SISTEM DIGITAL

NIRKABEL
14
Modul ke:

Visual Light Communications

Fakultas
TEKNIK

Program Studi
MAGISTER Mudrik Alaydrus
TEKNIK Dian Widi Astuti
ELEKTRO
Pembuka Daftar Pustaka Akhiri Presentasi
Agenda:

Introduction
VLC System
Modulation
VLC Regulation
VLC Applications

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Increasing Demand
• ubiquitous connectivity  new mobile devices
• high capacity  huge data transfer

2018: 51% global population

2023: 66% global population

CAGR (Compound annual growth rate)

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Some problems in conventional systems:

• The limited radio frequency spectrum

• Inherent problems
 Interference with navigational systems for use on aircraft
 Very low latency requirements (such as in vehicular communication, safety
system), the use of radio frequency is not suitable due to its bandwidth
limitations
 RF waves easily penetrate the walls, they suffer from security issues
 The increase in RF waves, transmission power beyond a certain limit results in
risks to human health
 RF communication suffers from power inefficiency, because we require a
separate setup for communication of the RF waves

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VLC frequency spectrum (potential bandwidth of 360 000 GHz)

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Architecture of
VLC
The two integral parts of the VLC system: the transmitter and receiver generally consist of three
common layers (physical layer, MAC layer and application layer)

In IEEE 802.15.7, only two layers (such as PHY and MAC) are defined for simplicity.
The tasks performed by Medium Access Control (MAC) layer include:
(1) Mobility support, (2) Dimming support,
(3) Visibility support, (4) Security support,
(5) Schemes for mitigation of flickering, (6) Color function support,
(7) Network beacons generation if the device is a coordinator,
(8) VPAN disassociation and association support, (9) Providing a reliable link between peer
MAC entities

Supported MAC topologies by IEEE 802.15.7

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Physical layer
Linear block
codes, OOK
convolutional PPM
codes CSK
turbo codes

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Three different types of physical implementations of VLC are given in IEEE 802.15.7:

PHY I (outdoor use ) PHY II (indoor use)

PHY III

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TRANSMITTER

LEDs have surpassed the incandescent light sources in terms of reliability, power requirements
and luminous efficiency.
The efficiency of LEDs is 20 lm/W greater than the incandescent lamps efficiency.

LEDs and Lasers are used as transmition sources for VLC. The LED should be used when both
communication and illumination have to be performed using a single device.

The white light based on LEDs and wavelength converters is one of the attractive candidates as
the VLC source.

There are different possible spectra in which white light is produced by the LEDs.

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The most commonly used methods for generation of white light using LEDs is
trichromatic (RGB LED)

Advantage of using an RGB LED for white light generation is the high bandwidth and
thus, high data rates
Disadvantage: complexity and difficulties in modulation.

Different methods have been adopted for characterization of the optical wireless channel

The appropriate LED is selected based on the channel model.

Comparison of phosphor based LEDs and RGB LEDs

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RECEIVER

The typical VLC receiver consists of an amplification circuit, optical

filter and optical concentrators.

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Modulation techniques for VLC

There is non-encoding feature of information in phase and amplitude of the light signal,
therefore, we cannot use amplitude and phase modulation in the case of VLC.

Modulation in VLC is achieved using variations in the intensity of the light corresponding to the information
in the message signal

(1) Dimming:
Different levels of illuminance is required when performing different types of activities.
An illuminance in the range of 30–100 lux is often enough for simple visual tasks performed in most public places.

On the other hand, office or residential applications require higher level of illuminance in the range of 300–1000 lux.
With the advancements in LED driver circuits, it has become possible to dim an LED to an arbitrary level depending
on the application requirement to save energy.

(2) Flicker mitigation:

An additional requirement for any VLC modulation scheme is that it should not result in humanperceivable
fluctuations in the brightness of the light.
It was shown that flickering can cause serious detrimental physiological changes in humans. For this reason, it is
necessary that changes in the light intensity should happen at a rate faster than human eye can perceive.
IEEE 802.15.7 standard suggests that flickering (or change in light intensity) should be faster than 200 Hz to avoid any
harmful effects. This means that any modulation scheme for VLC should mitigate flickering
while providing higher data rate.

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Modulation techniques
On–Off Keying (OOK)
In OOK, the LEDs are turned off and on according to the bits in the stream
Normally, the LED is not turned completely off in the off state, but the reduction in the level of
intensity is performed.

Main advantage of using OOK is its easy implementation.

Previously, the on-off keying was done using white LEDs (a combination of blue emitter and yellow
phosphor).
However, this suffered from the limitation of low bandwidth because of the slow time response of the
yellow phosphor
A data rate of 10Mbps was demonstrated using NRZ (Non Return-to-Zero) OOK with a white LED.

The combination of analogue equalization with blue filtering was done to increase the data rates up to
125 Mbps and
100 Mbps respectively.

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Pulse Position based
techniques
1) PPM: Standard pulse-position modulation (PPM) is a conventional modulation scheme in which the
symbol duration is divided into Q equal time-slots and a single pulse is transmitted in one of these
time-slots.
Hence, the symbols are identified by the position of the pulse.

2) MPPM: Multipulse PPM (MPPM) has been proposed to increase the spectral-efficiency of PPM by
transmitting
multiple pulses in each symbol-time.

3) EPPM: Expurgated PPM is a modified form of PPM proposed to enhance its performance in optical
systems where sources are peak-power limited.

4) Multilevel EPPM: The above modulation schemes all have spectral-efficiency less than unity because they are
twolevel.

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Pulse Position based Schemes with Q Time slots and N levels

Comparison between different Modulation schemes

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Color Shift Keying (CSK)

CSK was proposed in IEEE 802.15.7 to enhance the data rate which was low in other
modulation schemes.

The switching ability slows down by producing white light utilizing yellow phosphor and blue
LEDs.

Therefore, an alternate way to produce the white light is the utilization of three separate
LEDS such Green, Blue and Red.

Modulation in CSK is performed using the intensity of the three colors in an RGB LED
source.

It maps all colors perceivable by eye to two chromaticity parameters such as x and y.

Table illustrates the human visible wavelength seven bands with their centers marked in
Figure below

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Channel Model and Propagation Characteristics
essential characteristics for link budget: transmited power, path loss and received power,
multipath propagation with reflected path, SNR, shadowing

1. Transmitted Power of an LED—Luminous Flux

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Luminous intensity distribution

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2) Path Loss and Received Power:

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3) Multipath Propagation With Reflected Paths:

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4) Receiver Noise and SNR:

There are three major sources of noise in indoor visible light optical link
1. ambient light noise due to solar radiation from windows, doors etc. and noise due to other
illumination sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps,
2. hot noise induced in the photodetector by the signal and the ambient light and
3. electrical pre-amplifier noise (also known as thermal noise) of the photodetector.

5) Shadowing:

The receiver of a visible light communication link can be shadowed by different objects or
humans in
the indoor environment

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VLC standardization
The standardization of VLC has been performed by the Visible Light Communication Consortium
(VLCC) in Japan (2001) and IEEE.

The Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) CP-1221, JEITA Cp-1222 and
JEITA Cp-1223 are published by the VLCC [47].
The 802.15.7 is the standard completed by the IEEE for physical and MAC layers [25].

This standard is aimed at:

(1) Providing access to several hundred THz bands.
(2) Providing immunity against the electromagnetic interference.
(3) Communication that complements extra services to the existing visible light infrastructure.
(4) Specifying the FEC schemes, modulation techniques and data rates for VLC communication.
(5) The channel access mechanisms (Contention Access Period (CAP), Contention-Free Period (CFP)
(6) The PHY layer specs, such as optical mapping, TX-RX turn around time, and flicker and dimming mitigation,

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VLC Applications

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 In air plane

In building

In hospital

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Outdoor Applications

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VLC Demonstration

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Mobile-to-mobile (Link performance)

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 Daftar Pustaka
Latif Ullah Khan, Visible light communication: Applications, architecture, standardization and research
challenges,
Digital Communications and Networks 3 (2017) 78–88

Parth H. Pathak, Xiaotao Feng, Pengfei Hu, and Prasant Mohapatra, Visible Light Communication,
Networking, and
Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 17, No. 4,
Fourth Quarter 2015

Svilen Dimitrov, Harald Haas, Principles of LED Light Communications, Cambridge University Press,
2015

Zhaocheng Wang, Qi Wang, Wei Huang, Zhengyuan Xu, Visible Light Communications, Wiley 2017