0

QUAID-E-AZAM COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SAHIWAL.

AFFILIATED WITH

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Subject: Engineering Hydrology

SEMESTER: 5TH

SESSION: (2020-2024)

Submitted By: Group 04

Name Registration No
AUN HAYAT 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-37
ALI AKBAR 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-38
MUHAMMAD KALEEM ULLAH 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-39
MUHAMMAD OBAID ULLAH 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-40
MUHAMMAD AWAIS 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-41
JALEEL TARIQ 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-42
AQIB AMEEN 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-43
ADEEL HUSSAN 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-44
QUTAB-UD-DIN 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-45
HASSAN MIRZA 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-46
HAFIZ AHMAD JAMAL 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-47
UMER SHEHROZ 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-48
ZAEEM IBRAR 2020-UET-QET-SWL-CIVIL-49

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Table of Contents
Sr. No Topic Page No

01 Flood 02

02 Flood 2022in Pakistan 04

03 Flood Effects 04

04 Causes of Flood 07

05 Flood Relief Aids 08

06 High Profile People Visits 13

07 National Assembly Resolution 13

08 Conclusion, Prevents 14

09 Solved Questions 17

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Flood:
Floods are the second-most widespread natural disaster on Earth,
after wildfires. A flood is an overflow of water (or rarely other fluids) that
submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may
also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the
discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil
engineering and public health. Its opposite is drought. A drought is defined as drier
than normal conditions. This means that a drought is "a moisture deficit relative to
the average water availability at a given location and season". A drought can last
for days, months or years. Drought often exerts substantial impacts on
the ecosystems and agriculture of affected regions, and causes harm to the
local economy.

Types of Flood:
There are two basic types of floods:
1. Flash floods.
2. River floods.

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1. Flash Flood:
Flash floods generally cause greater loss of life. A flash flood occurs
when runoff from excessive rainfall causes a rapid rise in the water height (stage)
of a stream or normally-dry channel. Flash floods are more common in areas with a
dry climate and rocky terrain because lack of soil or vegetation allows torrential
rains to flow overland rather than infiltrate into the ground.

2. River Flood:
River floods generally cause greater loss of property. River flooding is
generally more common for larger rivers in areas with a wetter climate, when
excessive runoff from longer-lasting rainstorms and sometimes from melting snow
causes a slower water-level rise over a larger area. Floods also can be caused by
ice jams on a river or high tides, but most floods can be linked to a storm of some
kind.

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Flood 2022 in Pakistan:

Pakistan is at high risk from climate change and natural disasters.
Events such as earthquakes, typhoons, flooding and drought have haunted the
country for years. Long-lasting and heavy monsoon rains since June have claimed
more than 1,700 lives in large parts of Pakistan to date (as of November 2022). The
floods have affected all four of the country’s provinces and approximately 15% of
its population. Human Rights Watch has said the floods show the need for climate
action. Landslides and flash floods swept away houses, roads and bridges. In many
villages, people were cut off from all help. According to the Pakistani government,
which has declared a state of emergency, more than 33 million people have been
affected by the floods. Millions of people had to leave their homes and are now
homeless or living in emergency shelters. They have hardly any access to clean
drinking water. Their crops have been destroyed, food is scarce, hunger is looming.
The situation remains tense weeks after the disaster, with large parts of southern
Pakistan still under water. Standing water is already a breeding ground for
infectious diseases.

The flooding was the world's deadliest flood since the 2020 South
Asian floods and described as the worst in the country's history. On 25 August,
Pakistan declared a state of emergency because of the flooding.

Effects of Floos:
1. Flood in Punjab
In Punjab, 223 people died and 3,858 others suffered
injuries. In Taunsa Sharif, many settlements were submerged in floodwater. In the
historical town of Mangadotha, west of Taunsa Sharif, hundreds of houses and
livestock were swept away by flood waters. 7,200 km2 (1,780,000 acres) of
farmland were also lost. Residents of communities adjacent to flooded rivers began
to evacuate, with most families moving away. Most of the families have moved to
safer places on foot and camels while carrying only essential supplies as roads and
bridges were washed away.

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2. Flood in Azad Kashmir:

48 people died by flooding in Azad Kashmir. On 31 July, in Poonch
District, ten people died and four were injured when a roof collapsed on top of
them. Five tourists from Mianwali were swept away and later confirmed to have
been killed in Neelum Valley on 19 August.
3. Flood in Gilgit-Baltistan:
23 people died, four missed, and floods badly affected the Karakoram
Highway. Roads were closed for traffic at several places due to landslides. The
districts of Ghizer, Nagar, Diamer, Ghanche, and Astore were the worst affected.
420 homes were destroyed and 740 were damaged due to floods and
landslides. Meanwhile, the S-1 Strategic Highway also suffered erosion due to high
water flows in the Indus River. The Ishkoman Valley Road was cut off at Gutkash
due to flooding in the Ishkoman River. A bridge at Chhorbat in Ghanche
District was also flooded. Valley roads and two bridges in Nagar District were
swept away by floods. There are also reports of damage in Khanar and Bonar
in Diamer District. As of 26 August, most parts of the villages in Ghizer were
destroyed by the flood. Among these are Buber Valley, Gahkuch, and Gulmuti.
Residents were asked to evacuate the flood-affected areas. River levels are rising to
an extremely dangerous height.

Gilgit river before and after flooding. The area depicted is Canopy Nexus hotel on river view road Gilgit

4. Flood’s Effects in overall Pakistan:

 Humans and Agriculture:
1,739 people died, including 647 children, and an additional 12,867 were
injured. Over 2.1 million people were left homeless because of the floods. These
are the deadliest floods in Pakistan since 2010, when nearly 2,000 died in
flooding, and the deadliest in the world since the 2020 South Asian floods. Around
10–12% of Pakistan was flooded; the total area of standing floodwaters peaked

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between July and August at approximately 32,800 square miles

(84,952 km2). Agricultural fields were also devastated by the flooding.
The floods affected 33 million people in Pakistan and destroyed 897,014
houses and damaged another 1,391,467. More than1,164,270 livestock was killed,
most of them in the province of Balochistan, while destruction to 13,115
kilometres (8,149 mi) of roads and 439 bridges impeded access across flood-
affected areas. Over 22,000 schools were damaged or destroyed.
 Economy:
Government officials estimated at least $30 billion of reconstruction costs
and economic damage, equivalent to about 10% of GDP. A needs assessment led
by the Ministry of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives and conducted
jointly with the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the European Union (EU), the
United Nations agencies with technical facilitation by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank concluded that damages
exceed $14.9 billion. Economic losses were estimated to reach about $15.2 billion,
and estimated needs for rehabilitation and reconstruction in a resilient way are at
least $16.3 billion.
 Health Daises:
Aid workers warned that lack of clean drinking water caused an increase
in waterborne diseases, namely diarrhea, cholera, dengue, and malaria. Skin
infections caused by wet conditions have also been widely reported.
 Army Helicopter Crash:
On 1 August 2022, a Pakistan Army Aviation helicopter on flood
relief operations in the Lasbela area of Balochistan lost contact with air traffic
control. The six military personnel on board, including the commander of the XII
Corps, Lieutenant General Sarfraz Ali, died in the crash. Reports from Pakistani
authorities on their early investigations attributed the crash to poor weather
conditions, whereas Reuters reported on unverified claims from the Baloch
insurgent group "Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar" that they shot the helicopter down.

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Causes of Flood 2022:

There are many causes due to which the flood 2022 was held. It contains
natural and humans. Main causes are below:

Heavy Rain Fall:

While heavy rains have largely eased across Pakistan since August 27,
floods and landslides continue to affect millions of people, and any additional rains
in September could exacerbate humanitarian needs, relief actors report. As of early
September, the GoP Ministry of Water Resources forecasted primarily dry weather
conditions across Pakistan through September 8.

However, isolated, heavy rainfall may affect upper catchments of all major
rivers between September 4 and 6. In addition, while recorded flood levels along
major rivers have fallen in recent days, medium-to-high flood levels persist along
the Indus River—flowing southward from northern Pakistan into the Arabian Sea
—from Punjab’s Dera Ghazi Khan District to Sindh’s Jamshoro District, NDMA
reports. Low flood levels also persist along the Kabul River—flowing eastward
through KP and draining into the Indus River—near KP’s Nowshera District.
Climate Change:
The Indian Ocean is one of the fastest warming oceans in the world,
warming by an average of 1 °C (1.8 °F) (while worldwide temperatures are now at
1.2 °C (2.2 °F) above pre-industrial temperatures, oceans in general are at around
0.7 °C (1.3 °F)). The rise in sea surface temperatures is believed to increase
monsoon rainfall. In addition, southern Pakistan experienced back-to-back heat
waves in May and June, which were record-setting and themselves made more
likely by climate change. These created a strong thermal low that brought heavier
rains than usual. The heat waves also triggered glacial flooding in Gilgit-Baltistan.

Pakistan contributes less than 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions, but is

one of the places most vulnerable to climate change. A study by an international
team of climate scientists says that global heating made the flooding up to 50%
worse and future floods more likely. However, some of the contributors to the
severity of the flooding are local to the country.

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Deforestation:
The forestry sector of Pakistan is a main source of lumber, paper, fuel
wood, latex, medicine as well as food and provide ecotourism and wildlife
conservation purposes. 4.91% of Pakistan's land is covered in forest. According to
the UN in 2011, Pakistan was the most heavily deforested country in
Asia. The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued the deforestation sector
at Rs.25,637 million in 2005, thus registering over 3% decline of forests in
Pakistan since 2000. The main reasons of deforestation
are urbanization, farming, overgrazing, and tourism development. Deforestation in
Pakistan has also been a factor worsening the floods.

Flood Relief Aids:

1. Interior Aids:
 The prime minister, Shehbaz Sharif, who had decided to spearhead the relief
operation in the wake of massive floods, met international partners on 25
August who pledged to provide $500 million to the country to mitigate the
havoc wreaked by flooding.
 Army officers, federal cabinet members, and senators will donate their
one-month salary for the flood relief fund. PTCL Group, Pakistan's largest
telecom and internet services provider, announced ₨. 1.75 billion(or US$8
million) to support flood relief efforts and those affected by the floods.
 The chairman of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party and former prime
minister, Imran Khan, held a 3-hour-long telethon to raise funds for flood
victims and received ₨. 500 crores in pledges for flood relief.

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 On 30 August, the Government of Pakistan announced $170 million

allocation to flood victims, which will be disbursed through the Benazir
Income Support Programme (BISP) as part of Pakistan Flood Response Plan
2022. The Pakistani embassies in China and Turkey have also set up
fundraisers requesting flood relief donations from locals.
 Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) introduced the 9999
SMS code for flood relief donations to enable consumers to donate their
funds through mobile phone text to support the flood victims. The
consumers would be required to write "fund" and send it to the 9999 short
code to donate ₨. 10 to contribute to the prime minister's floods relief fund.
 The government has been accused of inaction on relief and rescue
operations, with local officials allegedly hoarding humanitarian aid.
Incidents of looting due to lack of aid have emerged, with several NGOs
halting relief operations after their trucks carrying relief goods were looted.
In Sukkur, police booked 100 flood-affected persons under terrorism charges
for protesting against the lack of food and relief when Shehbaz Sharif and
foreign minister Bilawal Bhutto visited to assess flood damage on 26
August.
2. International Aids:
 The World Bank allocated $370 million in relief aid to Pakistan. The World
Bank also allowed $2 billion from current projects in Pakistan to be
reallocated to relief aid.
 Apple CEO Tim Cook says Apple will donate relief goods to Pakistan for
recovery efforts in flood-hit areas.
 Google announced a donation of $0.5 million for flood victims in Pakistan.
 Meta announced a donation of ₨ 125 million ($565,000) for flood relief
efforts in Pakistan.
 The International Rescue Committee deployed emergency response teams in
Pakistan to provide immediate assistance.
 Prince Karim Aga Khan's son, Prince Rahim Aga Khan, donated $10 million
for flood victims.
 The United Nations has allocated $3 million from its Central Emergency
Response Fund (CERF) to help the affected areas. On 30 August, UN
Secretary-General António Guterres announced an appeal for $160 million
in emergency funds to aid Pakistan's flood victims. On 9–10 September,
Guterres visited Pakistan to show solidarity with flood victims and appeal
for other countries to provide more help.

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 On 23 August, the European Union announced that it is providing immediate

provision of €350,000 (nearly ₨. 76 million) to Pakistan for humanitarian
assistance. On 28 August, it mobilised another €2.35 million in emergency
humanitarian funding.
 The World Health Organization allocated $10 million to emergency health
relief efforts.
 On 18 August, United States Secretary of State, Antony Blinken, announced
a $1 million disaster aid to Pakistan to overcome challenges caused by
flooding. On 30 August, the United States announced another grant of $30
million. On September 5, U.S. Department of State Counselor Derek
Chollet announced a visit to Pakistan with a high-level delegation for a few
days to provide further help to Pakistan. When in Pakistan, the United States
created a massive humanitarian air bridge for flood victims. The air bridge
made it possible for twenty US C-17 military aircraft to easily transport food
and shelter material to Pakistan worth $2.2 million. On 9 September, the
United States announced a commitment of a total of $53.1 million in US
AID to Pakistan. $50.1 million for urgent flood relief and $3 million to
bolster disaster resilience.
 On 22 August, Saudi Arabia, through KS relief, started delivering 100
emergency relief trucks, carrying 10,000 food packages weighting 950 tons
to 17 flood-ravaged districts in Pakistan. This would benefit more than
70,000 people.
 On 25 August, a spokesman of the Chinese Foreign Ministry in a statement
expressed their deep sympathies to the flood-affected victims and offered
sincere condolences to the families of the victims. Emergency humanitarian
aid, including 25,000 tents and relief materials, is being dispatched forthwith
while 4,000 tents, 50,000 blankets, 50,000 tarpaulins, and other reserves
provided by China under the framework of the China–Pakistan Economic
Corridor's (CPEC) social and people's livelihood cooperation have been put
into the frontline for relief. The Red Cross Society of China has already
provided emergency cash assistance of $300,000 to the Pakistan Red
Crescent Society. On 30 August, China announced an assistance grant of
100 million yuan (US$14.5 million). On 3 September, China announced
another assistance package of 300 million yuan (US$43.5 million).
 On 27 August, the Government of the United Kingdom announced £1.5m
flood support fund for Pakistan. On 1 September, the UK government
announced a further £15 million in assistance for Pakistan. The Disasters
Emergency Committee also raised £8 million in just 24 hours.

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 On 27 August, Azerbaijan announced it would provide US$2 million in aid

to Pakistan.
 On 28 August, the Irish minister of foreign affairs, Simon Coveney, said in a
post on Twitter that Ireland has 'committed an initial contribution of
€500,000 in emergency humanitarian funding' to Pakistan.
 On 29 August, Canada announced $5 million funding for humanitarian
assistance to Pakistan. On 13 September, Canada announced bringing the
total aid to $30 million and a $3 million matching fund.
 On 29 August, the United Arab Emirates opened an air bridge to transport
humanitarian aid from the UAE to Pakistan, pledging 20 aircraft sorties of
relief goods for flood victims worth $50 million. The ruler of
Dubai, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, announced an additional 50
million AED (US$13.5 million) aid package for flood victims. On 9
September, UAE Minister of Tolerance & Coexistence Nahyan bin Mubarak
Al Nahyan announced aid of $10 million for relief and rehabilitation of the
flood-stricken people of Pakistan, for which Prime Minister of
Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif has thanked him.
 On 29 August, Qatar announced that they will send 21,000 food baskets,
5,000 tents, and 5,000 personal hygiene kits to Pakistan, through their Qatar
Fund for Development. Emir of Qatar Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani also
donated humanitarian assistance for flood victims, which includes a field
hospital with a 93-member staff. In addition, Qatar established an airbridge
with the Qatari Emiri Air Force to provide urgent assistance.
 On 29 August, Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi, extended heartfelt
condolences to the families of those who were affected by the floods and
said that he hopes for an early restoration of normalcy.
 On 30 August, Germany announced food aid to 1,000 families for two
months in Pakistan's Lasbela District. Additionally, Germany also
announced food aid and hygiene sets to a total of 60,000 people. On 9
September, Germany announced a further donation of €1 million to
Pakistan. On 15 September, Germany announced an additional €10 million
of aid for a total of 24 million. On 27 September, Germany announced that
the total aid would be raised to €56 million ($54.35 million).
 On 30 August, South Korea announced $300,000 in relief aid to Pakistan.
 On 30 August 2022, Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina,
announced that her country will provide aid to flood victims in the
Balochistan province of Pakistan. Bangladesh's Ministry of Disaster
Management and Relief has allocated ৳14 million (US$140,000) to provide

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relief items to Pakistan including 10 tonnes of biscuit, 10 tonnes of dry cake,

100,000 water purification tablets, 50,000 packets of oral saline, 5,000
mosquito nets, 2,000 blankets, and 2,000 tents. However, the donation was
denied by Pakistan, as the Pakistan Armed Forces are averse to the proposal
of aid from Bangladesh as any such relief assistance may "undermine
Pakistan's global image".
 On 31 August, the Australian Government announced it will provide $2
million in humanitarian aid to Pakistan.
 On 31 August, the Government of Japan announced it will provide
emergency relief goods to Pakistan, containing tents and plastic sheets,
through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). On September 6,
Japan announced a new emergency grant of $7 million to support the people
of Pakistan.
 Turkey sent relief goods to Pakistan, including 10,000 tents, 50,000 food
parcels, 50,000 hygiene materials, and 10,000 parcels of baby food in the
first stage.
 On 31 August, the Government of Norway announced 25
million NOK (US$2.5 million) in emergency relief and food security
efforts. On 8 September, Norway announced an increase to their flood relief
contribution to 80 million NOK (US$8.15 million).
 On 31 August, France, on the request of President Emmanuel Macron,
announced they will donate 83 high-capacity water pumps, 200 family tents,
and survival, hygiene, and protective equipment to Pakistan. France will also
deploy doctors and nurses to the country and will ship a 50-meter-
long Bailey bridge that could be swiftly deployed in the affected areas.
 On 31 August, Sweden announced a 30 million SEK (US$2.8 million)
donation to impacted communities.
 On 1 September, Iran sent 1000 tents, 4000 blankets, and 2000 mosquito
nets.
 On 1 September, Denmark announced 10 million DKK (US$1.35 million) in
emergency assistance. Denmark also sent a water purification module that
can convert contaminated water into drinking water and produce 120,000
liters of clean water per day. Along with 10 Danish specialists.
 On 7 September, Jordan provided urgent medical assistance to Pakistan.
The Royal Jordanian Air Force delivered medical supplies, tents, and food.
 In a response to Pakistan's appeals for international aid for flood relief,
Belgium will provide Pakistan 300 tents to shelter a total of 1800 people.

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 In a view to contributing to the international humanitarian response, the

Italian Agency for Development Cooperation has allocated a 500,000 euro
(US$485,000) emergency contribution to the International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in Pakistan. The contribution will
enable the IFRC to support the Pakistan Red Crescent in delivering
emergency aid to the most vulnerable population segments.
 Prime Minister of Fiji, Frank Bainimarama, said that high-emitting countries
are to blame for the devastating flood in Pakistan.
 The people of Maldives are collecting more money. Some of Maldivian
broadcasting channels, including state media PSM, along with the Pakistan
High Commission in Maldives, held a 16-hour telethon to help Pakistan and
got MVR 3.8 million (US$246,000).

High Profile Persons Visits During Flood:

 Antonio Guterres:
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres visited flooded areas on September
10 to raise awareness of the disaster:
"Today it's Pakistan, tomorrow it could be your country wherever you live,"
Guterres said, repeating expert warnings that climate change is likely to exacerbate
natural catastrophes. "This is a global crisis,... it requires a global response."
 Angelina Jolie:
Angelina Jolie, the U.S. actress and UN special envoy for refugees, arrived
in Pakistan's Sindh Province on September 20 to visit areas devastated by some of
the worst flooding in the country's recent history.
The International Rescue Committee (IRC), a global humanitarian
group, said Jolie's tour is a show of support for affected Pakistanis and an effort to
boost understanding of the situation, hear from victims, and prevent future
disasters.
National Assembly Resolution:
The problem of flood was rise in National Assembly of Pakistan. A
resolution (Res No 73) was presented in National Assembly on August 2, 2022 by
Molana Abdul Akbar Chetrali for the expresses sorrow over loss of lives and
properties with effected people in current flood areas.

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Business Advisory Committee of National Assembly:

The ongoing session of the National Assembly would likely to continue till
October 21,2022. The Committee decided that situation arising out of recent
floods in Pakistan and efforts for the relief and rehabilitation of flood affects would
remain top agenda item of the session. Besides, the session would also take-up
certain key bills and other issues of public importance on daily basis.
These decisions were taken by the House Business Advisory Committee of the
National Assembly in it's meeting held on Oct 10, 2022.

Prevent From Flood:

Following are some crucial points that the government and individuals can
collectively achieve in order to prevent floods in Pakistan. These are:
1. Timely cleaning of storm drains
2. Property arrangement for storage tanks
3. Increase in plantation
4. Construction of dams
5. Keeping stock of dewatering pumps and similar machinery
6. Strategies to Prevent Flood in Pakistan

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1. Timely Cleaning of Storm Drains:

During periods of severe rainfall, drains that have been improperly built may
overflow. These may eventually become clogged with debris, which can prevent
the water from draining properly. Maintaining clean storm drains can make it
easier to dispose of excess water, decreasing the likelihood of it collecting on land.
2. Property Arrangement for Storage Tanks:
To prevent government buildings and corporate chains from diverting excess
water towards roads, proper bye-laws should be implemented. The installation of
water storage tanks (rain harvesting systems) is a simple solution for managing
excess water. This will aid in the prevention of urban flooding and the
management of groundwater.
3. Increase in Plantation:
On part of the government, tree plantation is a necessary measure that will
not only improve the environment, but can also help in preventing flooding. Trees
like eucalyptus and mangroves are excellent at preventing floods. Eucalyptus trees
grow quickly and function as insecticides. They are also known as nature’s ‘thirsty
tree’, because their roots are spread deep under the ground. This helps in absorbing
water, similar to what mangroves do.
By planting them near rivers, canals and dams, these trees can help reduce
pressure in tidal waves, thus protecting against floods and tsunamis.
4. Construction of Dams:
Dams are the ultimate solution to prevent floods in any area, given that these
are the biggest water storage facilities to save water for usage.
Since Pakistan does not have a sufficient number of dams, it results in flooding
every year during the monsoon season. To prevent this, small and large-scale dams
need to be built across the country to store excess water and prevent future
flooding disasters.
5. Keeping Stock of Dewatering Pumps and Similar Machinery:
Dewatering pumps and other equipment needed to drain water from roads,
buildings etc. should be readily available so that the authorities can use these in
areas soon after severe rainfall.

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6. Strategies to Prevent Floods in Pakistan:

The government of Pakistan has devised a plan to manage yearly flooding
that occurs in the country, via integrated flood management strategies. These
include both structural and non-structural flood safety measures on how to prevent
floods in Pakistan, keeping in view the gaps that were found in previous flood
protection plans. These pointers are a part of the 10-year National Flood Protection
Plan-IV, from 2015-2025.
Effective flood management plans include a collaboration between different
stakeholders, including local communities, flood victims, funding organizations,
NGOs, and relevant government departments at all levels (national, provincial, and
local).

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Solved Questions
Question No: 01
For the Flood data as below, find out the return periods using Gumbel’s
method.

Year Flood ( Year Flood (

3 3
m m
¿ ¿
s s
1991 48000 1997 36000
1992 44000 1998 37000
1993 46000 1999 24100
1994 55000 2000 25000
1995 46000 2001 35000
1996 38000 2002 35000

Solution:

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Return Period yT= -[ln.ln(T/T-1)) X=(0.7797)yTб+X-(0.45)б

2 0.37 24119
5 1.50 32219
10 2.25 37581
25 3.20 44356
50 3.90 49383
100 4.60 54372
500 6.21 65901
1000 6.91 70858
10000 9.21 87315

Question No: 02
For the 12 years flood data as below, find out the return periods using
Weible’s method.
Year m
3 Year m
3
Flood ( ¿ Flood ( ¿
s s

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2000 50000 2006 36000

2001 44000 2007 37000
2002 46000 2008 24100
2003 55000 2009 25000
2004 46000 2010 38000
2005 32000 2011 30000
Solution:
Return Period yT= -[ln.ln(T/T-1)) X=(0.7797)yTб+X-(0.45)б

2 0.37 24031
5 1.50 32706
10 2.25 38450
25 3.20 45707
50 3.90 51091
100 4.60 56435
500 6.21 68784
1000 6.91 74093
10000 9.21 91721

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