Fall Semester

Introduction to Behavioral Sciences

• Dr.Mohamed Elmasry
 Course Outline:

Chapter (1) : FoundationsOf BusinessPsychology

Chapter (2) : Understanding Yourself

Chapter (3) : Emotionsand Moods

Chapter (4) : Problem Solving and Creativity

Chapter (5) : Personality and values

Chapter (6) : Perceptions and Decision Making

Chapter (7) : Managing Conflict &Anger

Chapter 1

Foundations Of Business Psychology

Introductory Questions
 What is BusinessPsychology?

 Why We Study Psychology?

 What PsychologistsDo?

 Major Fields of Psychology.

 Schools of thought In Psychology.

Why is the study of behavioral sciences important?
What is Psychology ?
 Definitionof Psychology

 Themajor purposes of Psychology

 Psychology : Science and Profession.

7

Review Question

A major purposeof psychologyis to understandwhy

a. Organismsbehave,think, and feel as they do.
b. People often refuse to obey orders.
c. Organisms are similar from one speciesto the next.
d. It is difficult for people to live together peacefully.
8

Review Question

The use of the term profession in regard to psychology refersto the fact that
psychologists
a. Conduct scientific research.
b. Provide services to people.
c. Receive salaries as well as other forms of compensation.
d. Publishmany of their researchresults.
What is Business Psychology ?
 Definitionof BusinessPsychology

 Themost influential areas of psychology .

What is Business Psychology ?
 This area considers how people make decisions and what their purchasing decisions
are basedon.
 Before making a purchase, some factors determine whether you will make a purchase
or not. Knowing these factors and how to use them, whether in sales or advertising, is
an important part of psychology.
What is Sales psychology ?
 One of the first important area is the psychology of sales.

 The "psychology" of what motivates people to buy goods or services affects

advertising, be it on television, radio, movies,or the Internet.

 Theway products are packaged and sold is an important part of psychology.

Psychology in real estate and investment banking
 If we take real estate, for example. Knowing how people think helps builders design
homesfor the consumermarket.
 Brokers are also trained to complete sales.
What is Organizational psychology ?
 There is also the impact of organizational psychology on starting and running a
business. Knowing how to create a business for efficiency, for both employees and
businesses,ultimately makes a world of difference.
14

Review Question

Business psychology is the application of organized knowledge about human behavior to:
a. Improve satisfactionand productivity on the job.
b. Win friends and influence people.
c. Improve worker efficiency.
d. Help managers control their workers
Why We Study Psychology?
What Psychologistsdo?
 Psychologistsseek to understand and explain thoughts, emotions,feelings, and behavior.

 They use techniques such as observation, assessment, and experimentation to develop

theories about the beliefs and feelings that influenceindividuals.
Major Fields Of Psychology:
1) Industrial and Organizational

2) Clinical andCounselling.

3) Developmental Psychology.

4) Experimental.

5) Health.

6) Exerciseand sport.
Industrial and organizational Psychology
 The field of psychology that studies behavior of people in a work environment.
 Industrial & organizational psychology was one of the first fields of applied
psychology
 The MajorActivities of Specialistsin this field.
Clinical & Counseling Psychology

 Clinical Psychologists

 Counselling Psychologists

 Psychiatrists

 Psychoanalysis

 Psychotherapist
20

Review Question

Psychiatry is a medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatmentof
emotional disordersand mental illness.

a. True

b. False
21

Review Question

Psychotherapy ismethod of treating emotional problemsthat attemptsto find the right

combinationof drugs to bring about a cure.

a. True

b. False
22

Review Question

Tohelp patients or clientswith their personal problems,psychotherapyrelies heavily

on
a. Psychiatric drugs.
b. Theexperimental method.
c. Conversationwith the patients or clients.
d. Training in self-management.
23

Review Question

The field of psychologymost directly concerned with personal problemsis

a. Clinical and counseling
b. Industrial and organizational
c. Educational
d. Child and developmental
Developmental Psychology

 Child psychology

 Adolescentpsychology

 Life Span Psychology

25

Review Question

Developmental psychologystudieshuman developmentfrom infancy up through old

age.

a. True

b. False
26

Review Question

Life-span psychologistsspecialize in:

a. Childhood
b. Theadult years
c. Senior citizens
d. Life-long learning
Experimental Psychology
 Experimental Psychologists canbe considered the most scientific of all psychologists.
 These psychologists developed many principles of human behavior as thinking,
learning& perception.
Health Psychology

 Isthe study and practice of howhumanbehavior canbe modified to prevent and treat
illness to avoid emotional problem in order to increase job satisfaction.
29

Review Question

Health psychologytypically attemptsto modify human behavior in order to:

a. Prevent and treat illness
b. Improve the power of positive thinking
c. Overcome fears about illness
d. Overcome mental health problems
Exercise& Sport Psychology
 Thefield in which psychologists developed conceptsand provide direct assistanceto
enhanceperformance of athletes.
 The focus of exercise and sports psychology is to assist athletes who are already
performing well rather than to help them with mental health problems.
31

Review Question

During an athletic contest,a good psychological techniqueis for the athlete to get
pumpedup by thinking of the good consequencesof winning.

a. True

b. False
32

Review Question

A typical task for an exerciseand sport psychologistis to help an athlete concentrate

better on the task at hand.

a. True

b. False
33

Review Question

The focus of exerciseand sport psychologyis to assistathletes who:

a. Have becomeaddicted to alcohol and drugs.
b. Want to psyche their opponentsintolosing.
c. Want to enhancetheir performance.
d. Face psychological problems whichmake them afraid to compete.
34

Review Question

A good example of a techniqueof exerciseand sport psychologyis train athletes

how to
a. Develop a killer instinct.
b. Focusintently on the task at hand.
c. Overcome perceiving their coachas a parent figure.
d. Use hypnosis to overcome fear of competition.
SchoolsOf Thought in Psychology

There are 5 schools:

1. structuralism & Functionalism
2. Behaviorism
3. Psychoanalysis
4. Cognitive Psychology
5. HumanisticPsychology
Structuralism & Functionalism
 It focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.

 Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method

known as introspection.
Structuralism & Functionalism
 Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism .

 Explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner.

Behaviorism
 Thekey to understand humanbeing is their actual behavior not their inner status”

 Behaviorism… . . observable facts…..which referred to an objective field of study.

 Positive Reinforcement
Psychoanalysis
 This school of thought focuses on the inner motives and the unconscious part of
personality and its influence on behavior.
 Unconscious: a reservoir of feelings, urges, thoughts, and memories that outside of our
consciousawareness.
Psychoanalysis
The humanpersonality consists three elements:

 ID
 Superego
 Ego
Cognitive Psychology
 Is the study of mental process such as thinking, feeling, learning, reasoning and
problemsolving, remembering and making decisions& judgments.
 observable behavior + inner thought process+ cognitive psychology = offered a well
rounded picture of people (e.g. computer)
 Became the most popular school.
42

Review Question

Cognitive psychology is heavily concerned with how our perceptionof eventsinfluences

our actions.

a. True

b. False
Humanistic& Positive Psychology
 Humanisticpsychology

 Positive psychology
44

Review Question

Humanisticpsychologyhasa substantial impacton the field of business psychology.

a. True

b. False
45

Review Question

Lookinginto one'sconsciousexperienceis called:

a. Functionalism
b. Introspection
c. Structuralism
d. Formalism
46

Review Question

A key principle of behaviorism is that the way to understandhumanbeingsis to

study their
a. Actual behavior
b. Thinkingpatterns
c. Unconsciousbehavior
d. Inner states
47

Review Question

According to behaviorism, the behavior of human beingsand lower formsof

animalsis shapedby :
a. Instinct
b. Theenvironment
c. Theid, ego, and superego
d. Heredity
48

Review Question

The movementto explain the behavior of humanbeingsin termsof their intellectual,

rational selves is called:
a. Humanisticpsychology
b. Cognitive psychology
c. Behaviorism
d. Businesspsychology
49

Review Question

The school of thought in psychologythat emphasizesthe intangible or "soft"

attributesof people is called :
a. Humanisticpsychology
b. Psychoanalysis
c. Cognitive psychology
d. Structuralism
49

Review Question

______is the psychology of whatmotivates people to buy goods or services affects

advertising, be it on television, radio, movies, or the Internet
a. Organizational psychology
b. Sales psychology
c. Developmental psychology
d. Experimental psychology
49

Review Question

If we take real estate, for exampleKnowing how people think helps builders design
homesfor the consumer market.
a. True
b. False
49

Review Question

The majoractivities of industrial and organizational psychology specialists in this

field include:
a. Job Analysis
b. Performance appraisal
c. Quality assurance
d. All of the above
49

Review Question

______it focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic
components:
a. Functionalism
b. Behaviorism
c. Structuralism
d. None of the above
49

Review Question

Behaviorism formed as a reaction to the structuralism. It explains the mental

processes in a moresystematic and accuratemanner
a. True
b. False
49

Review Question

______assumes that the key to understand humanbeing is their actual behavior

not their inner status.
a. Functionalism
b. Behaviorism
c. Structuralism
d. None of the above
49

Review Question

Psychoanalysis focuses on the inner motives and the unconscious part of

personality and its influence on behavior.
a. True
b. False
Dr. Mohamed Elmasry
Email: malmasry@eelu.edu.eg