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Complex Engineering Problem

Areeba Mujtaba (MEEN211101046)

Submitted to: Engr. Hammad Khalid

Submission Date:02-06-2023
 Complex Engineering Problem

Theory of Machines

Complex Engineering Problem

Course Instructor: Engr.Hammad Khalid Assigned date: 09/05/2022

Submission date: 07/06/2022

This is an individual assignment. Each student must solve this Complex Engineering
Problem according to the given unique parameters and solution will be based upon
proper justification and literature review.

Problem statement: A steam power plant is installed at the campus. In summers when
the load is increased the voltages are low and in winters it’s vice versa. Design a
Mechanical Regulating Device to address the given problem.

Parameters:

 Choose any Centrifugal Type Governor

 The length of each arm is 300 mm and all the arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation
 The mass of each ball is 7.5 kg and the mass of the sleeve is 45 kg.
 The extreme radii of rotation are 150 mm and 225 mm.

Required:

 Draw the controlling force curve and set-off a speed scale along the ordinate corresponding to a radius
(assume any value b/w 200mm to 300mm)
 Complete engineering design
 2D and 3D CAD models of your design Rubrics:
Sr. No.
Criteria/ Marks 01 03 05
Ability to judge question Not able to Few variables All factors /
1 identify are identified variables are
Variables mentioned
Evidence of thought
No thought Used information
2 Process and Found but Incomplete
found Correctly
Completeness of answer
Formatting formatting Well
3 Not suitable Few mistakes in
presented
Modern tool usage/software
4 Not good good Excellent
skills
Total marks 05+05+05+05=20

CLO-3, PLO-3

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 Complex Engineering Problem

Name: Amnah Kamran

Assigned date: 09/05/2022

Registration Number: MEEN201101106

Submission date: 07/06/2022

Problem statement: A steam power plant is installed at the campus. In

summers when the load is increased the voltages are low and in winters
it’s vice versa. Design a Mechanical Regulating Device to address the
given problem.

Steam turbine governing system:

Steam turbine governingsystem is a method, used to maintain a constant
steady speed of turbine. The importance of this method is the turbine can
maintain a constant steady speed irrespective of variation of its load. A
turbine governor is provided for this arrangement. The purpose of the
governor is to supply steam into the turbine in such a way that the turbine
gives a constant speed as far as possible under varying the load.

F IGURE 1: S TEAM TURBINE

Types of Steam turbine governing system:

The primary objective in the steam turbine operation is to maintain a
constant speed of rotation irrespective of the varying load. This can be
achieved by means of governing in a steam turbine. There are many types
of governors.

1. Throttle Governing Of Steam Turbine

2. Nozzle Control Governing Of Steam Turbine

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3. Bypass Governing Of Steam Turbine

Throttle Governing Of Steam Turbine:

In this system, a centrifugal governor is driven from the main shaft of
turbine by belt or gear arrangement.In throttle governing the pressure of
steam is reduced at the turbine entry thereby decreasing the availability of
energy. In this method steam is passed through a restricted passage
thereby reducing its pressure across the governing valve. The flow rate is
controlled using a partially opened steam control valve. The reduction in
pressure leads to a throttling process in which the enthalpy of steam
remains constant.

F IGURE 2: S CHEMATIC OF THROTTLE GOVERNOR

Nozzle Control Governing Of Steam Turbine:

In nozzle governing the flow rate of steam is regulated by opening and
shutting of sets of nozzles rather than regulating its pressure. In this
method groups of two, three or more nozzles form a set and each set is
controlled by a separate valve. The actuation of individual valve closes the
corresponding set of nozzle thereby controlling the flow rate.

F IGURE 3: S CHEMATIC OF NOZZLE GOVERNOR

Bypass Governing Of Steam Turbine:

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Bypass governing of steam turbine is a method where a bypass line is

provided for the steam. Especially this is used when turbine is running in
overloaded condition. The bypass line is provided for passing the steam
from first stage nozzle box into a later stage where work output increase.
This bypass steam is automatically regulated by the lift of valve which is
under the control of the speed of the governor for all loads within its
range. Bypass valve is open to release the fresh stem into the later stage of
the turbine. In the later stage output, work is increased and the efficiency
is low due to the throttle effect.

(Attribute 5 achieved)

F IGURE 4: S CHEMATIC OF BYPASS GOVERNOR

Choose any Centrifugal Type Governor:

“Porter Governor”

Why porter governor?

The porter governor is a modification of a watts governor; with central
load attached to the sleeve. This leads to larger centrifugal forces here
high speeds are required to bring the fly balls to the same radius. The
design of porter governor involves determining the minimum and
maximum speed of the governor. The minimum speed occurs when the
sleeve is at its rest or initial position. The only difference between the watt
and porter governor is the inclusion of a dead weight.

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F IGURE 5: P ORTER GOVERNOR

 Compared to other governors, porter governor can work at higher RPM due to dead
weight attached on sleeve which is its main advantage
 Porter is the updated version derived from the Watt governor.
 In case of Proell governor the balls are placed at the extension of lower arms. The
sensitiveness of watt governor is poor at high speed and this limits its field of
application. Porter governor is more sensitive than watt governor.
 These types of governors are compact and smaller in size to use.
 The type of governor has variable Torque.

(Attribute 4 achieved)

Numerical:
The length of each arm is 300 mm and all the arms arepivoted on the axis
of rotation The mass of each ball is 7.5 kg and the mass of the sleeve is
45 kg.  The extreme radii of rotation are 150 mm and 225 mm Draw
the controlling force curve and set-off a speed scale along the ordinate
corresponding to a radius (assume any value b/w 200mm to 300mm) 
Complete engineering design  2D and 3D CAD models of your design.

Solution:
Given:
l=300 mm=0.3 m , m=7.5 kg , r 1=150 mm=0.15 m, r 2=225 mm=0.225 m

Let, F c =controlling force

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( M2. g +m. g) tan α =F − M2. g × tan α

c

F c= ( M2. g +m . g) tan α + M2. g × tan α

¿ ( M2. g +m . g+ M2. g × tanβ
tanα )
× tan α

tanβ r
Substituting, =q, and tan α = , we get
tanα h

F c= ( M2. g (1+q)+m . g) rh
Since α =β , therefore q=1
r r
F c =( m. g+ M . g ) =g ( m+ M ) × 2 2
h √ l −r
The following table shows the values of F c for different values of r.

r (in meters)

These values are plotted to draw the controlling force curve. In order to
set-off the speed scale along the ordinate throughr =250 mm=0.25 m , we
have

( )
2
2 2 πN 2
F c =m. ω . r=7.5 0.25=0.02 N
60

The values of F c for different values of N are given

newtons)

(Attribute 3 achieved)

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F IGURE 6: T HE RANGE OF EQUILIBRIUM SPEEDS FOR THE GOVERNOR

Engineering design:

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F IGURE 7: 2D MODEL

F IGURE 8: 3D MODEL

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References:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/governor-machine-component

https://www.mech4study.com/2017/12/what-is-governor-what-are-main-
types-of-governor.html

https://www.mecholic.com/2017/05/porter-governor-construction-
working.html#:~:text=Porter%20governor%20is%20dead%20weight,it
%20becomes%20a%20porter%20governor.

https://petrotechinc.com/what-is-the-function-of-a-governor-in-a-steam-
turbine/#:~:text=A%20steam%20turbine%20governor%20is,steam
%20flow%20to%20the%20turbine.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine_governing

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