˚
Candoper
ati
ngpr
essure‘
Pt’
whichisunknown.

Assume,

Pt=1400Kpa

T=60˚
C=140˚
F

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

KPr=1.
4,KPe=0.
21,
KBu=0.
52

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
A)

LHS=(
0.6154×1.
4)+(
0.3808×0.
52)+(
0.0038×0.
21)

=1.
0603

≠1

≠RHS

Assume,

Pt=1500Kpa

T=60˚
C=140˚
F

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,
Kpr=1.
37,
Kpe=0.
18,
KBu=0.
55

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
A)

LHS=(
0.6154×1.
37)+(
0.3808×0.
55)+(
0.0038×0.
18)

=1.
04

≠1

≠RHS

Assume,

Pt=1600Kpa

T=60˚
C=140˚
F

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

KPr=1.
35KPe=0.
20,
KBu=0.
52

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
A)

LHS=(
0.6154×1.
35)+(
0.3808×0.
52)+(
0.0038×0.
20)

=1.
029

≠1

≠RHS

Assume,

Pt=1700Kpa

T=60˚
C=140˚
F

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

KPr=1.
30KPe=0.
18,
KBu=0.
50

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
A)

LHS=(
0.6154×1.
30)+(
0.3808×0.
50)+(
0.0038×0.
18)

=1.
01
 =1

=RHS

Hencet
heoper
ati
ngPatt
het
opoft
hecol
umni
s=1700Kpa

Assume,
pressur
edr
opi
ncol
umn=40Kpa

Oper
ati
ngpr
essur
eatt
hebaseofcol
umn=1740Kpa

3.
2CALCULATI
ONOFOPERATI
NGREMPRATURE:

3.
2.1.Topmostt
emper
atur
eofdi
sti
ll
ati
oncol
umn:

Atdewpoi
nt,

y
Σ =1
k

ypr ypr ypr

+ + =1
kpr kpr kpr

0.
6154 0.
3810 0.
0038
+ + =1.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(
B)
kpr kpr kpr

Att
opP=1700Kpaandt
emper
atur
e‘T’

Forf
ir
stt
ri
alcal
cul
ati
ons,

Assume,

T=70˚
C

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

KPr=1.
65,
KPe=0.
65,
KBu=0.
26

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
2)

0.
6154 0.
3810 0.
0038
+ + =0.
974
1.
65 0.
65 0.
26
 ≠1

Assume,

T=71˚
C,

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

Kpr=1.
55,
Kpe=0.
60,
KBu=0.
25

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
2)

0.
6154 0.381 0.
038
+ + =0.
989
1.
58 0.60 0.23

≠1

Assume,

T=72˚
C,

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

Kpr=1.
60,
Kpe=0.
61,
KBu=0.
26

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
2)

0.
6154 0.381 0.
038
+ + =1.
02
1.
60 0.61 0.26

≠1

Assume,

T=73˚
C,

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

Kpr=1.
56,
Kpe=0.
60,
KBu=0.
24

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
2)

0.
6154 0.381 0.
038
+ + =1.
001
1.
56 0.60 0.24
 =1

LHS=RHS

Henset
het
opmostt
emper
atur
eofdi
sti
l
lat
iuoncol
umn(
T)=73˚
C,

3.
2.2Bot
tom mostt
emper
atur
eofdi
sti
ll
ati
oncol
umn:

I
tist
hebubbl
epoi
ntofr
esi
due.

Pt
’=oper
ati
ngpr
essur
eatbaseofcol
umn=1740Kpa

Atbubbl
epoi
nt,

Σki*
xi=1

Forr
esi
due,
xBu=0.
004,
xPe=0.
37,
xHe=0.
625

Fort
ri
alcal
cul
ati
ons,

Assume,

T=160˚
C

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

KHe=0.
50,
KPe=0.
95,
KBu=1.
8

Σki*
xe=0.
004xBu+0.
37xPe+0.
625xHe.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(
C)

Σki*
xi=(
0.004×1.
8)+(
0.37×0.
95)+(
0.625×0.
50)

=0.
782≠1

LHS≠RHS

Assume,

T=170˚
C

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

KHe=0.
70 Kpe=1.
3 KBu=2.
5
Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
3)

=(
0.00417×2.
5)+(
0.37×1.
3)+(
0.625×0.
70)

=0.
98≠1

LHS≠RHS

T=180˚
C

Fr
om Depr
iest
erchar
t,

KHe=0.
79 Kpe=1.
3 KBu=2.
5

Put
ti
ngi
nequat
ion(
3)

Σki*
xi=(
0.00417×2.
5)+(
0.37×1.
3)+(
0.625×0.
79)

=0.
99=1

LHS=RHS

Hencebot
tom mostt
emper
atur
eofdi
sti
l
lat
ioncol
umn=180˚
C

 TopTemper
atur
eofDi
sti
ll
ati
onCol
umn=73˚
C

 TopTemper
atur
eofDi
sti
ll
ati
onCol
umn=180˚
C

3.
3Cal
cul
ati
onofr
elat
ivev
olat
il
it
yw.
r.
theav
ykeycomponent
:
t
h
Av
erager
elat
ivev
olat
il
it
yofi componenti
sgi
venby
,

αav
gi= αat
topi
*αat
bot
tom .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(D

:Equi
li
bri
um const
antKf
rom Depr
iest
erchar
t

Sr
.No. Feed Ktop Kbottom
component
s (
T=73˚
C, P=1700 (
T=180˚
C,P=1740Kpa)
Kpa)

1 n-propane 1.
50 4.
20
2 n-
butane( LK) 0.
55 2.
56
3 n- 0.
24 1.
25
pentane(HK)
4 n-hexane 0.
15 0.
75
 Rel
ati
veVol
ati
li
ty

Sr
.No. Feed αatt
op αatbot
tom αav
g
components
1 n-
propane 1.
50/ 0.25= 4.
20/
1.25=3.
3 4.
68
6.00 6
2 n-butane(LK) 0.55/ 0.
24 2.
56/
1.25= 2.
16
=2.40 2.
04
3 n-
pent ane(
HK) 0.24/ 0.
24 1.
25/
1.25= 1.
00
=1.00 1.
00
4 n-hexane 0.
15/0.24=0.6 0.
75/
1.25=0.
6 0.
6125
25 00

Ther
efor
e,

αav
gPr
= 6×3.
36 =4.
48

αav
gBu= 2. 04=2.
29×2. 16

αav
gPe= 1*
1 =1.
00

αav
gHe= 0. 60 =0.
625×0. 612

3.
4 Di
str
ibut
ionOfnon-
keyel
ement
s:

ByHengst
ebecks–Gedde’
sequat
ion,

l
og() ⅆi
bⅈ
=A+C*
logαavgi…………………………………………..(E)

ForBut
ane(
LK):
l
og (109.2.8)=A+C*log2.16
A+0.
3324C=1.
9956.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(
F)

ForPent
ane(
HK):

0.
2
l
og( )=A+Cl
og1
17.8

A=-
1.9494

Put
ti
ngv
alueofAi
nequat
ion(
F)

-
1.9494+0.
3324C=1.
9956

C=7.
9171

Nowput
ti
ngt
hev
aluesofA&Ci
nequat
ion(
E)

l
og (dbii)=-1.9494+7.9171*logα
av
gi……………………(
G)

ForPr
opane:

l
og(dbii)=-1.9494+7.9171*log(4.68)
og( )
di
l =3.35
bi

(ⅆbⅈi)=605330.90
di=32

2863×10-5kmol
bi=5. /hr

ForHexane:

l
og (dbii)=-1.9494+7.9171*log(0.6125)
447×10-6
=4.
bi=30

34×10-4kmol
di=1. /hr
.

Composi
ti
onofDi
sti
ll
ate&Resi
due

Sr
. Component
s Di
sti
ll
ate Resi
due
No.
Fl
owrate Mol
e% Fl
owrate Mol
e%
(
Kmole/ hr) (
Kmole/ hr)
1 n-propane 32.
00 61.
54 5.28*10-5 0.105
2 n-butane(LK) 19.
80 38.
08 0.
200 0.4200
3 n- 0.
200 0.
380 17.
80 37. 080
pentane(HK)
4 n-hexane 1.34*10-4 0.
026 30.
00 62.
500
5 Total 52.
00 100.
0 48.
00 100.
00

3.
5Cal
cul
ati
onofMi
n.Ref
luxRat
io:
Wehav
e,Under
wood’
sequat
ions,

αavgi
*Xi
d
Σ =Rm+1…………………(
H)
αavgi
-v

αavgi
*Xi
d
Σ =1-
q……………………(
I)
αavgi
-v

Assumef
eedi
s30%v
apour
,

Ent
hal
pyoff
eedi
sgi
venby
,

HF=0.
30×HG +0.
70×HL

Wher
e,

HG -Ent
hal
pyofVapour

HL–Ent
hal
pyofLi
qui
d

Ther
mal
Condi
ti
onoff
eedi
sgi
venby
,

Hg-
Hf
q= =0.
70
Hg-
Hl

put
ti
ngt
hev
alueofqi
nequat
ion(
I)weget
4.
68×0.32 2.16×0.
2 1×0.
18 0.612×0.
3
+ + + =1-
0.70=0.
30
4.68-
V 2.26-
V 1-V 0.612-
V
Sol
vi
ngwegetV=1.
30

Fr
om equat
ion(
8)

equat
ions,

αavgi
*Xi
d
Σ =Rm+1
αavgi
-v

4.
68×0.0154 2.
16×0.3808 1×0.0038 0.
612×0.0026
+ + + =Rm +1
4.
68-1.30 2.
26-1.30 1-1.30 0.
612-1.33
0.
8135+0.
9986+0.
00561–0.
000165=Rm +1

Mi
nimum Ref
luxRat
io(Rm )=0.
889≈0.
9

3.
6Cal
cul
ati
onsofmi
nimum nooft
her
oti
calst
agesf
oradesi
redseoer
ati
on

Under
woodFenskey
’sequat
ioni
sgi
venby
,

Xlk Xhk
l
og (
( ) ( ) )
Xhk Xlk
Nm =
l
ogαlk

Nm =
log [
0.
0. (
3808 0.
0038 0.)(
3708
0042
] )
l
og ( 2.
16)
Nm =11.
96≈12

Mi
nimum numberoft
heor
eti
calst
ages(Nm )=11.
96≈12

3.
7Cal
icul
ari
onsofOper
ati
ngRef
luxRat
io:
Gi
l
li
land’
sCor
rel
ati
oni
sgi
venby
,

N-Nm 1+54.
4Ψ Ψ-1
f
(N)
= =1-
exp [ + 0.5]
N+1 11+117.
2Ψ Ψ
Wher
e,

N-Nm
Ψ=
N+1

Rm =0.
89

Nm=11.
96

ForR=1

1-0.
88
Ψ= =0.
05
1+1

N-
12 1+54.
44×0.
05 0. 005-1
f
(N)
= =1-exp[ × ]
N+1 11+117.
24×0.
05 (0.005)

f
(N)
=0.
590

N-
12
=0.
590
N∓1
N=30.
70

Opt
imi
zat
ionofr
efl
uxr
ati
o

Sr.
No R N

1 1.
0 0.050 0.
596 30.
70
2 1.
2 0.1440 0.
511 25.
30
3 1.
5 0.246 0.
422 21.
25
4 2.
0 0.3720 0.
329 18.
10
5 2.
5 0.4620 0.
272 16.
60
6 3.
0 0.5290 0.
232 15.
70
7 3.
5 0.5820 0.
202 15.
10
8 4.
0 0.6230 0.
180 14.
60
 Gr
aphofNumberofst
agesVsRef
luxr
ati
o

Abovet
heval
ueofref
luxr
atioR=1.
5,t
her
eisl
essdi
ff
erencei
nthev
aluesofN.Hence
opt
imum r
efl
uxr
ati
oisnearert
o1.5

Ther
efor
e,

Oper
ati
ngr
efl
uxr
ati
o(Rop)=1.
5

No.ofst
agesr
equi
redf
ordesi
redsepar
ati
on=20