Project Book

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COCONUT SHELL
AGGREGATE CONCRETE BLOCK
JANATA SHIKSHANA SAMITI’S
K.H.KABBUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

VIDYAGIRI, DHARWAD-580004
(ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL BOARD OF ACCREDITATION)
(DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION)

A PROJECT REPORT ON
“COCONUT SHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE
BLOCK”
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FOR ACCADEMIC YEAR 2020-21
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
VEERABHADRA.K.BHARANI
BATCH NO :- 3
SL.N NAME REG.NO
O
1 MANJUNATH BACHANAHALLI 202CE18026
2 MALIKSAB NADAF 202CE18024
3 BHARATI GARAWALE 202CE18014
4 SHIVARAJ BHAGAMMANNAVAR 202CE19301
5 MALATESH HARIJAN 202CE18023
6 HARISH GONDAKAR 202CE18302
7 DIVVY SADURLA 202CE18020
1
K H KABBUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

BANGLORE.
JANATA SHIKSHANA SAMITI’S
VIDYAGIRI,
DHARWAD-580004
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project report entitled “COCONUT SHELL
AGGREGATE CONCRETE BLOCK” which is being submitted by MANJUNATH
BACHANAHALLI Reg. no 202CE18026 member of the project mentioned and a
bonafide student of K H Kabbur institute of engineering, in partial fulfillment for the
award of 6th SEM of diploma in civil engineering during the year 2020-21 is record of
students own work carried out under my/our guidance. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the
report and one copy of it being deposited in the polytechnic library.
It is further understood that by this certificate the undersigned do not endorse or
approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there in but approve
the project only for the purpose for which it is submitted.
GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL
SIGN OF EXAMINERS :
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DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

BENGLORE
JANATA SHIKSHANA SAMIITI’S
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I MANJUNATH B The 6th semester student of diploma in civil engineering department
REG. NO 202CE18026 OF K H KABBUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING declare
that I own full responsibility for the information, results and conclusion provide in this
project work titled “COCONUT SHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE BLOCK”
submitted to BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, GOVERNAMENT OF
KARNATAKA for the award of diploma in the year 2021.
To the best of my knowledge, this project work has been submitted in part or full
else where in any other institution/ organization for the award of any certificate/diploma/
degree. I have completely taken care in acknowledging the contribution of others in this
academic work. I further declare that in case of any violation of intellectual property rights
and particulars declared found at any stage, I as the candidate will be slowly responsible
for the same.
Date : 22-09-2021 Name : MANJUNATH B

Place : DHARWAD Reg.no : 202CE18026
Signature of candidate
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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

BANGLORE-560001
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certificate that this project report “COCONUT SHELL AGGREGATE
CONCRETE BLOCK” is the bonafide work of MANJUNATH
BACHANAHALLI bearing register No 202CE18026 of this institution who
carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE :
VEERABHADRA K BHARANI ARUN M PATIL

KULKARNI
(GUIDE) (HOD)
SHANTIRAJ. D. KUNACHI
(CO-GUIDE)
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of
my project would be in complete without mentioning people who made it possible. Many
are responsible for knowledge and experience I have gained during the project and through
the course. Firstly I would like to thank GOD for being able to complete project in
estimated time and make it a success.
I would like to grab this opportunity to express my deepest and sincere gratitude to my
respected guide MR. VEERABHADRA K BHARANI, professor, K H KABBUR
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING VIDYAGIRI, DHARWAD, for his insightful
advice, motivating and valuable suggestions, invaluable guidance, help and support and for
showing genuine interest in it during the course of the project.
I take this opportunity to express sense of gratitude to MR. ARUNKUMAR

PATILKULKARNI. HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL DEPARTMENT,
K H KABBUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, VIDYAGIRI, DHARWAD, for his
regular co-operation and co-ordination and being an helping hand for all of us.
I take this opportunity to express my respect and gratitude to MR. V N DESAI.

PRINCIPAL, K H KABBUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING VIDYAGIRI,
DHARWAD, for his regular co-operation and co-ordination during the course of the
project.
I take opportunity to express my deepest sense of gratitude to SHANTIRAJ D

KUNACHI, PROFFESOR, K H KABBUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,
VIDYAGIRI, DHARWAD, for his regular co-operation and co-ordination and being an
helping hand for all of us.
I also acknowledge my gratitude to ALL THE STAFF MEMBERS OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, K H KABBUR INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING ,VIDYAGIRI, DHARWAD, who have their moral support during the
course of the project.
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I wish to express thanks to my PARENTS, who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been very either directly or indirectly in developing and
successful completion of my project.
Last but not least I would like to thanks all my CLASSMATES & FRIENDS who have
helped me in some or the other way for the successful completion of the project.
CONTENTS
TITLE
ABSRTUCT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.3 COCONUT PRODUCTION
1.4 BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE WITH COCONUT SHELL
1.5 COCONUT SHELL AS AN AGGREGATE
1.6 LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. MATERIALS
3.1 CEMENT
3.2 M-SAND
3.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
3.4 COCONUT SHELLS
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 MATERIAL PREPERATION
4.2 METHOD
5. TESTS ON MATERIALS
5.1 FINENESS OF CEMENT
5.2 FIELD TEST ON M-SAND
5.3 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE
5.4 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON M-SAND
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5.5 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COCONUT SHELL

5.6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON COCONUT SHELL
6. PREPERATION OF CUBE
6.1 GENERAL
6.2 FIRST CUBE AT 0 % COCONUT SHELL
6.3 SECOND CUBE AT 15 % COCONUT SHELL
6.4 THIRD CUBE AT 25 % COCONUT SHELL
6.5 FOURTH CUBE AT 35 % COCONUT SHELL
6.6 TABLE OF MATERIALS QUANTITY
7. CONCLUSION
8. PHOTO GALLERY
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Cement
3.2 M-sand
3.3 coarse aggregates
3.4 Coconut shell pieces
3.5 composition of coconut shell
4.1 preparation of coconut shell pieces
5.1 fineness of cement
5.2 before and after immersion of 24 hours
5.3 weight of m-sand with container
5.4 after 24 hours immersion
5.5 observation
5.6 containers
6.1 cubes preparation
6.2 first concrete cube
6.3 second concrete cube
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6.4 third concrete cube

6.5 fourth concrete cube
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is worlds most widely used construction material. The utilization of
concrete is increasing at a higher rate due to development in infrastructure and
construction activities all around the world However there are some negative impacts of
more production of concrete like continuous extensive extraction of aggregate from natural
resources will lead to its depletion and ecological imbalance Researchers are in search of
replacing coarse aggregate to make concrete less expensive and to lead sustainable
development This environmental reason has generated a lot of concern in the construction
world. The use of sugarcane bagasse wooden chips, plastic waste, textile waste,
polyethylene, rice husk ash, rubber tyres, vegetable fibers, paper and pulp industry waste,
groundnut shell, waste glass, broken, bricks are some examples of replacing aggregates in
concrete.
The exponential growth rate of population (Loehr RC .1984),

development of industry and technology, and the growth of social
civilisation would be considered as the underlying factors that have
causes the increased waste production. Recently, the importance of
countermeasures to deal with waste materials has been pointed out,
because such materials continue to increases in each and every year. The
use of alternative aggregate has become necessity for the construction
industry because of the economic, environmental and technological
benefits derived from their use.
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benefits derived from their use
The continues growth rate of population development of industry and technology,
and the growth of social civilisation would be considered as the underlying factors that
have causes the increased waste production recently, the importance of countermeasures to
deal with waste materials has been pointed out, because such materials continue to
increase in each and every year. The use of alternative aggregate has become necessity for
the construction industry because of the economic, environmental and technological
One such alternative is coconut shell (CS), which is a form of agricultural solid
waste. It is one of the most promising agro wastes with its possible uses as coarse
aggregate in the production of concrete. This has good potential to use in areas where
crushed stones are costly. Statistical data of coconut production shows that, India is
producing nearly 27% of total world production and the annual production of coconut is
reported to be more than 12 million tons. Presently the coconut shell waste being used for
making mosquito coils, agarpathies, etc. Only few studies have been reported on use of
coconut shells as aggregate in concrete.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
To study and analyse the engineering properties of coconut shell to use it as an
alternate eco-friendly material in producing cost effective building blocks or concrete.
To study and evaluate the strength and properties of coconut shell based concrete
building block M20 grade with varying % of coconut shell and coarse aggregate hollow
and filled blocks with various options of shells orientations to understand capability to use
a filler/composite/reinforcement material.
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1.3 COCONUT PRODUCTION
It is an agricultural biodegradable waste found in most of tropical countries

especially in Asia. India manufacture 15,730 million nuts annually, which is next to
Indonesia with 16,498 million. Coconut shells dumped improperly to the environment
provide breeding places for disease vectors such as rats and mosquitoes. It is a light
weight material which is becoming much popular nowadays because of its easy handling
and low dead loads. It is a good alternative to wood and helps to prevent deforestation and
also inexpensive. Coconut shell exhibits more resistance against crushing, impact and,
compared to crushed granite aggregate. Coconut shell can be grouped under lightweight
aggregate. There is no need to treat the coconut shell before use as an aggregate except
water absorption. Coconut shell is compatible with the cement. Coconut shell aggregate is
a potential construction material and simultaneously reduces the environmental problem of
solid waste and is readily available at a lower cost than normal aggregates.
1.4 BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE WITH COCONUT SHELL
Coconut shell as composite materials to produce structural concrete. The use of this
shell has brought benefits in term of economic and environmental. The ultimate bond
strength of coconut shell as aggregate concrete under all type of curing condition was
much higher compared to the theoretical bond strength as per IS 456. bonding between
cement paste and coconut shell shows that the bond appears to be better. The shear
behaviour of coconut shell concrete is comparable to that of other lightweight concretes.
The result of concrete compression strain and steel tension strain showed that coconut shell
concrete is able to achieve its full strain capacity under shear loadings.
1.5 COCONUT SHELL AS AN AGGREGATE
The use of coconut shell as an aggregate in not a common practice among the
people, particularly in areas where concrete is required for load bearing wall. Concrete
using Coconut Shell aggregates resulted in acceptable strength required for structural
concrete. Coconut Shell may offer itself as a coarse aggregate as well as a potential
construction material in the field of construction industries and this would solve the
environmental problem of reducing the generation of solid wastes simultaneously. Coconut
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shell coarse aggregate is compatible with concrete as it required no treatment before

making concrete. The concrete obtained using coconut shell as a coarse aggregate satisfy
the minimum requirement of concrete, as it is giving acceptable strength which is required
for structural concrete. It has also making reduction in disposal waste as well as in cost of
construction.
It has smooth surface on one side which presents concrete better workability.
Coconut shell concrete shows good impact resistance. But the water absorbing and
moisture retaining capacity of coconut shell is more, as compared to natural aggregate.
Density of coconut shell is in the range of 550-650 kg/m3 and these are within the
specified limits for light weight aggregate. Hydration test on coconut shell fines with
cement indicates that the inhibitory index for coconut shell fines with cement can be
classified as low and no pre-treatment is required. Coconut shell-cement ratio has been
optimized to satisfy the criteria of structural light weight concrete. Coconut shell
aggregates are potential candidates for the development of new composites because of
their high strength and modulus properties. An approximate value of coconut shell density
is 1.60 g/cm3.
1.6 LIGHT WEIGHT COCNRETE
It is typically made by incorporating natural or synthetic lightweight aggregates or

by entraining air into a concrete mixture. Coconut shell exhibits more resistance against
crushing, impact and abrasion, compared to crushed granite aggregate. Coconut shell can
be grouped under lightweight aggregate. There is no need to treat the coconut shell before
use as an aggregate except for water absorption. Coconut shell is compatible with the
cement. The 28-day air-dry densities of coconut shell aggregate concrete are less than
2000 kg/m3 and these are within the range of structural lightweight concrete.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Coconut is grown in over 93 countries in the world. Coconut shells presents serious
disposal problems for local environment and is an agricultural waste from coconut
industries. Countries having abundant coconut shell waste can use this as a potential
12
building material in the construction industry. This will dispose the waste coconut shells
and reduce the cost of construction. Aggregates are an essential element of concrete used
as a filler material to prevent shrinkage and provide stiffness.
Researchers have done various studies to find suitable alternatives for natural
aggregates. Coconut shell has high strength properties and high lignin content making
weather resistant. Coconut shell has a low cellulose content because of which it absorb less
moisture as compare to other agriculture waste and can be used in concrete as aggregates.
A previous study concluded that the coconut shells can be used as a lightweight aggregate
for concrete to reduce cost and dispose abundant agricultural waste. It was also found out
that the strength of concrete reduces as the percentage of coconut shell aggregate
increases. A study using the coconut shell as aggregate found out that by replacing 50%
aggregate by broken coconut shells there is a reduction in cost between 9% to 11% and
small reduction of strength between 10% to 20%. Some researchers have used coconut
shells as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate and found out that as the percentage of
coconut shells increase the compressive strength decreases but the overall cost also
reduces. They have further concluded that coconut shell can be used where lightweight
concrete is required which will also protect the environment. Another study found out that
the combination of coconut shell as coarse aggregate and the broken palm kernel shells as
fine aggregate in concrete reduce the material cost in construction.
Some studies have used broken coconut shell as a substitute for fine and coarse
aggregate in hollow concrete blocks. In a study, researchers have used broken coconut
shells and coconut fibre as a partial replacement of aggregate for making hollow concrete
blocks and found out that appropriate coconut shell content produced workable concrete
with satisfactory strength. Further studies have found out that the compressive strength of
hollow concrete blocks with the coconut shell and fibre attained was higher than the
commercially available ones and their resistance to thermal conductivity was also better.
CHAPTER-3
MATERIALS
MATERIALS USED ARE
 CEMENT
 M-SAND
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 COARSE AGGREGATE
 COCONUT SHELLS
3.1 CEMENT
f.g 3.1 Cement
Cement is a binding material used in the construction industry, cement generally

refers to a very fine powdery substance chiefly made up of limestone, sand or clay,
bauxite, and iron ore, and may include shells, chalk, marl, shale, clay blast furnace slag,
salts.
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the
binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind
are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and
hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the
cement compounds with water that yields sub microscopic crystals or a gel-like material
with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements,
which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most
important of these is Portland cement.
This article surveys the historical development of cement, its manufacture from
raw materials, its composition and properties, and the testing of those properties. The focus
is on Portland cement, but attention also is given to other types, such as slag-containing
cement and high-alumina cement. Construction cements share certain
chemical constituents and processing techniques with ceramic products such as brick and
tile, abrasives, and refractories. For detailed description of one of the principal applications
of cement, see the article building construction.
3.1.1 COMPOSITION
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Portland cement consists essentially of compounds of lime (calcium oxide, CaO)

mixed with silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and alumina (aluminium oxide, Al2O3). The lime
is obtained from a calcareous (lime-containing) raw material, and the other oxides are
derived from an argillaceous (clayey) material. Additional raw materials such as
silica sand, iron oxide (Fe2O3), and bauxite—containing hydrated aluminium, Al(OH)3—
may be used in smaller quantities to get the desired composition.
3.1.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

 Tricalcium silicate
 Dicalcium silicate
 Tricalcium aluminate
 Tetra calcium aluminate
 Magnesia (MGA)
 Sulphur trioxide
 Ferric oxide
 Alkalise
 Silica fume
 Alumina
3.1.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Fineness
 Setting time
 Soundness
 Compressive strength
 Standard sand
 Heat of hydration
 Specific gravity
 Hydration of cement
 Water requirement for hydration
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3.2 M-SAND
f.g 3.2 M-sand

Manufactured sand (M-Sand) is an additional of river sand for concrete structures.
Manufactured sand is created as rigid granite stone by crushing. The crushed sand is of
cubical form with grounded boundaries, washed and classified as a building material. The
extent of manufactured sand (M-Sand) is a reduced amount of 4.75 mm.
M-Sand is artificial sand manufactured from crushing hard gravel into minor sand-
sized angular moulded units, wash away as well as excellently graded to be used as
building aggregate. It is a greater substitute for River Sand for building purposes.
Manufactured Sand (M-sand) is the utmost mutual alternative of river sand, which has
previously added importance in approximately of the southern States. It is manufactured
by crushing of rocks, quarry stones to a required size of 150 microns. To reach the
essential grain size, present rougher hard rock deposits are crushed in a sequence of
crushers and the crushed material is separated into dissimilar portions as suitable to
numerous building actions. The sand acquired over this procedure is more advanced by
eliminating fine particles and impurities finished sieving and washing.
The bulk density as well as specific gravity of together are similar as well as the
chemical features and strength of M-sand are comparable to that of river sand as per IS-
383. M-sand has a silt content of about 0.2% and water absorption of 1.6%, as associated
with 0.45% and 1.15% correspondingly, in river sand
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3.2.1 PROPERTIES OF M-SAND

 The shape of crushed sand is cubical and angular and has a rough texture and hence it
is better for concrete
 It does not contain silt as it is manufactured by crushing aggregate however of
screening is not proper sometimes it may contain some dust.
 It doesn't contain any moisture
 When it is used in concrete the setting time of concrete is comparatively faster.
 The bulk density of crushed sand is 1.75 gm/cecum
 The specific gravity of crushed sand is 2.5 to 2.9 and It depends on parent rock.
 It has less adulteration than the sand of the river
 It does less harm to the atmosphere than to real sand.
 It is of higher quality than natural sand since it is produced in a managed climate.
3.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
f.g 3.3 coarse aggregates

There are many building materials which are used in
the construction industry. Coarse Aggregate is one of the most important and massively
used building material in the Construction Industry. Aggregate is one of the most
important component parts of the concrete. Coarse Aggregates gives volume to the
Concrete. Coarse Aggregates in concrete provides body and strength to the concrete and
acts as a filler material which will give the homogeneous mass of the concrete. Coarse
aggregates are used in every Construction projects which includes the construction of
roads, Buildings, Railway Tracks etc.
Coarse Aggregate in concrete was considered as chemically inactive and acts as a

filler material only. The coarse aggregates are used for the manufacturing of mortar and
17
concrete. In this article, you will get to know all about coarse aggregates, classification of
coarse aggregate, properties of the coarse aggregates and the different tests which are
performed on the Coarse Aggregates.
3.3.1 REQUIREMENTS OF AGGREGATES
 The coarse aggregate should be durable.

 The coarse aggregate should be hard and strong.
 It should be clean and free from the dust and organic materials otherwise it will reduce
the bonding of the aggregate with concrete.
 The aggregates should not react with the cement after mixing.
 Coarse aggregates should not be soft and porous.
 Coarse Aggregates should not absorb water by more than 5%.
 Aggregates should be chemically inert.
 The shape is of the aggregate preferably cubical or spherical.
3.3.2 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES
 Grading
 Durability
 Particles shapes and surface texture
 Abrasion and skid resistance
 Unit weight and voids
 Absorption and surface moisture
3.4 COCONUT SHELL
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f.g 3.4 Coconut shell pieces

Coconut shell is used as composite material in concrete because of the
characteristics found in it better than material that commonly used in production of
concrete. Coconut shell has high strength and modules properties along with the added
advantage of high lignin content. The shell also absorb less moisture due to its low
cellulose content. The surface texture of the coconut shell was fairly smooth on concave
and rough on concave faces. Coconut shells are fairly enough to get workability same or
better than normal material used in concrete.
3.4.1 COMPOSITION OF COCONUT SHELL
f.g 3.5 composition of coconut shell
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Coir waste has a high lignin (30-31%) and cellulose (26.8%) content. Its carbon
nitrogen ratio is around 112:1. Lignin is a complex amorphous polymer of phenyl propane
which surrounds the cellulose in cell walls and is relatively inert to hydrolysis. Because of
the high lignin content left to it, coir waste takes decades to decompose.
Coir pith has a calorific value of 3975 kcal per kg close to 4200 kcal per kg of coal
and hence it can be used as fuel briquette and also in pig iron manufacture, tobacco
fluecuring, gas absorbent cotton etc.
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CHAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY
4.1 MATERIAL PREPRERATION
f.g 4.1 preparation of coconut shell pieces
Coconut shell obtained has been cleaned from impurities. Coconut shell was
broken into a small chips manually using hammer before crushed it into small pieces, The
fibrous outer parts of the nut were needed to be removed first, and then coconut shell is
crushed. Before being put it into mix, crushed coconut shell is sieved by size to be used in
concrete.
The crushed coconut shell was graded by using vibrating machine to get the
optimum size which retained on 4.75 mm sieve and passing through 20 mm sieve. In this
project, percentage of coconut shell used in concrete is 0%, 15%, 25%,and 35%. The
percentage is calculated based on the weight of coarse aggregate.
4.2 METHOD
 The coconut shells are crushed using concrete hammers to a size such that it passes
through a 20mm sieve and retained on 4.75 sieve. Crushed shells are washed to remove
fibres, mud, etc. from them.
 Coconut shell used are in saturated surface dry (SSD) condition.
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 A suitable design has been derived pressuring a moderate exposure condition for the
blocks with a mix proportion of M20(1:1.5:3) concrete using ordinary Portland cement
(OPC).
 M-sand (passing through 4.75 mm sieve) is used throughout the study.
 Crushed stone (passing through 20 mm sieve and retained on 4.75 mm sieve) is used as
coarse aggregate along with coconut shells.
 The standard cube 15cm dimension to mix prepare 15 % of replacing coconut in

aggregate concrete
 The process in replacing to 25 % and 35 % of coconut shell for analysis about 4 solid
cube with coconut shell as filler and composite in different special oriental
 And with varying number/quantity have been tested for it’s various strength parameter
such as compressive strength, split tensile strength for 7 days and 28 days curing
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CHAPTER-5
TESTS ON MATERIALS
5.1 FINENESS OF CEMENT
 The fineness of cement is a measure of the size of particles of the cement

 It is expressed in the term of specific surface area (centimeter square per gram)
 It is an important factor in determining the rate of given of strength and uniformity in
quality
f.g 5.1 fineness of cement
5.1.1 PROCEDURE
 Weigh some gram of cement [w1]

 Pass it through sieve no.9 or 90 micron sieve
 Take the weight of the cement residue [w2]. Which is left on sieve.
 Calculate the fineness of cement by knowing residue and weight of cement
That is , [w1/w2x100]
………………….%
 The value should be below 10 % it it form more, then cement is not good
CALCULATION
Fineness of cement = [w2/w1x100]%
= [(4gm /100gm) x 100]
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= 4 % is the residue of cement

= 10 % > 4 %
Hence, the cement is good for using.
5.2 FIELD TEST ON M-SAND
PROCEDURE
 Take clean bottle
 Put approximately 1/3 m sand inside the bottle
 Fill water and close the bottle
 Shake well
 Put the bottle undisturbed for 2 hours
 Take measurement, silt deposit on top [h1] , total height [h2] H1 divide by H2 x
100 should not be more than 15%.
5.3 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE
f.g 5.2
before and
after
immersion
of 24 hours
PROCEDURE
 Weigh CA with container. (take approximately 1/3 height of container let it be A

gms )
 Immerse CA in water for minimum 24 hrs

 Take out water from container and weigh container with CA let it be B gms
 Calculate water absorption in percentage
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CALCULATION
Water absorption of CA = [(B-A/A)X100]

= (213-210/210)X100
=(3/210)X100
= 1.428 %
5.4 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON M-SAND
f.g 5.3 weight of m-sand with container

Tools :- container, weighing machine,
Materials :- m sand, water
OBSERVATION
1. Weight of m sand with container [A] = 206 gms

2. Weight of m sand with container [after immersion of 48 hours]
[B] = 227 gms
PROCEDURE
25
1] Weigh m sand with container [take approximately 1/3 height of container] let it be A
gms.
2] Immerse m sand in water container for minimum 24 hours
3] Take out water from container and weigh container with m sand let it be B gms
4] Calculate water absorption in percentage
CALCULATION
Water absorption for m-sand = [(B-A)/A] X 100
= [(227-206)/206] x 100
= 10.19 %
The m-sand is absorbed 10. 19 % of water
5.5 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COCONUT SHELL
f.g 5.4 after 24 hours immersion

Tools :- container, weighing machine,
Materials :- coconut shell , water
OBSERVATION
• Weight of coconut shell with container [A] :- 100 gms
• Weight of coconut shell with container after

24 hours immersion [B] :- 104 gms
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f.g 5.5 observation

5.6 SPECIFIC
GRAVITY TEST ON
COCONUT SHELL
f.g 5.5 containers

Tools :-pycnometer, bowl, weighing machine, measuring jar
Materials :- coconut shell, water
OBSERVATION
1. Weight of pycnometer [W1] = 57 gms
2. Weight of pycnometer + coconut shell nearly half [W2] = 93 gms
3. Weight of pycnometer + coconut shell + water [W3] = 190 gms
4. Weight of pycnometer + water at neck level [W4] = 196 gms
PROCEDURE
 Take empty weight of pycnometer which must be cleaned and dried. Let it be W1
gms
 Fill the pycnometer with coconut shell [nearly half of the bottle]. Let it be W2 gms
 Fill water to the pycnometer up to the neck which contains coconut shells. Let it be
W3 gms
27
 Empty the pycnometer. And fill water up to neck level and weigh. Let it be W4 gms
 Calculate the specific gravity of coconut shell.
CALCULATION
Specific gravity of coconut shell = [W2 – W1] / [W2 - W1] – [W4 - W3]
= [0.093 – 0.057] / [ 0.093-0.057] – [0.196-
0.190]
= [0.036] / [0.036] – [0.006]
= 1.2 kg/m3 is specific gravity of coconut shells
CHAPTER-6
PREPERATION OF CUBES
6.1 GENERAL
f.g 6.1 cubes preparation

There are three mixes were employed. Frist, contain mix which is concrete without
coconut shell was made by using a basic materials such as OPC cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate and water. Normal concrete sample is made as comparative experiments
between coconut shell concrete. Then, mix of concrete added with 15%,25% and 35%
coconut shell was made.
28
6.2 FIRST CUBE AT CONTAINS 0% COCONUT SHELL
f.g 6.2 first concrete cube

Tools :- travel, bowl, measuring jar, mould , weighing machine, tamping rod, tray,
Materials :- cement, sand , aggregate ,water
OBSERVATION
1. Weight of cement [WC] = 1.4175 kg
2. Weight of fine aggregate [WFE] = 2.126 kg
3. Weight of coarse aggregate [WCA] = 4.252 kg
4. Weight of water [WW] = 0.708 litre
PROCEDURE
 Take 1.417 kg of cement, 2.126 kg fine aggregate 4.252 kg of coarse aggregate and
0.708 litre of water
 Spread coarse aggregate in a tray and then put fine aggregate mix them thoroughly.
 Add cement to the materials in a tray and mix it thoroughly with the materials.
 Add water carefully and prepare standard cement concrete mix
 Prepare cement concrete cube by pouring cement concrete mix in 15x15x15 cm mould
before pouring the materials inside surface of mould must be coated with grease or
machine oil.
 After 24 hrs remove concrete cube, and kept for curing.
CALCULATION
Taking m20 grade concrete
29
1:1.5:3
Volume of mould = 0.15x0.15x0.15 cum
= 0.0003375 cum
54% shrinkage factor
=[0.003375x 54/100]+0.003375
= 0.0051975 cum
MATERIALS
1] cement = [0.0051975/[1+1.5+3]]x1
= 0.00945 cum
= 0.00945x30 [.`. 1 cum = 30 bags ]
= 0.02835 bags
= 0.02835x50 [ .`. 1 bag = 50 kg ]
=1.4175 kg of cement is required.
2] m sand = 1.4175x1.5
=2.126 kg
3] coarse aggregate = 1.4175x3
= 4.252 kg
W/C = 0.5
w = 0.5 x c
w = 0.5 x 1.4175
= 0.708 litre = 708 ml
Since m sand is absorbing water by ……% that quantity of water is extra added.
6.3 PREPERATION OF SECOND CUBE CONTAINS 15 % OF COCONUT SHELL
30
f.g 6.3 second concrete cube

Tools :- travel, bowl, measuring jar, mould , weighing machine, tamping rod, tray, UTM
machine
OBSERVATION
4. Weight of coconut shells [WCS] = 0.637 kg
PROCEDURE
 Take 1.417 kg of cement, 2.126 kg fine aggregate 3.615 kg of coarse aggregate, 0.637
kg of coconut shells and …… litre of water
 Spread coarse aggregate and coconut shells in a tray and then put fine aggregate mix
them thoroughly.
machine oil.
 After 24 hrs remove concrete cube, come out put it in water for 7 days and test the
cube in UTM machine and calculate the compressive strength.
CALCULATION
1:1.5:3
= 0.0003375 cum
=[0.003375x 54/100]+0.003375
= 0.0051975 cum
31
MATERIALS
1] cement = [0.0051975/[1+1.5+3]]x1
= 0.00945 cum
= 0.00945x30 [.`. 1 cum = 30 bags ]
= 0.02835 bags
= 0.02835x50 [ .`. 1 bag = 50 kg ]
2] m sand = 1.4175x1.5
=2.126 kg
3] coconut shell = 1.417x3 = [4.252x15/100]
= 0.637 kg coconut shell
4] coarse aggregate = [1.417 x 3] – 0.637
= 4.252-0.637
= 3.615 kg
W/C = 0.6
w = 0.6 x 1.417
w = 0.850 litre = 850 ml
since m sand and coconut shells are absorbing the water of ….% ,…..% of water should be
extra added.
6.4 PREPERATION OF THIRD CUBE AT 25 % COCONUT SHELL
32
f.g 6.4 third concrete cube
Tools :-travel, bowl, measuring jar, mould , weighing machine, tamping rod, tray, UTM
machine
OBSERVATION
PROCEDURE
 Take 1.417 kg of cement, 2.126 kg fine aggregate 3.189 kg of coarse aggregate, 1.063
kg of coconut shells and 0.992 litre of water
 Spread coarse aggregate and coconut shells in a tray and then put fine aggregate mix
them thoroughly.
machine oil.
 After 24 hrs remove concrete cube, and kept for curing.
CALCULATION
1:1.5:3
= 0.0003375 cum
=[0.003375x 54/100]+0.003375
= 0.0051975 cum
33
MATERIALS
1] cement = [0.0051975/[1+1.5+3]]x1
= 0.00945 cum
= 0.00945x30 [.`. 1 cum = 30 bags ]
= 0.02835 bags
= 0.02835x50 [ .`. 1 bag = 50 kg ]
2] m sand = 1.4175x1.5
=2.126 kg
3] coconut shell = 1.417 x 3 = 4.252 x 25/100
= 1.063 kg
= 3.189 kg
WC = 0.7
w = 0.7 x 1.417
w = 0.9922 litre = 992 ml
.`. increasing 10 % of water because the volume of coconut is more and less weight.
Water quantity = 1.091 litre = 1091 ml
6.5 PREPERATION OF FOURTH CUBE AT 35 % OF COCONUT SHELL
f.g 6.5 fourth concrete cube

Tools :-travel, bowl, measuring jar, mould , weighing machine, tamping rod, tray,
34

OBSERVATION
PROCEDURE
 Take 1.417 kg of cement, 2.126 kg fine aggregate 2.764 kg of coarse aggregate,
1.488 kg of coconut shells and 1.133 litre of water
 Spread coarse aggregate and coconut shells in a tray and then put fine aggregate
mix them thoroughly.
 Prepare cement concrete cube by pouring cement concrete mix in 15x15x15 cm
mould before pouring the materials inside surface of mould must be coated with
grease or machine oil.
 After 24 hrs remove concrete cube and kept for curing.
CALCULATION
1:1.5:3
= 0.0003375 cum
=[0.003375x 54/100]+0.003375
= 0.0051975 cum
MATERIALS
1] cement = [0.0051975/[1+1.5+3]]x1
= 0.00945 cum
= 0.00945x30 [.`. 1 cum = 30 bags ]
= 0.02835 bags
35
= 0.02835x50 [ .`. 1 bag = 50 kg ]

2] m sand = 1.4175x1.5
=2.126 kg
3] coconut shell = 1.417 x 3 = 4.252 x 35/100
= 1.488 kg
= 2.764 kg
WC = 0.7
W = 0.7 x 1.417
W = 0.991 litre = 991 ml
Increasing 20 % of water because the volume of coconut is more and less weight
Water quantity = 1.190 litres = 1190 ml
6.6 MATERIALS TABLE
COARSE COCONUT
CEMEN M SAND WATER
AGG SHELL W/C
T [KG] [KG] [LITRE]
[KG] [KG]
0% 1.417 2.126 4.252 0 0.5 0.708
15% 1.417 2.126 3.615 0.637 0.6 0.850
25% 1.417 2.126 3.189 1.063 0.7 0.992
35% 1.417 2.126 2.764 1.488 0.8 1.133
TOTAL CEMENT QUANTITY USED IN PROJECT = 6 KG

TOTAL M-SAND QUANTITY USED IN PROJECT = 9 KG
TOTAL COARSE AGGREGATES USED IN PROJECT = 14 KG
TOTAL COCONUT SHELL USED IN PROJECT = 3.5 KG
36
37
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
Coconut shell concrete is also classified as structural lightweight concrete. It is concluded

that the Coconut Shells are more suitable as low strength-giving lightweight aggregate
when used to replace common coarse aggregate in concrete production.
From this experiment it was concluded that,
 The agricultural waste that is coconut shells are used as a part of concrete.
 By using coconut shell we can prepare light weight concrete elements.
 Concrete cost can be reduces, due to replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut
shell.
 It is applicable where coconut waste is more produced.
REFERENCES
 Google search, online browsing, Wikipedia and YouTube videos,
 Old journals of seniors,
 Material testing lab journal
38
CHAPTER-8
PHOTO GALARY
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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COCONUT SHELL

AGGREGATE CONCRETE BLOCK

JANATA SHIKSHANA SAMITI’S

K.H.KABBUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

(DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION)

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Date : 22-09-2021 Name : MANJUNATH B

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

VEERABHADRA K BHARANI ARUN M PATIL

I take this opportunity to express sense of gratitude to MR. ARUNKUMAR

I take this opportunity to express my respect and gratitude to MR. V N DESAI.

I take opportunity to express my deepest sense of gratitude to SHANTIRAJ D

I also acknowledge my gratitude to ALL THE STAFF MEMBERS OF CIVIL

5.5 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COCONUT SHELL

6.4 third concrete cube

The exponential growth rate of population (Loehr RC .1984),

benefits derived from their use.

1.3 COCONUT PRODUCTION

It is an agricultural biodegradable waste found in most of tropical countries

1.4 BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE WITH COCONUT SHELL

1.5 COCONUT SHELL AS AN AGGREGATE

shell coarse aggregate is compatible with concrete as it required no treatment before

1.6 LIGHT WEIGHT COCNRETE

It is typically made by incorporating natural or synthetic lightweight aggregates or

f.g 3.1 Cement

Cement is a binding material used in the construction industry, cement generally

Portland cement consists essentially of compounds of lime (calcium oxide, CaO)

3.1.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

f.g 3.2 M-sand

3.2.1 PROPERTIES OF M-SAND

3.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

f.g 3.3 coarse aggregates

Coarse Aggregate in concrete was considered as chemically inactive and acts as a

3.3.1 REQUIREMENTS OF AGGREGATES

 The coarse aggregate should be durable.

3.3.2 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES

 Particles shapes and surface texture

 Abrasion and skid resistance

 Unit weight and voids

 Absorption and surface moisture

3.4 COCONUT SHELL

f.g 3.4 Coconut shell pieces

3.4.1 COMPOSITION OF COCONUT SHELL

f.g 3.5 composition of coconut shell

f.g 4.1 preparation of coconut shell pieces

 Coconut shell used are in saturated surface dry (SSD) condition.

 M-sand (passing through 4.75 mm sieve) is used throughout the study.

 The standard cube 15cm dimension to mix prepare 15 % of replacing coconut in

 The fineness of cement is a measure of the size of particles of the cement

f.g 5.1 fineness of cement

 Weigh some gram of cement [w1]

= 4 % is the residue of cement

 Put approximately 1/3 m sand inside the bottle

 Fill water and close the bottle

 Put the bottle undisturbed for 2 hours

5.3 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE

 Weigh CA with container. (take approximately 1/3 height of container let it be A

 Immerse CA in water for minimum 24 hrs