Grain Size Distribution

 Why need to know grain-size distribution ?

- to classify a soil type properly

 Methods
(1) Sieve analysis for coarse-grained soil
(2) Hydrometer analysis for fine-grained soil

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

 Sieve Analysis

 soil passes through the fine sieves

Amount of soil on each sieve is measured

Percentage of soil passing through each sieve is determined

This percent is called percent finer and used for soil classification

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

Sieve Analysis

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

 Hydrometer Analysis

 50 g of dry soil is used

Deflocculating agent is added to the soil eg.
Sodium hexametaphosphate
Sample is transferred into 1000-ml glass cylinder
Distilled water is added to the cylinder to fill 1000-
ml mark
Hydrometer is placed in the cylinder to measure
the specific gravity over 24 hours
From hydrometer readings, the soil percent finer
can be calculated
Sieve and hydrometer analysis can be combined for
soils having both coarse and fine grained
constituents.

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

Size Limits for Soils

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

 Terms need to know

𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

 void ratio , e = =
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

 porosity , n = =
𝑉𝑉 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

 degree of saturation , S (%) = x 100 = x 100
𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

𝑊𝑊𝑤𝑤 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

 moisture content , w (%) = x 100 = x 100
𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

 Relative Density

 In granular soils (sand only), degree of compaction can be measured

by relative density

𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 −𝑒𝑒
Dr (%) = − x 100
𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 −𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

e max = void ratio of the soil at the loosest state

e min = void ratio at the densest state
e = in situ void ratio

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

Specific Gravity and Relative Density

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

 Atterberg Limits

Atterberg limits Moisture content

A soil will behave like a plastic, semisolid, or solid material depending on its
moisture content.

Liquid Limit Semiliquid Plastic

Plastic Limit Plastic Semisolid

Shrinkage Limit Semisolid Solid

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

 PI and LI

 Plasticity Index, PI = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit

𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

Liquidity Index, LI =
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
-The relative consistency of a cohesive soil in the natural state can be defined by
liquidity index.

Lin Htin (YTU-COE)

 Number and Position of Boreholes

The number of boreholes and their locations depend on the following:

 type and size of the project
 soil variability
-For large buildings, boreholes close to the proposed foundations;
-For an industrial plant, with additional holes located at the heavy plant sites;
- For bridges, boreholes at the proposed abutment and pier location
Number and Position of Boreholes

Lin Htin(YTU-COE)
 Number and Position of Boreholes

• The borehole spacing suggested by the Committee for Quality control of High-rise
building construction Projects (C.Q.H.P) (minimum number of borings = 2
boreholes) is as follows:

• 1. One boring for every 2500 sq-ft (or) 250 sq-m of built-over area < 10,000 sq-ft
(or) 1,000 sq-m.

• 2. One boring for every extra 5,000 sq-ft (or) 500 sq-m for large area projects
>10,000 sq-ft (or) 1,000 sq-m.

• 3. Additional borings for irregular soil conditions.

Lin Htin(YTU-COE)
 Depth of Boring

Sowers (1979) suggested specified depth criteria as follows:

 Minimum depth of borings = 10 S0.7 (ft) or 3 S0.7 ( m)

(for narrow and light buildings)

Minimum depth of borings = 20 S0.7 (ft) or 6 S0.7 ( m)

(for wide and heavy buildings)

Where, S = the number of stories in the building

Lin Htin(YTU-COE)
 Depth of Boring

The Committee for Quality control of High-rise building construction

Project (CQHP) suggested the following depth specifications

 1. Shallow foundations specified depth as 1.5 times lesser dimension

(B < L) (Limit to 30ft (or) 10 m minimum)

 2. Deep foundations: Minimum depth of borings = 15 S0.7 (ft) or 5 S0.7

(m) (Limit to 3 consecutive SPT values ≥ 50)

Lin Htin(YTU-COE)
 Starting with foundation design

Load on slabs ( Live load, Superimposed dead load )

Beam

Column

Foundation

Bearing Soil
 Types of Footings

Single Footing Strap Footing Mat Footing

Combined Footing Strip Footing Pile Foundation

 Footing ှစ်ခု အရမ်းကပ်ေနရင်

Single Footing Combined Footing

 Footing တစ်ခုက အစွန်ကပ်ေနရင်

Combined Footing Strap Footing

 Column Loading များတဲ့အခါ

Combined Footing Strip Footing Mat Footing

 Highrise Buildings
Weak Soil Conditions
Column Loading များတဲ့အခါ

Combined Footing Pile Foundation

 Soil Type and Behavior of Load Distribution

Pressure is higher at the edges However, in foundation design,

Pressure is larger at the
than at the center because of the pressure distribution is
center and decreases to
Shear resistance of soils assumed to be in equilibrium
the parameter because
and the soil upward pressures both
grains are mobile and shift
at the edges and center are the
outward
same
One Way Shear

-Footing breaks at a distance “d” from the support face along width “B”
-occurs in wall footings, single footings, combined footings, mat footings

Two Way Shear or Punching Shear

-Footing breaks at a distance “d/2” from the support face in a rectangular shape
-occurs in single footings, combined footings, mat footings

Overturning of footings

-Footing overturns when the tension appears on one side

-occurs in combined footings, mat footings
 Ultimate and Allowable Bearing Capacity

• qa = qu / FS
Factor of safety about 2.5 to 3 is already taken in geotechnical considerations.

Unit – ton / ft2

1 in settlement will result when 1 ton is loaded per unit square feet. ( ton / ft2 / in )

To determine ultimate bearing capacity

Plate Load Test
SPT test

Pressure = Force / Area

How to get force ?
 Single Footings

Step 1 - Find the loading from the superstructure ( kip)

Step 2 – Find the footing area

Step 3 – Find Upward Pressure

Step 4 – Check one way shear, two way shear

Step 5 – Find reinforcement

 Single Footings

1. Footing area = unfactored reaction / bearing capacity

2. Upward pressure is used for internal design of footing.

Upward pressure = (1.2 DL + 1.6 LL ) / footing area

 Problems

• One way shear

One Way Shear

-Footing breaks at a distance “d” from the column face

Shear force = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Shear strength = 2 φ √f’c x shear plane area

shear plane area = b ( line of fault) x d (depth of fault)

Shear strength must be always larger than shear stress
 Problems

• Tow way shear

Two Way Shear

-Footing breaks at a distance “d/2” from the column face

Shear force = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Shear strength = 4 φ √f’c x shear plane area

shear plane area = b ( perimeter of fault) x d (depth of fault)
Shear strength must be always larger than shear stress
 Reinforcement

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤2
Applied moment , Mu =
2
( cantilever moment action)

Φ Mn = Φ As fy ( d – a/2 ) ACI code

Φ Mn = Φ As fy ( 0.8 d ) BS code

As = area of steel

D = effective depth
Manual Calculation
Rectangular Footing
Wall Footing
 Combined Footings

Step 1 - Find the loading from the superstructure ( kip)

Step 2 – Find the centroid of loading, L and B

Step 3 – Find Upward Pressure

Step 4 – Find Shear force diagram and moment diagram

Combined Footing
Step 5 – Check punching and one way shear

Step 6 – Find longitudinal reinforcement

Step 7 – Find transverse reinforcement

Combined Footing
 Combined Footing

Punching shear One-way shear

Combined Footing
 Strap Footings

Step 1 - Find the loading from the superstructure ( kip)

Step 2 – Find the required area of exterior & interior

Step 3 – Find centroid of footing area & loading

Step 4 – Design of exterior footing

Step 5 – Design of interior footing

Strap Footing
Step 6 – Design of strap beam
Overturning Check

(1)centriod of two footing area

XA = ∑AX/ ∑A

(2) centriod of two column

loading
Xi = ∑PX/ ∑P
Design of Exterior & Interior Footing
Design of Strap Beam
Strap Footing