東海大學政治系碩士論文

指導教授：沈有忠博士

抗衡或扈從─選制變遷對立法
行為之影響

碩士班研究生:林聖堯

中華民國一百零二年六月十四日
 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 13
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 22
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 30
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 33
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 37

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 45
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 52
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 59
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 65

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 70

I
 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 74
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 77

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 77
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 81
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 85

II
1-1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 18

III
3-1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 41

3-2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44
3-3 / .. .. .. .. .. .. 45

3-4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 46

3-5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 46
4-1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53

4-2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53

4-3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55

4-4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56
4-5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59

4-6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 60

4-7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 61
5-1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67

5-2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67
5-3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 72

5-4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 73

6-1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 78

IV
 1

1
2012/06/07 2012/11/28
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2
2012/08/18 2012/12/17
http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2012/new/aug/18/today-p8.htm

1
 ?

3
Schumpeter
(Schumpeter, J. A., 1950. Capitalism, Socialism
and Democracy. N.Y.:Harper & Row.)

2
 -

(free-rider)
4 5

4
Mancur Olsen (The Logic of Collective Action)
Olsen

(free-rider)
Olsen free-rider (selective incentive)

Olsen

( )
5
1994 :

3
 6
(principal-agent)

8
Shugart and Carey

6
Cox, Gary and Mathew D. McCubbins, 1993, Legislative Leviathan: Party Govornment in The
House. Berkeley : University of California Press. pp141-178.
7
Sinclair, Barbara, 1999, Transformational Leader or Faithful Agent? Principle-Agent Theory and
House Majority Party Leadership. Legislative Studies Quarterly. No.26, pp:421-450. ,
2000.11 31-70
8
Carey, John and Mathwe S. Shugart, 1995, Incentves to Cultivate a Personal Vote: a Rank Ordering of
Electoral Studies, Vol.14,pp:419-439.

4
 single non-transferable
vote system SNTV

SNTV

9
SNTV Cox, Gary and Emerson Niou, 1994,
s Under
the Single Non- Comparative Politics,
Vol.26, No.2, pp: 221-236. 1994.03,
97-124 , 2005.09
1-40

5
 10

11

(2008)
mixed-member majoritarian systems MMM

(closed party list)

(Duverger's
Law)
(Mechanical factor)
12
(Psychological factor)

13

10
; 2006.09
85-128
11
1995
.147-167
12
Duverger, Maurice, 1954, Political Parties:Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. N.Y.:
Wiley, pp203-205& pp.224-226.
13

6
 14

SNTV

SNTV

First-past-the-post FPTP

14
1993

7
 15

SNTV FTPT
SNTV
16

SNTV

MMM

(mixed-member majoritarian systems MMM)

17

15
Duverger, Maurice. 1963. Political Party. New York: Wiley
16
Norris 2.0 ( 3.6)
(disproportionality)
(Norris, Pippa, 1997, Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional,
Majoritarian and Mixed System. International Political Science Review, Vol.18, No.3,pp.297-312)
17

8
 ?

SNTV
MMM

SNTV

MMM SNTV

9
10
SNTV MMM
SNTV

SNTV MMM

SNTV MMM

MMM

11
(MMM)

12
 1984 March Olsen
The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in
Political Life
18
March Olsen
routines

19

18
J. Mar
American Political Science Review, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 734~749.
19
James G. March, Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions, pp. 21, 160. New York: The Free
Press,1989.

13
 North

20

20
American Economic Review, Vol.
84, No. 3, June 1994, pp. 359-368.

14
 21

21
1989 903-927

15
16
 ?

17
 (SNTV MMM)

( )

( )

( )

1-1

18
1-1

SNTV MMM

1-2

19
1-3

1-4
/

2-1

2-2

2-3

2-3

20
3-1

3-2

3-3

4-1

4-2

4-3

5-1

21
5-2

5-3

6-1

6-2

SNTV
MMM
SNTV

22
1.

2.

(1)
6

(2)

6 6

23
24
 28

2008 2 22 2008 7 18
2007 8 22
2008 7 18

25
26
 2008
Single Non-Transferable Vote
system SNTV
Mixed-Member Majoritarian systems MMM

22
MMM
23

Shugart Carey
24

22
2006,
63-86
23
SNTV MMM 2010.09
2008
1-43
2012 SNTV
FPTP 41-80
2009
3-53
24
7

27
 Shugart Carey

SNTV MMM

SNTV MMM
SNTV

MMM
SNTV FPTP

SNTV FPTP
28
 SNTV MMM
Shugart Carey

SNTV
SNTV FPTP

SNTV First-past-the-post
FPTP SNTV
FPTP

FPTP
SNTV SNVT
FPTP
SNTV

25

26
FPTP SNTV

25
9
26
5

29
 Elgie
27

28

27
Elgie, Robert, 2001, Divided Government in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University
Press. pp.1-21.
28
, McCubbins, Mathew D.,
1991, Government on Lay-Away: Federal Spending and Deficits Under Divided Government. in The
Politics of Divided Government. edited by Gary W. Cox and Samuel Kernell. Boulder: Westview Press.
Mayhew, David R. 1991a, Political Science and
Politics. Vol.24, No.4, pp: 637-640.

30
 29

30

(filibuster)

31

29
2001 1-22
30
Jacobson, Gary C., 1991,
Political Science and Politics, Vol.24, No.4, pp:640-643.
31
Krehbiel, Keith, 1996,
Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol.8, No.1, pp: 7-40.

31
 32

32
, 2003.12
51-105

32
 33

34

MMM
SNTV
MMM

33
18
34
& ,2009,
29-54

33
 Wilson

35

36

37

1.

35
Wilson, James Q., 1986, American Government: Institutions and Policies. 3rd ed. Lexington: D. C.
Heath and Company.
36
Olson, Mancur, 1965, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods And the Theory of Groups.
Cambridge: Harvard University.
37
2012.03
1-42

34
2.
3.

35
36
 38

(MMM)

38

37
 Miller Stokes

39

40
Miller Stokes

Miller Stokes

39
Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes, 1963, Constituency Influence in Congress. American
Political Science Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp: 45-56.
40
1997.09
37-58

38
 (SNTV)

41
SNTV

SNTV

SNTV

(SNTV)

41
2002.05 SNTV
45-60

39
 SNTV

(SNTV)

42
2008
SNTV (MMM)
?

333 178
103 628
263 138
0.5345
42
(SNTV)
2008 101-105

40
0.4195 0.5786
0.5247 3-1

43
3-1

333 627
146 149
84 72
0.4384 0.2376

0.5753 0.4832

SNTV
0.2008

SNTV

(0.0921)

43

41
 44

44

42
MMM SNTV

SNTV

43
 3-2

333 628
91 205
29 54
0.2732 0.3264

0.2724 0.2536

0.7276 0.7464

3-2 3-2

0.0532

SNTV MMM
SNTV MMM

0.0188

3-2

44
 64 29
160
54
0.1981 0.2551
0.4531 0.3375 3-3

3-3 /

333 628
64 160
29 54
0.1981 0.2551

0.4531 0.3375

0.5469 0.6625

3-4 3-5

45
 3-4

178 64 91
/ 0.5345 / 0.19819 / 0.2732
/ 0.57865 / 0.4531 / 0.2724
/ 0.5469 / 0.7276

3-5

263 160 205

/ 0.41945 / 0.25518 / 0.3264
/ / 0.3375 / 0.2536
0.5247 / 0.6625 / 0.7464

46
 SNTV
45
MMM

46

47

45
7
46
Kerevel(2010) Stratmann and Baur(2002)
Bawn(2003)
47
Erik S. Herron, 2002, Electoral Rules and Party Strategies: Responses to Incentives by
Ukraine's Rukh and Russia's Yabloko. Party Politics, Vol.8, pp:719-733.

47
(0.1156)

1. SNTV
MMM 2.

SNTV MMM

48
 48

(pork barrel)
(logrolling)
/
49

50

51

48
Laakso, Markku, and Rein,
Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europ. Comparative Political Studies, Vol.12,
pp:3-27.
49
Weingast , Barry R. and Mark J. Moran, 1988, Journal of
Political Economy, Vol.96, pp:132-163.
50
Shepsle, Kenneth A. and Barry R. Weingast, 1987,
American Political Science Review, Vol.81, No.1, pp:85-104.
51
2000
35-70

49
 .

Krehbiel

52
Krehbiel

53

Kiewiet
McCubbins
54

52
Krehbiel, Keith, 1991. Information and legislative Organization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
53
Kiewiet , D. Rodderick and Mathew D. McCubbins, 1991 The Logic of Delegation: Congressional
Parties and the Aproppriations Process. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press.
54
48 44

50
 55

56

57

(effective number of parties)

58
SNTV MMM MMM

55
2000
31-70
56
6
57
48
58
.
Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequence. New York: Agathon Prsee.

51
 59

SNTV
MMM

2008 (SNTV)
(MMM)
SNTV

MMM (Mechanical
Factor) (Psychological Factor)
(Strategic Voting)

SNTV
79
89 1 34 12
6 4

59
2009 < >
101-130

52
 4-1

79 0.351
89 0.396
1 0.004
34 0.151
12 0.053
6 0.027
4 0.018
5

3.2605

2008 MMM
81 1 27
3 1 4

4-2
113
81 0.712
27 0.234
1 0.008
3 0.027
1 0.008
3
1.7775

4-1 4-2

53
 3.2605 1.7775

MMM SNTV MMM

4-3

54
 4-3

75 0.2252 167 0.2663

66 0.1981 52 0.0829
44 0.1321 47 0.07496

4-3

120 0.533 101

0.449
0.2252 0.1981

55
 4-3
?

4-4

4-4
51

19 6 1 2 0 1 1 3 18
0.2568 0.0811 0.0135 0.027 0 0.0135 0.0135 0.0405 0.2432

17

2 2 9 3 1
0.0270 0.0270 0.1216 0.0405 0.0135
6

3 1 1 1
0.0405 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135

56
 (minimal winning
60
coalitions)

113 89 79
34
132 113

60
Riker, W. H., 1962, The Theory of political Coalitions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

57
 75
0.2252 167
0.2663 66 0.1981
52 0.0829

14

92
14 ?
0.0411 0.1152

4-1

58
4-5

4-5

90 198
63 164

2.6

59
 4-6

4-6

627 333
2 198 90
0.2679 0.2703
51 24
0.2576 0.2667

4-7

60
 4-7

KMT 49 159

31 76
3
0.6327 0.4780
DPP 55 53

34 33
1
0.6182 0.6226

90
0.2703
108
0.2679
0.2667 0.2576

61
 SNTV
MMM

(MMM)

62
63
64
 ?
?

65
66
 5-1
333
88 99.2

49 0.5568 37 0.7551

23 0.2613 11 0.4783

16 0.1818 3 0.1875

5-2
627
178 108.5

77 0.4325 40 0.5195

65 0.3651 23 0.3238

36 0.2022 10 0.2778

67
 5-1 5-2

0.8181
0.7976
0.0205

61

0.1818 0.2022

61

68
0.7551 0.5195

69
 62

63

64

62
2002
63
2007
1-34
64
; 2004
111-150

70
?

71
 5-3

33

3
34

6
2

10
3
333 94

72
 5-4

44
17

10
0

0
0
1
0

2
627 79

73
 0.2702 0.1260

SNTV MMM
65

66

65
2009
101-130
66
31

74
/

75
76
 2008

(SNTV)

(MMM) SNTV

SNTV

2003

77
 6-1

2003.12
2005.3
2005.6
2006.1
2006.8

2009.10

2009.11

2010.1

2011.1
2012.2

2012.6 120

2012.7
2012.8

2010
2012 8

78
 67

64 46

100 5 3
95 10

67
2

79
 5 31

2
68

100 0

68
2013/06/07 2013/6/17
http://www.cna.com.tw/Topic/Popular/3755-1/201306070035-1.aspx

80
 SNTV

2000

81
 2000

MMM
MMM

MMM SNTV

SNTV
MMM MMM

82
 SNTV MMM

3.2
1.7
0.13 0.07

83
84
 2008
1995.05
.147-167
2009

101-130
1993

2001
1-22
2002.05 SNTV
45-60
2012 SNTV
FPTP 41-80
, 2003.12

51-105
2005.09
1-40
1997.09
37-58
2000
31-70

85
 2012.03
1-42
; 2006.09
85-128
2006
63-86

& ,2009,

29-54
1994.03,
97-124
1994 :

2000
35-70
2007
1-34
1989

; 2004
111-150
2010.09
2008
1-43
2009
3-53
86
 2002

Carey, John and Mathwe S. Shugart, 1995,

Personal Vote: a Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas. Electoral
Studies, Vol.14, pp: 419-439.
Cox, Gary and Emerson Niou, 1994, Seat Bonuses Under the Single
Non-Transferable Vote System: Evidence from Japan and
Taiwan. Comparative Politics, Vol.26, No.2, pp: 221-236.
Cox, Gary and Mathew D. McCubbins, 1993, Legislative Leviathan:
Party Govornment in The House. Berkeley : University of
California Press.

American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 359-368.

Duverger, Maurice, 1986, . in
Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and
Their Political Consequence, New York: Agathon Prsee.
Duverger, Maurice, 1963. Political Party. New York: Wiley.
Duverger, Maurice, 1954, Political Parties:Their Organization and
Activity in the Modern State. N.Y.: Wiley, pp203-205 &
pp.224-226.
Elgie, Robert, 2001, Divided Government in Comparative Perspective.
New York: Oxford University Press. pp.1-21.
Erik S, Herron, 2002, Mixed Electoral Rules and Party Strategies:
Responses to Incentives by Ukraine's Rukh and Russia's
Yabloko. Party Politics, Vol.8, pp: 719-733.
Jacobson, Gary C., 1991, Explaining Divided Government: Why

87
 Political Science and
Politics, Vol.24, No.4, pp: 640-643.
James G. March, Johan P. Olsen, 1989, Rediscovering Institutions,
New York: The Free Press.

American Political
Science Review, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 734~749.
Kiewiet , D. Rodderick and Mathew, D. McCubbins, 1991, The Logic
of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Aproppriations
Process. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press.
Krehbiel, Keith, 1991, Information and legislative Organization. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Krehbiel, Keith, 1996, Institutional and Partisan Sources of Gridlock:
A Theory of Divided and Unified Government. Journal of
Theoretical Politics, Vol.8, No.1, pp: 7-40.
Laakso, Markku and Rein, Taagepera, 1979, Effective Number of
Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europ.
Comparative Political Studies, Vol.12, pp: 3-27.
Mayhew, David R., 1991a, Divided Party Control: Does It Make a
Difference? Political Science and Politics, Vol.24, No.4, pp:
637-640.
McCubbins, Mathew D., 1991, Government on Lay-Away: Federal
Spending and Deficits Under Divided Government. in The
Politics of Divided Government., edited by Gary W. Cox and
Samuel Kernell. Boulder: Westview Press.
Norris, Pippa, 1997, Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional,
Majoritarian and Mixed System. International Political Science
Review, Vol.18, No.3, pp: 297-312.
88
Olson, Mancur, 1965, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods
And the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Riker, W. H., 1962, The Theory of political Coalitions. New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press.
Schumpeter, J. A., 1950. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.
N.Y.:Harper & Row.
Shepsle, Kenneth A. and Barry R. Weingast, 1987, The Institutional
Foundations of Committee Power. American Political Science
Review, Vol.81, No.1, pp: 85-104.
Sinclair, Barbara, 1999. Transformational Leader or Faithful Agent?
Principle-Agent Theory and House Majority Party Leadership.
Legislative Studies Quarterly, No.26, pp: 421-450.
Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes, 1963, Constituency
Influence in Congress. American Political Science Review, Vol.
57, No. 1, pp: 45-56.
Weingast , Barry R. and Mark J. Moran, 1988, The Industrial
Organization of Congress. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.96,
pp: 132-163.
Wilson, James Q., 1986, American Government: Institutions and
Policies. 3rd ed. Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company.

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