2023

Computer Networks
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction to internet --------------------------------------------------------1

2. History of internet----------------------------------------------------------------1
3. Usage f internet--------------------------------------------------------------------4
4. Entertainment through internet -----------------------------------------------6
5. Applications of entertainment in internet------------------------------------6
6. Business and Internet-------------------------------------------------------------7
7. Most famous applications in business----------------------------------------10
INTERNET
Introduction:
The Internet is a vast network that connects
computers all over the world. Through the Internet,
people can share information and communicate from
anywhere with an Internet connection.
HISTORY OF INTERNET:
The history of the internet is a complex and fascinating story that spans several
decades. Here are some key milestones and developments in the history of the
internet:
1. 1960s - The Birth of ARPANET: The precursor to the modern internet,
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), was created by
the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) in 1969. It was designed to connect computers at research
institutions and military organizations to facilitate information sharing.
2. 1970s - The TCP/IP Protocol:
The development of the
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and Internet Protocol
(IP) by Vint Cerf and Bob
Kahn in the early 1970s laid
the foundation for the modern
internet. TCP/IP became the
standard for data transmission
on the network.
3. 1980s - Expansion and the
Domain Name System (DNS):
In the 1980s, ARPANET
continued to grow, and other
networks, like CSNET and
BITNET, emerged. The Domain
 Name System (DNS) was introduced, allowing the use of human-readable
domain names instead of numeric IP addresses.
4. Late 1980s - Commercialization and NSFNET: The National Science
Foundation Network (NSFNET) was established in 1986 to connect U.S.
research institutions. In the late 1980s, the internet started to become more
commercialized, with private companies and service providers entering the
scene.
5. Early 1990s - The World Wide Web: In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee, a British
computer scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) and created the
first web browser and web server software. This marked the beginning of the
graphical web as we know it, with the ability to display text and images on
web pages.
6. Mid-1990s - Internet Boom: The mid-1990s saw a significant expansion of
the internet's user base, with the emergence of web-based email, online
forums, and the first online marketplaces like Amazon and eBay. The term
"Information Superhighway" was coined to describe the growing network.
7. Late 1990s - The Dot-com Bubble: The late 1990s witnessed a rapid
proliferation of internet startups, leading to the dot-com bubble. Many
internet companies experienced tremendous growth, but the bubble burst in
the early 2000s, leading to a market downturn.
8. 2000s - Broadband and Social Media: High-speed broadband internet
became widely available in many regions, enabling faster access to online
content. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube began
to reshape online communication and content sharing.
9. 2010s - Mobile Internet and Cloud Computing: The 2010s saw the
proliferation of mobile devices and the mobile internet, with smartphones
becoming ubiquitous. Cloud computing services like Amazon Web Services
(AWS) and Google Cloud expanded, enabling scalable and accessible online
storage and computing resources.
10.2020s - Ongoing Evolution: The internet continues to evolve in the 2020s,
with advancements in technology like 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT), and
increased concerns about online privacy and security.
The history of the internet is a story of collaboration among scientists, engineers,
and innovators worldwide. It has transformed the way people live and work,
revolutionizing industries and connecting people across the globe in ways that
were once unimaginable.
Usage of internet:
The internet has become an integral part of modern
life, and its usage is incredibly diverse. Here are
some of the primary ways in which people use the
internet:
1. Communication:
 Email: Email is a widely used method for sending and receiving
messages, documents, and files electronically.
 Instant Messaging and Chat: Services like WhatsApp, Facebook
Messenger, and Slack enable real-time text and multimedia
communication.
 Video Conferencing: Platforms like Zoom, Skype, and Microsoft
Teams facilitate video and audio calls for personal and professional
meetings.
2. Information Access and Research:
 Web Browsing: People use web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, and
Safari to access information, news, articles, and research.
 Search Engines: Google, Bing, and others help users find specific
information by searching the web.
 Online Libraries and Databases: Academic and research institutions
provide access to vast online libraries and databases for scholarly
research.
3. Social Media: Platforms such as Facebook,
Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn are used
for social networking, sharing updates,
photos, and videos, and connecting with
friends and professionals.
4. Entertainment:
 Streaming Services: Netflix,
Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, and
YouTube offer on-demand video
content.
 Music Streaming: Services like
Spotify, Apple Music, and Pandora
provide access to a vast library of music.
 Gaming: Online gaming platforms and multiplayer games are popular
for entertainment and social interaction.
5. Online Shopping:
 E-commerce websites like Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba allow users to
shop for products and services online.
 Online payment systems like PayPal and digital wallets facilitate
secure transactions.
6. Education and E-Learning:
 Educational institutions and e-learning
platforms offer online courses,
tutorials, and resources for remote
learning.
 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) like
Coursera and edX provide access to a wide range of courses.
7. Work and Productivity:
 Many people use the internet for remote work, including video
conferencing, cloud-based collaboration tools like Google Workspace
and Microsoft Office 365, and project management software.
 Freelancers and remote workers often find work opportunities through
online job marketplaces and platforms.
8. News and Media:
  News websites and apps deliver real-time updates and reporting from
around the world.
 Online publications and blogs
cover a wide range of topics,
from technology to lifestyle.
9. Personal Finance:
 Online banking and financial management apps enable users to
manage their accounts, pay bills, and invest online.
 Crypto currencies and trading platforms provide alternative financial
services.
ENTERTAINMENT OR INTERNET:
The internet has had a profound impact on the entertainment industry,
revolutionizing the way people consume and engage with content. Here are some
applications of the internet in the field of entertainment:
Application:
1. Streaming Services: Internet-based streaming services like Netflix,
Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, Disney+, and YouTube have transformed how
people watch movies, TV shows, and videos. Users can access a vast library
of content on-demand, often without the need for traditional cable or satellite
TV subscriptions.
2. Music Streaming:
Platforms like Spotify, Apple Music,
Pandora, and Tidal offer extensive
music libraries for streaming and
discovering music.
Users can create playlists, explore
genres, and access music on various devices.
3. Gaming: Online gaming has become a major entertainment category.
Gamers can play multiplayer games with friends and strangers globally.
Platforms like Steam, Xbox Live, PlayStation Network, and mobile app
stores provide access to a wide range of games.
 4. Social Media:
Social media platforms like Instagram,
TikTok, Snapchat, and YouTube have
created a new avenue for entertainment
through short videos, live streaming, and
user-generated content. These platforms
are popular for sharing creativity, humor,
and talent.
5. Video Sharing and User-Generated Content: Platforms like YouTube and
Vimeo allow users to upload, share, and monetize their videos, leading to the
rise of content creators, vloggers, and influencers.
6. Online Radio and Podcast Streaming: Services like iHeartRadio, Pandora,
and Stitcher provide internet radio and podcast streaming, allowing users to
discover and listen to a wide range of audio content.
7. Digital Art and Creativity: Online communities and platforms like
DeviantArt and Behance allow artists and designers to showcase their work
and collaborate with others.
8. Fan Communities: Internet-based fan forums, social media groups, and
websites dedicated to specific movies, TV shows, books, and franchises
provide spaces for fans to discuss, share, and engage in fandom
BUSINESS AND INTERNET:
In the business world, the internet is extensively used across various categories to
enhance operations, communication, marketing, and more. Here are some of the
categories in which the internet is applied in business
1. Communication and Collaboration:
 Email Services: Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo Mail facilitate communication
and document sharing.
 Video Conferencing: Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet enable
remote meetings.
 Collaboration Tools: Google Workspace (formerly G Suite) and Microsoft
365 offer collaborative document editing and project management.
2. E-Commerce and Online Sales:
 Online Stores: Amazon, Shopify, and
WooCommerce allow businesses to sell
products and services online.
 Payment Gateways: PayPal and Stripe
provide secure online payment processing.
3. Digital Marketing and Advertising:
 Search Engine Marketing (SEM): Google
Ads is a popular platform for online
advertising.
 Social Media Marketing: Platforms like
Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn enable
targeted marketing campaigns.
 Content Marketing: HubSpot and
Mailchimp facilitate content creation and email marketing.
4. Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
 CRM Software: Salesforce, HubSpot CRM, and Zoho CRM manage
customer data and interactions.
 Email Marketing: Tools like Mailchimp and Constant Contact assist in
email campaigns.
5. Human Resources and Talent Management:
 HR Software: Workday, BambooHR, and ADP manage HR processes,
recruitment, and employee records.
 Online Job Boards: LinkedIn and Indeed are popular platforms for job
postings and recruitment.
6. Financial Management:
 Accounting Software: QuickBooks, Xero, and FreshBooks help manage
financial transactions and reporting.
 Online Banking: Banks offer internet banking services for account
management.
7. Online Presence and Web Development:
 Web Hosting Services: Bluehost, GoDaddy, and HostGator host websites
and web applications.
 Domain Registration: Namecheap and GoDaddy register and manage
domain names.
8. Business Analytics and Data Management:
 Business Intelligence (BI): Tableau, Power BI, and Qlik provide data
analysis and visualization tools.
 Cloud Storage and Services: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft
Azure, and Google Cloud offer cloud-based data storage and computing.
9. Business Process Automation:
 Workflow Automation: Zapier and Microsoft Power Automate automate
routine tasks and processes.
 Robotic Process Automation (RPA): UiPath and Automation Anywhere
automate data entry and processing.
10. Cybersecurity and Data Protection:
 Cybersecurity Tools: Norton, McAfee,
and Bitdefender protect against cyber
threats.
 VPN Services: ExpressVPN and
NordVPN provide secure internet access.

11. Online Reviews and Reputation Management:

 Review Platforms: Yelp, TripAdvisor, and Trustpilot allow businesses to
manage online reviews.
 Reputation Management Services: Reputation.com helps maintain a
positive online reputation.
12. International Business and Global Expansion:
  E-commerce for Global Markets: Businesses expand globally through e-
commerce platforms.
 Multilingual Websites: Translate websites to target international audiences.
13.Remote Work and Virtual Teams:
 Remote Work Tools: Tools like Slack, Trello, and Asana facilitate remote
collaboration and project management.

Most Famous Applications in Business:

 Microsoft Office Suite: Including
Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, it is
widely used for office productivity.
 Zoom: Became prominent during the
COVID-19 pandemic for video conferencing.
 Salesforce: A leading CRM platform used for sales and customer
management.
 Amazon: The world's largest e-commerce platform and cloud services
provider.
 Google Workspace : Offers a suite of productivity and collaboration tools.
 QuickBooks: Popular for accounting and financial management.
 LinkedIn: A professional networking platform for business and career
growth.
 PayPal: A widely used online payment gateway.
These applications and categories showcase the diverse ways in which the
internet is applied in the business world, enhancing efficiency, reach, and
competitiveness.
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