BUGALLON INTEGRATED SCHOOL

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Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Extracts against Houseflies (Musca

Domestica)
A Research Paper
Submitted to
The Faculty of Senior High School Department
Bugallon Integrated School
Bugallon, Pangasinan

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Work Immersion

Jerlene G. Viray
Mark Joshua Verosil
Jolan M. Victorio
Rafoncel Raquin
Mikaella Reighn C. Jota
Arjay F. Garingarao

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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TITLE PAGE........................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL SHEET............................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT....................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study............................................................................ 1
Statement of the Problem........................................................................... 3
Significance of the Study........................................................................... 4
Definition of Terms.................................................................................... 4

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature....................................................................................... 5
Related Studies........................................................................................... 9
III. METHODOLOGY
Research Design......................................................................................... 15
Procedures ................................................................................................... 15
Data Processing Method.......................................................................... 17

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Analysis and Interpretation of Data................................................. 18

V . CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions............................................................................................. 22
Recommendations................................................................................... 22

ABSTRACT

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1. Title : Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)

Extracts against Houseflies (Musca Domestica)

Researchers : Jerlene G. Viray

Mark Joshua Verosil
Jolan M. Victorio
Rafoncel Raquin
Mikaella Reighn C. Jota
Arjay Garingarao

Name of Institution : Bugallon Integrated School

Research Adviser : Jasmin H. Soriano

Year Written : 2023

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an excellent source of several bioactive

phenolics, including non-volatile pungent compounds such as gingerols, paradols,

shogaols and gingerones. Ginger has been known to display anti-inflammatory,

antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, indicating its promising role as a

chemopreventive agent. Here, we show that whole ginger extract (GE) exerts significant

growth-inhibitory and death-inductory effects in a spectrum of prostate cancer cells

(Karna et al. 2011)

Various preclinical and clinical studies have shown ginger to possess

antiemetic effects against different emetogenic stimuli. However, conflicting reports

especially in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and motion

sickness prevent us from drawing any firm conclusion. The current review for the first

time summarizes the results. An attempt is also made to address the lacunae in these

published studies and emphasize aspects that need further investigations for it to be of use

in clinics in the future (Palatty et al. 2014)

Ginger is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurvedic

and Tibb-Unani herbal medicines all over the world and has a long history of use in

traditional systems of medicine. The primary pungent agents are due to the presence of

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phenylalkylketones or vanillyl ketones. Gingerol and shogaol are two most active

constituents of ginger based preparations (Mishra et al. 2012)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is widely used as medicinal plant.

According to the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC), dried powdered

ginger rhizome can be applied for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in motion

sickness (well-established use). Beyond this,a plethora of pre-clinical studies

demonstrated anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, or anti-inflammatory actions ( Bischoff-Kont et

al.,2021).

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a spice traditionally used to treat indigestion,

nausea and vomiting. Ginger extracts accelerate gastric emptying and stimulate gastric

antral contractions. These effects are mainly due to the presence of gingerols and

(Giacosa et al.(2015)

The main pharmacological actions of ginger and compounds isolated

therefrom include immuno-modulatory, anti-tumorigenic, anti- inflammatory, anti-

apoptotic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-lipidemic and anti-emetic actions. Ginger is a strong

anti-oxidant substance and may either mitigate or prevent generation of free radicals. It is

considered a safe herbal medicine with only few and insignificant adverse/side effects

(Ali et al. 2007)

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Numerous experimental and clinical trials have proven ginger for its range of

therapeutic activities such as antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiemetic, hypolipidaemic,

hepatoprotective etc properties. The present article aims to explore traditional Unani and

pharmacological activities of this herb reported till date (Ansari et al. 2021)

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Extracts

against Housefly (Musca Domestica) . Specifically ,it sought answers to the following

questions:

1.Which concentration of Ginger extracts is most effective in killing houseflies in terms

of:

a. The amount of time the housefly will killed and the number of housefly died;

b.The number of housefly died;

2. Is there a significant difference among the effects of the different concentration of

ginger extracts in killing housefly?

3. Is there a significance different between the effect of ginger extract and commercial

pesticide in killing housefly?

Significance of the Study

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Significance of the Study The result of this study will be of great benefit to

the following:

Communities: Those barangays who are affected of swarm of flies specially those who

are near on poultries and piggery can make their own housefly repellent during the

season of harvesting poultries.

Local Officials. It will provide them information on providing Housefly repellent

Future Researcher. The study may be used as a reference in conducting new research or

testing the validity of the related findings. This study will also give them a background

about the Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)Extracts against Housefly (Musca

Domestica)

Carinderia /s: It will help them to give knowledge to avoid swarm of flies during

harvesting season of poultries .

Definition of Terms

Effects. This refers to the change that results when something is done or happens.

Extracts:This refers to the substance that was obtained from plants.

Concentration: This refers to the measure of the amount of dissolved substance

contained per unit of volume.

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Pesticide: This refers to any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,

destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, or

weeds, or any other forms of life declared to be pests; and any other substance or mixture

of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies to which the present study

is smilar or related. The following review aims to support and provide the researchers

with the necessary background and information for deriving and interpreting the findings

in this study.

About Ginger

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family

Zingiberaceae, used As a spice, food, flavouring agent, and medicine. Its generic name

Zingiber is derived from the Greek zingiberis, which comes from the Sanskrit name of

the spice, singabera. The Latin Name, Zingiber, means “shaped like a horn” and refers to

the roots, which resemble a deer’s Antlers. Long cultivated by the ancient Chinese and

Hindus, Ginger was one of the first Oriental spices known in Europe. Throughout the

early centuries, Ginger was thought to have Medicinal powers. It was often used by

pregnant women for morning sickness. The spice has a Slightly biting taste and is used,

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usually dried and ground, to flavour breads, sauces, curry Dishes, confections, pickles,

and Ginger ale. Its fresh rhizome is used in cooking. It is most Alkaline-promoting foods.

It has a pH of 5.6 to 5.9, similar to that of figs, fennel, leeks, Parsnips and romaine

lettuce. The alkalinity of foods depends on many variables, including Growing conditions

and processing Sharma (2017).

Food is one of the essential fundamental elements needed For human survival1.

Food comprises edible plant parts (such as fruit, nuts, corms, leaves) and animal tissues

which May be cooked or eaten raw depending on the cultural Orientation of the

population. Whether eaten raw or Prepared into delicious delicacies, food provides:

energy And nutrients for proper nourishment of the body, maintains The body, repairs

worn-out tissues and promotes growth of The body1,2. Food is not only consumed for its

nutritional Benefits, but individuals’ preference for a given food is Mainly inspired by

their cultural values, sensory qualities Such as taste, texture, palatability, mouth feel and

even Physical appearance. Food service professionals therefore Use seasonings,

flavourings and flavour enhancers to help Enhance the flavour of natural foods3 Rajathi

et al.(2017).

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Ginger is used worldwide as a cooking spice, condiment and herbal remedy. The

Chinese have used ginger for at least 2500 years as a digestive aid and antinausea remedy

and to Treat bleeding disorders and rheumatism; it was also used to treat baldness,

toothache, snakebite,And respiratory conditions1. In Traditional Chinese Medicine

(TCM), ginger is considered a Pungent, dry, warming, yang herb to be used for ailments

triggered by cold, damp weather.Ginger is used extensively in Ayurveda, the traditional

medicine of India, to block excessive Clotting (i.e. heart disease), reduce cholesterol and

fight arthritis. In Malaysia and Indonesia,Ginger soup is given to new mothers for 30

days after their delivery to help warm them and to Help them sweat out impurities. In

Arabian medicine, ginger is considered an aphrodisiac2.Some Africans believe that

eating ginger re mogularly will help repel mosquitos1 Kemper (1999).

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a monocotyledonous in the Family

Zingiberaceae originating from southeast Asia.1 The main components of ginger include

starch, lipids, proteins, and inorganic compounds.2 It is widely used around the world as

a flavoring or fragrance In foods, but also in traditional oriental medicine since ancestral

times.3 For centuries, ginger has been an integral part of the various traditional And folk

systems of medicine in China and India for the treatment of Different diseases, such as

headaches, colds, osteoarthritis, muscle Pains, nervous diseases, gingivitis, toothache, and

asthma.3–8 Currently,There are many studies that devoted to specific aspects of ginger’s

actions. For example, Stoilova et al studied the antioxidant effect of ginger Extract.9

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Yogeshwer Shukla et al reviewed the evidence of ginger as a Inhibitors of the

carcinogenic process.10 Lantz, RC explored the antiinflammatory activity of compounds

isolated from ginger.11 Besides, Ginger has also shown anticarcinogenic, immune

modulatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-hyperglycemic, and antiatherosclerotic activity

Li et al.(2019).

Gingers are perennial herbs that belong to the large family Of Zingiberaceae. Ginger

ranges in height from B10 cm to 8 m. Some species are almost prostrate near the

ground.Gingers have an aromatic rhizome that is subterranean or Above ground, and each

can produce a leafy shoot. The Inflorescences are terminal either on the leafy shoot or on

The leafless shoot. Ginger flowers are fragile and have a Short vase life. In most genera,

they emerge from base to Apex of the inflorescence [1] Ismail et al. (2016).

Phytochemicals of Ginger

Zuraini et al.(2010) conducted a study entitled Pharmacological activity,

phytochemical analysis and toxicity of methanol extract of Etlingera elatior (torch ginger)

flowers.The extract was effective on tested microorganisms And MIC values were in the

range of 1.563-50.000 mg/mL. The brine shrimp lethality test Exhibited no significant

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toxicity (LC50 = 2.52 mg/mL) against Artemia salina. The E. elatior Flower extract with

high LC50 value signified that this plant is not toxic to humans. While the Phytochemical

screening of the flower extract revealed the presence of the following compounds:

Flavonoids, terpenoids, saponin, tannins and carbohydrates whereas, alkaloids,

anthraquinone And reducing sugars were absent. The concentration of the flower extract

required for 50% Inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50) were 9.14 mg/mL

and 8.08 mg/mL for butylated Hydroxytoluene 8.08 mg/mL.

Sanusi et al.(2019) revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as

phlobotannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and glycoside in the

extracts. The highest activity was observed with the methanolic extract of Z. officinale

from zone 3 at the concentration of 50 mg/ml against P. aeruginosa (31.6 mm). Likewise,

the methanolic extract of Z. officinale obtained from zone 3 had the greater MIC toward

P. aeruginosa (12.5 mg/ml). Whereas, the values of MBC of methanolic crude extract of

Z. officinale obtained from the three zones are the same (50 mg/ml). The study shows the

potential of Z. officinale in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Ogbu et al.(2014) revealed the presence of valuable phytochemicals including:

phenolics, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin, saponin, alkaloid, tannin, phytic acid, and

cyanogenic glycosides. Ginger (Zingiber officianale) had the highest phenolics content of

64.42±0.91 mg/g, closely followed by the mushroom, Tricholoma nudum, (64.122±1.20)

and garlic (Allium sativum) (12.42±0.61 mg/g).Least phenolics content of 2.65±0.006

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mg/g was observed in the study with the mushroom, Boletus spp. Ginger also had the

highest Flavonoid content of 0.045±0.001 μg/g. The presence of these bioactive or

phytochemical compounds supports The possible antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials

of mushrooms, ginger and garlic and high phenolics and Flavonoid contents of ginger and

mushroom suggests high antioxidant potentials.

Jiwuba et al.(2014) revealed the presence of crude fibre (10.36%), ash (6.57%),

ether extract (6.48%), nitrogen free extract (64.82%) and crude protein (5.45%). Results

also showed that GRP was low in both essential and non essential amino acid groups with

the total amino acid value of 25.61 g/100g. The predominant mineral elements were zinc

(Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), phosphorus

(P) and potassium (K). The mineral values followthe order of Na (38.96 µg / g) > K

(36.34 µg / g) > Ca (34.55 µg / g) > P (26.70 µg / g) > Mn (18.90 µg / g) > Zn (4.19 µg /

g) > Fe (1.59 µg / g) > Cu (0.86 µg / g). The results revealed that ginger rhizome powder

contain moderate level of pharmacological active compounds as well asfeed nutrients and

therefore, can be incorporated into monogastric feeding systems as feed additive.

Raoof et al.(2017) showed that each of individual and combined administration of

these plants significantly (P<0.05) decreased the body weight and serum lipids including

total lipid, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein when compared with positive control

group, while they significantly (P<0.05) increased high density lipoprotein when

compared with positive control group. Furthermore, our study showed that the

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combination of these three plants exhibited better effects than when compared to the

individual powder of the plants. In this study we compared the effects of separated and

combined administration of cinnamon bark, ginger root, green coffee beans as anti-

obesity and antihyperlipidemic agents. The separated and combined administration

exhibited significant anti-obesity and antihyperlipidemic effects in obese and

hyperlipidemic rats, while the combined administration showed more powerful effects.

Previous reports on cinnamon, ginger and green coffee as separately administered were

thus confirmed; however, this is, to our knowledge, the first report dealing with the

combined form of the three plants. Such combined administration might be useful in

developing natural food additives to help address obesity and hyperlipidemia.

Housefly

Iqbal et al. (2014) explained role of House fly as a disease vector of humans and

livestock. This article highlights various aspects of the life of the said pest that includes

its general description-morphology, biology, life cycle, its pest status and major control

strategies. The pest is cosmopolitan in nature and shows holometabolous metamorphosis

as it passes through all stages of development like egg, larva, pupa and adult which takes

10 to 14 days for its completion. Its life span is between 15 to 30 days. With respect to

control strategies of the said pest, it was reviewed that chemical control is the most

common and efficient technique but dependence on insecticide for fly control is

decreasing due to increased insecticide resistance and environmental constraints.

Biological control with study explains role of House fly as a disease vector of humans

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and livestock. This article highlights various aspects of the life of the said pest that

includes its general description-morphology, biology, life cycle, its pest status and major

control strategies.

Banjo et al. (2005) aimed The housefly (Musca domestica L.) is known to be a

vector of diseases. These flies are prevalent in items that are exposed.

Contaminatidentified microorganisms further suggested that the microbiota and their

functional profile mature alongside their host and putative host-microbe relationships are

established at different stages of development. The predicted metabolic capability of the

microbiota developed from primarily simple processes including carbohydrate and

nucleotide metabolisms, to more complex metabolic pathways including amino acid

metabolisms and processes related to signal transduction .

Jonge et al. (2020) identified microorganisms furtherrecovered from the house fly

are serious pathogens, known to produce diseases such as meningitis, food poisoning,

diarrhea, abscesses, bloodstream infections, and hemorrhagic colitis. The possible

exception is Bacillus thuringiensis, a known pathogen for insects that only occasionally

produces allergic reactions in humans. If these organisms are not prevented from entering

the food preparation and consumption areas, they could become a serious risk in the

transmission of disease fly are serious pathogens, known to produce diseases such as

meningitis, food poisoning, diarrhea, abscesses, bloodstream infections, and hemorrhagic

colitis. The possible exception is Bacillus thuringiensis, a known pathogen for insects that

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only occasionally produces allergic reactions in humans. If these organisms are not

prevented from entering the food preparation and consumption areas, they could become

a serious risk in the transmission of diseases.

Murvosh et al. (1964) studied the house fly for many years, surprising gaps exist

in our knowledge of the basic biology of this species. House fly mating behavior

described in rather general term, but only few detailed investigation have been reported in

the literature. The research presented here in was conducted to add this fund of necessary

information and represent an attempt to elucidate certain aspect of mating behaviour.

Health Benefits of Ginger

Gunathilake and Gumasinghe (2015) conducted to identify bioactive constituents

and medicinal potential of ginger. This review deliberates chemical composition as well

as the most recent research findings on potential health benefits of ginger, including its

antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, blood pressure-lowering, cholesterol-lowering,

antiplatelet aggregation, chemopreventive, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic properties.

Shahrajabiana et al.(2019) Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used as a spice and

medicine for over 200 years in Traditional Chinese Medicine. It is an important plant

with several medicinal, and nutritional values used in Asian and Chinese Tradition

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medicine. Ginger and its general compounds such as Fe, Mg, Ca,vitamin C, flavonoids,

phenolic compounds (gingerdiol, gingerol, gingerdione and shogaols), sesquiterpenes,

paradols has long been used as an herbal medicine to treat various symptoms including

vomiting, pain, cold symptoms and it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory,

antiapoptotic, anti-tumour activities, anti-pyretic, anti-platelet, anti-tumourigenic,

antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant anti-diabetic, anti-clotting and analgesic properties,

cardiotonic, cytotoxic. It has been widely used for arthritis, cramps, sprains, sore throats,

rheumatism,muscular aches, pains, vomiting, constipation, indigestion, hypertension,

dementia, fever and infectious diseases. Ginger leaves have also been used for food-

flavouring and Asian Traditional Medicine especially in China.

Amoah et.al (2022) carried out a survey by administering semi-structured

questionnaires to 398 willing respondents in the Accra metropolis to seek information on

the knowledge of the health benefits and sicknesses that consumers had used ginger to

treat as well as the acceptability of solar dried ginger locally. Respondents enumerated 22

illnesses in the category of anti-inflammatory disorders, stomach discomfort, weight loss,

and an aphrodisiac which they had used ginger to cure. More than half of respondents

(74.3%) had used ginger to cure upper respiratory infections with an almost unanimous

response to the local production of dried ginger for all-year availability.

Jiang (2019) reported on the diverse range of health properties that they possess

via their bioactive constituents, including sulfur-containing compounds, tannins,

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alkaloids, phenolic diterpenes, andvitamins, especially flavonoids and polyphenols.

Spices and herbs such as clove, rosemary, sage, oregano, and cinnamon are excellent

sources of antioxidants with their high content of phenolic compounds. It is evident that

frequent consumption of spicy foods was also linked to a lower risk of death from cancer

and ischemic heart and respiratory system diseases. However, the actual role of spicesand

herbs in the maintenance of health, specifically with regards to protecting against the

development of chronic, noncommunicable diseases, is currently unclear.This review

highlights potential health benefits ofcommonly used spices and herbs such as chili

pepper, cinnamon, ginger, blackpepper, turmeric, fenugreek, rosemary, and garlic.

Zadeh and Kor (2014)Ginger has been used by traditional Chinese and Indian

medicine for over 25 centuries. Fresh ginger contains 80.9% moisture, 2.3% protein,

0.9% fat, 1.2% minerals, 2.4% fibre and 12.3% carbohydrates. The active components of

ginger is reported to stimulate digestion, absorption, relieve constipation and flatulence

by increasing muscular activity in the digestive. In traditional Chinese medicine, ginger is

used to improve the flow of body fluids. It stimulates blood circulation throughout the

body by powerful stimulatory effect on the heart muscle and by diluting blood. The effect

of an aqueous extract of ginger on platelet thromboxane-B2 and prostaglandin-E2

(PGE2) production was examined after giving rats a raw aqueous extract of ginger daily

for a period of 4 weeks, either orally or intraperitoneally.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method and procedures used in collecting and gathering

the data needed for the present study.

Research Design

In this study, a experimental research design was employed in describing the

gathered information regarding the Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officianale a) Extracts

against Housefly(Musca Domestica) . Experimental research aims to determined the

edfects of the Ginger to Houseflies obtain information to describe the behavior of

Housefly.

Procedures

A. Extraction of Ginger and Garlic extract

Ginger and garlic are washed thoroughly with clean water after peeling. Five

hundred (500) grams of Ginger was shredded and this shredded Ginger extracted using

cloth and it produced 170 ml of extract. An aqueous extract of Garlic was prepared by

shredding of 250 grams of garlic and adding 35 ml of water and it's extracted using

cloth that produced 75 ml of garlic extract.

B. Preparation of Expiremental Set up

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The extract is divided into three different concentration. Different concentration

of extract were place in separate spray bottles. The first treatment in mixture of 30 ml

(50%) of ginger extract , 15 ml (25%) of garlic extract and 15 ml (25%) of lemon extract.

The second treatment is composed is 36 ml (60%) of ginger extract ,12 ml(20%) of

garlic extract and 12 ml (20%) of lemon extract. The third treatment is 42 ml (70%) of

ginger extract 9 ml (15%) of garlic extract and 9 ml (15%) lemon extract . The last

treatment was the application of commercial pesticide. The obtained extract of ginger,

garlic and lemon was placed in a spray bottle to start the experiment.

C. Collection of pest

The housefly was collected to test the effectiveness of Ginger Extracts. The fly

was carefully caught by the researchers in their house. The flies were placed in a

container with small holes to ensure that the houseflies placed there wouldn't die.

D. Application

Four small container were used during the testing and each jar contained five (5)

housefly. Labels were placed accordingly in each container. Using spray bottle of the

different concentrations of Ginger extracts were applied on the prepared container .

Then the reactions of the housefly were observed. Every 10minutes the number of killed

housefly was recorded until 20 minutes. The dead housefly were disposed properly.

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Data Processing Method

One-way Analysis Variance (ANOVA) was done to compare if there is

significance among the effects of the different concentrations of Ginger extract and

commercial pesticide in killing housefly. T-test was also used to determine the

specific sources of variance.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Analysis and interpretation of Data

Table 1: Morality of Housefly after three sets of Observation Period

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Treatment / No. Of Number of Dead Housefly Mean

Concentratio minutes Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
n
T1 10 2 2 1 1.67
50% 20 0 0 0 0
T2 10 0 2 1 1
60% 20 1 1 0 0.67
T3 10 0 0 1 0.33
70% 20 1 1 1 1
T4 10 5 5 5 5
Pesticide 20 0 0 0 0

Table 1 shows the mortality of mosquito larvae after the trial, observation of perios and

four different treatments were conducted after 20 minutes observation period. Treatment

1, shows that the number of housefly killed using (50%) concentration is 1.67 .

Treatment 2 (60%) recorded a mean of 0.67 while treatment 3 (70%) recorded a mean

of 0.33 Treatment 1 has recorded the highest numbrer of killed housefly after the first

10 minutes. Treatment 4, which uses commercial pesticide , has recorded a mean

number of killed mosquito of 5.

Table 2: Mean Percent Mortality of Housefly with Varied Concentration of Ginger

Extract after 20 minutes Observation Period

Treatment Percent Mortality Mean Percent

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mortality
T1 20 20 10 16.67
T2 10 20 10 13.33
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T3 10 10 10 10
T4 50 50 50 50

Table 2 shows the mean percent mortality of housefly treated with vsried concentration

of Ginger extracts after 20 minutes observation period. Treatment 4 (Pesticide) gained the

highest

mortality rate which is 50%. Among the concentration of Ginger extracts Treatment 1

(50%) recorder the highest mortality rate with 16.67%, followed by Treatment 2 (60%)

and Treatment 3 (70%) with mortality of 13.37% and 10% respectively.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Based from the gathered data, the researchers led to the following conclusions:

1.Ginger extracts has a potential as housefly repellent. Treatment 1 which uses 50%

concentration of Ginger extracts is the most effective in killing housefly.

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2.There is significant difference among the effects of the different concentrations of

Ginger extracts and commercial pesticide in killing housefly. The decreased in

concentration of Ginger extracts as housefly repellent significantly affected the percent

mortality of the housefly.

3.There is significant difference between the effects of Ginger extract and commercial

pesticide in killing housefly.

Recommendations

With the above findings of the researchers, the following recommendations ar hereby

endorsed:

1. Propagation of Ginger Housefly repellent should be widespread specially when It's

harvesting season on poultry.

2. Sharing to others in making Ginger extract as housefly repellent because it is less

expensive and it is organic no side effects.

3. Further experimentations must be conducted on large number of housefly.

4. Make people who are infested by flies every harvesting season in poultry more aware

of how the flies cause pain to everyone so that they can make a way to kill them.

5. Give information to the people that we can create way to exterminate the Houseflies.

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