Name: ______________________________________ Date Performed:______________________

Group No.:___________________________________ Rating:______________________________

ACTIVITY 7

PRICING OF DRUGS

I. Objectives:
At the end of the activity, the students can:
1. Observe and document Hospital Pharmacy's drug pricing process for understanding.
2. Learn and apply medicine pricing fundamentals in drug price computation.

II. Materials:
• Notepad and pen
• Calculator
• Laptop or access to a computer for research
• Presentation materials (slides, projector)

III. Learning Activity:

1. Research and Observation of Drug Pricing Process:

a. Form small groups of students.
b. Visit a Hospital Pharmacy or use online resources to observe the process of drug pricing.
c. During your visit or research, carefully observe the pharmacist's role in determining drug prices.
Take notes on the steps involved and factors considered.
d. Document your observations in a clear and organized manner, noting down key points and insights.

2. Fundamentals of Medicine Pricing Discussion:

a. Gather all groups in the classroom.
b. Listen to the instructor's discussion on the fundamental concepts of medicine pricing, including
research and development costs, manufacturing expenses, market dynamics, and ethical
considerations.
c. Participate in the discussion by sharing any observations from your Pharmacy visit or research that
align with these concepts.

3. Computation of Drug Pricing:

a. Receive a hypothetical drug scenario with production costs, market data, and regulatory fees.
b. In your groups, collaborate to calculate the appropriate selling price for the given drug. Apply the
pricing fundamentals you've learned.
c. Use a calculator and ensure your calculations are accurate and well-reasoned.
d. Prepare a brief summary of your calculations and the reasoning behind them.

4. Presentation of Findings:
a. As a group, create a concise presentation summarizing your observations from the drug pricing
process, your understanding of pricing fundamentals, and your calculated drug prices.
b. Use visual aids (slides, charts, graphs) to enhance the clarity of your presentation.
c. Practice your presentation to ensure it is clear, well-structured, and within the allotted time.
IV. CASE ANALYSIS:
V. QUESTIONS

1. What are the various methods and formulas for pricing pharmacy services and goods? Give an
example of each method's computation.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________
2. Which approach do you believe is the most effective?

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__________________________

3. What factors are considered when determining the price of a pharmacy product or service?

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__________________________

Conclusion:
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_____________________________________________________________________________________

References:
Name: ______________________________________ Date Performed:______________________

Group No.:___________________________________ Rating:______________________________

ACTIVITY NO. 8
MEDICATION DISPENSION OF INTRAVENOUS ADMIXTURES

I. Objectives:
By the end of this lab activity, you should be able to:

• Understand the significance of compounding pharmacies in IV admixture services.

• Observe and identify common IV admixtures being prepared in a compounding pharmacy.
• List the essential guidelines for accurately preparing IV admixtures and additive solutions.

II. Introduction
Intravenous (IV) admixtures play a crucial role in delivering medications to patients,
particularly in critical care settings. The accuracy and precision of preparing IV admixtures are
essential to ensure patient safety and effective treatment outcomes. In this lab activity, you will have
the opportunity to observe the process of IV admixture preparation in a compounding pharmacy and
learn the guidelines for proper preparation.

III. Materials:

• Lab notebook
• Pen or pencil
• TPN
• Needles and Syringes
• Laptop (for videos)
• Vials
• IV fluids
IV. Procedure:

Part 1:
Role of Compounding Pharmacy in IV Admixture Service
Classroom Discussion: Begin the lab session with a brief discussion about the role of compounding
pharmacies in IV admixture services. Highlight how these pharmacies ensure the accurate
preparation of IV medications to meet specific patient needs.

Part 2:
Observation of IV Admixtures Preparation
Group Formation: Each group will be assigned a specific type of IV admixture to observe.
Observation at the Compounding Pharmacy:
Group Task: Visit the compounding pharmacy area as assigned and observe the preparation of the
specified IV admixture.

Observation Notes: While observing, take notes in your lab notebook about the following:
• Equipment and tools used
• Sequence of steps in the preparation process
• Any safety measures or aseptic techniques employed
• Interaction between pharmacy personnel during the process

TPN admixture: https://youtu.be/IGnwzdRe7KQ

Chemotherapy Admixture: https://youtu.be/wloRaQViU3g
https://youtu.be/StR8tCBv-go
Antibiotic infusion: https://youtu.be/UhWFn0OFjRk

Part 3:
Guidelines for IV Admixture Preparation
Group Discussion:
Return to the classroom and reconvene with your group members.
Discussion: Share your observations from the pharmacy visit and discuss any notable aspects of the
IV admixture preparation process you observed.
Guidelines Presentation:
The instructor will present (via actual preparation or video) a set of guidelines for the accurate
preparation of IV admixtures and additive solutions.
Pay close attention to each guideline as it is discussed.
Guidelines Summary:
After the presentation, each group should collaborate to create a summary of the guidelines
discussed.
Group Task: In your lab manual, list down the key guidelines for IV admixture preparation.

A. Output:

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B.Illustrate the steps of IV admixture:

QUESTIONS

1. What is an Additive Solution?

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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

2. What are IV Admixture? Give examples.

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__________________________

3. What are the benefits of preparing IV admixtures in a centralized pharmacy?

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__________________________
4. What are the typical IV admixtures that the compound pharmacy is preparing.

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_________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

References:

Name: ______________________________________ Date Performed:______________________

Group No.:___________________________________ Rating:______________________________

ACTIVITY NO. 9

EFFECTIVE PATIENT DRUG INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION IN

PHARMACY PRACTICE

I. Objectives:
By the end of this lab activity, you should be able to:
1. To understand the importance of accurate recording and documentation in pharmacy
practice.
2. To familiarize students with proper procedures for recording and maintaining patient drug-
related information.

II. Introduction:
In the dynamic field of pharmacy, meticulous record-keeping is a cornerstone of effective patient
care. This instructional material will immerse you in the art of precise drug information
documentation, equipping you with skills vital for your role as a responsible and proficient
pharmacy practitioner.

III. Materials
IV. Procedure

Section 1: The Crucial Role of Documentation

Explore why accurate documentation is indispensable for patient safety, legal compliance, seamless
healthcare communication, and informed decision-making within interdisciplinary teams.
Question for Reflection:
Why do you think accurate documentation is crucial in pharmacy practice, and how can it impact
patient safety and the overall quality of healthcare?

Section 2: Mastering Various Record-Keeping Books

1. Prescription Book:
Provide pictures or diagrams illustrating how the Prescription Book is structured, and
define its purpose in recording dispensed medications accurately.
2. Additional Opium Book:
Present images depicting the Additional Opium Book, along with a clear definition of its
role in recording opium-based prescriptions and ensuring regulatory compliance.
3. Dangerous Drug Book:
Display visuals of the Dangerous Drug Book and explain its critical role in documenting
controlled substances to prevent misuse.
4. Poison Book:
Showcase images of the Poison Book and elucidate its function in providing immediate
access to antidotes, thus potentially saving lives in poison-related emergencies.
5. Exempt Preparation Book:
Offer visual examples of the Exempt Preparation Book and define its purpose in
accurately documenting preparations not covered by other categories.
6. BFAD Special Record Book:
Display images representing the BFAD Special Record Book and explain its significance
in maintaining records for medications with specific requirements.

Section 3: Reporting and Ensuring Security

1. Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions:
Engage in a group discussion about the process of reporting adverse drug reactions,
emphasizing its importance in continuous medication safety monitoring.
2. Drug Dispensing Book (DDB) Report and Yellow Prescription Forms (DD):
Encourage students to collaborate and explain the intricacies of DDB reporting and the
secure storage of yellow prescription forms to prevent unauthorized access.
3. Securing Ordinary Prescriptions:
Lead a group discussion where students discuss and explain strategies for maintaining the
confidentiality and organization of ordinary prescription records.

Learning Activity: Analyzing a Patient's Medication Chart

Provide a patient medication chart with the following components:
• Patient's demographic information
• Medical diagnosis or condition
• List of prescribed medications (name, strength, dosage form, regimen)
• Administration instructions
• Potential drug interactions or contraindications
• Monitoring parameters
• Prescribing healthcare provider's signature.

In groups, discuss and explain each part of the provided medication chart. Analyze how accurate
documentation in each section contributes to patient safety and overall healthcare quality.

Output:
I. Section 1:
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II. Section 2:
Section 3: Reporting and Ensuring Security
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Learning Activity: Analyzing a Patient's Medication Chart

Learning Questions:

1. What are the different types of ADRs?

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2. What are considered examples of adverse drug events and reactions?

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3. How to Report an ADR?

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4. How long hospital records are kept?

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Conclusion:
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References:

Name: ______________________________________ Date Performed:______________________

Group No.:___________________________________ Rating:______________________________

ACTIVITY 10
HOSPITAL EMERGENCY CRASH CART

I. Objectives:
By the end of this lab activity, you should be able to:
1. To recognize the significance of a well-stocked crash cart in a hospital emergency setting.
2. To gain practical familiarity with the essential components and organization of a crash cart.

II. Introduction:
In critical medical emergencies, the crash cart serves as a vital repository of life-saving medications
and equipment. This activity provides an immersive opportunity for you to grasp the pivotal role of a
properly stocked crash cart and its impact on patient care during crises.

III. Materials:
§ Crash Cart Stocking Diagram Templates (Printed or Digital)
§ Markers, Colored Pencils, or Digital Drawing Tools
§ Reference Materials (Textbooks, Handouts)
§ Projector and Screen (for Instructor)
§ Emergency Scenario Prompts
§ Presentation Space (Physical or Digital)
§ Discussion Prompts or Questions
§ Access to Healthcare Guidelines (if available)
§ Note-taking Materials
§ Facilitator's Guide
§ Visual Aids (Optional)
§ Group Collaboration Tools (if applicable)
IV. Procedures:
1.Understanding Crash Cart Components:
• Engage in a conversation with your instructor about the key components integral to a crash
cart.
• Take comprehensive notes on the intended usage and importance of each component,
considering their applicability across various emergency scenarios.

2.Creating a Crash Cart Stocking Diagram:

• Utilizing the provided template of a crash cart, craft a clear and detailed crash cart stocking
diagram.
• Whether working individually or in groups, ensure your diagram is meticulously labeled.
Include medication names, quantities, equipment placements, and any pertinent particulars.
• Prioritize the organization of your diagram to facilitate efficient access during critical
moments.

3. Presentation and Collaborative Discussion:

• Each group or individual will present their crash cart stocking diagram to the class.
• Articulate the reasoning behind your selection of items for the crash cart and elaborate on
the specific components you incorporated.
• Engage in an interactive dialogue with your peers, comparing and contrasting the content of
different diagrams.

4. Scenario-driven Application:
• Respond to a hypothetical emergency scenario provided by your instructor (e.g., cardiac
arrest, anaphylactic shock).
• Collaborate within your group or reflect individually on which items from your crash cart
diagram would be indispensable for effectively managing the given scenario.
• Analyze the sequential actions and underscore the significance of being well-acquainted with
crash cart contents in high-stress emergency situations.
DATE:__________
SCORE:_________

EMERGENCY CHART CHECKLIST/MONITORING

TOP SHELF
MEDICATIONS Qty Expiry date Qty Date w/ Remarks
used Signature

MIDDLE SHELF
MEDICATIONS Qty Expiry date Qty Date w/ Remarks
used Signature

TOP DRAWER
 MEDICATIONS Qty Expiry date Qty Date w/ Remarks
used Signature

MIDDLE DRAWER
MEDICATIONS Qty Expiry date Qty Date w/ Remarks
used Signature

LOWER DRAWER
MEDICATIONS Qty Expiry date Qty Date w/ Remarks
used Signature

Learning Questions

1. What is the function of a crash cart?

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2. How to maintain an emergency crash cart?

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3. What are the supplies that needed to be stock in a crash cart?

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4. What are the drugs need to be stocked inside the emergency crash cart?

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5. Why is it that emergency crash cart is one of the responsibilities of a pharmacist that is subject for
inventory?
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Conclusion:
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References:
Name: ______________________________________ Date Performed:______________________

Group No.:___________________________________ Rating:______________________________

ACTIVITY 11
Handling and Dispensing Ampules in Hospital Pharmacy

I. Objective:
By the end of this lab activity, you should be able to:
• To familiarize students with the proper techniques for handling and dispensing medication
from ampules in a hospital pharmacy setting.

II. Introduction:
What Is an Ampule?
An ampule is a glass storage device within which a sterile medication or solution is stored, to keep it
protected from air and contaminants. The ampule consists of the following parts: the head, neck,
shoulder and body. They come in different sizes and colors but have a similar shape. Ampules have
a colored stripe around the neck if they are pre-scored to indicate the neck has been weakened by the
manufacturer to facilitate opening. Some ampules are not pre-scored by the manufacturer, and the
neck must first be weakened (scored) with a fine file.

To get the solution out of the ampule, the ampule must be broken at the “neck”. This could cause
what is called glass particle contamination (GPC) to occur in which microscopic pieces of glass from
the broken ampule can contaminate the solution.

Parts of the Ampule

The use of a filter needle is required when drawing up medication or solution from a glass ampule.
This allows any glass particles to be filtered out of the solution before using that solution in a patient
or final product. A filter needle looks like a standard needle but contains a filter in its base (usually 5
micron). Filter needles are in sterile packaging until they are opened, not to be autoclaved after use,
and should only be used once before they are properly discarded.
III. Materials:
• Ampules of sterile liquid medications
• Syringes with appropriate sizes (1 mL, 2 mL, 5 mL)
• Needles for drawing medication from ampules
• Alcohol swabs
• Sterile gauze pads
• Safety gloves and goggles
• Workstations with proper lighting

IV. Procedure:
Proper Technique for Breaking the Ampule
Proper hand hygiene should be performed before handling medications and the neck of
the ampule should be disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol prior to breaking and allow
the alcohol to dry. It is best to wear gloves when breaking open an ampule.

1. Hold the ampule upright and tap the top to remove solution from the head space.
2. Swab the neck of the ampule with an alcohol swab.
3. Wrap the neck with an alcohol pad or gauze and grasp the top with the thumb and index finger of
one hand. With the other hand, grasp the bottom of the ampule.
4. Quickly snap the ampule moving your hands away and out from you. If the ampule
does not snap easily, rotate it slightly and try again. Do not force the ampule to break, it should
break easily.
5. Inspect the opened ampule for any particles of glass that might have fallen inside.

Withdrawing Solution from the Ampule

After breaking the ampule open, there is a chance of glass particle contaminants to have
contaminated the solution. The following steps for drawing the solution from the ampule with a
filter needle will ensure no glass particles will be in the final solution.

1. Attach a 5 micron filter needle to a syringe.

2. Tile the ampule to about a 20 degree angle.
3. Insert the needle into the ampule without touching the broken edges of the ampule neck.
4. Place the beveled edge of the needle facing down in the bottom corner of the ampule. This will
avoid pulling glass particles into the needle. Another method is to turn the ampule upside down (a
vacuum seal will form at the neck of the ampule) and the solution can be withdrawn that way.
5. Pull back plunger to withdraw solution but keep needle submerged to avoid withdrawing air into
the syringe.
6. The filter needle should then be removed and replaced the needle you would use to inject into the
final destination (does not have to be a filter needle). A filter needle can only be used in one
direction, otherwise glass particles which were originally filtered could be reintroduced. It is crucial
to remove the filter needle once the solution is withdrawn from the ampule.

Reminders
- Protect your hands from injury by wearing gloves and using a swab or towel on the neck of the
ampule before breaking it.
- Discard all pieces of the ampule and needles in a Sharps container.
- The contents of an ampule should be for immediate use and should not be stored
once opened.
- Always use a filter-needle when drawing a medication or solution from an ampule.
- Do not use the medication if the ampule shatters.
Reference: innovationcompounding.com

Photos and documentation (graded individually):

Learning Questions

1.Describe the steps involved in breaking open an ampule safely. Why is it important to inspect the
opened ampule before proceeding?
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2.Why is it crucial to remove the filter needle once the solution is withdrawn from the ampule?
What risk could arise if a filter needle is used in multiple directions?
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3.In the procedure for withdrawing solution from an ampule, why is it recommended to keep the
needle submerged during the withdrawal process? How does this practice help ensure accurate
measurement and prevent potential issues?

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Conclusion:
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References:
Materials:

Learning Activity:

CASE ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS
Conclusion:
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Reference: