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FORM FIVE SPECIAL SCHOOLS JOINT EXAMINATION.
BIOLOGY MARKING SCHEME, MAY 2019.

1. (a) Description on the structure of the cell membrane as per Daniel-Davson

model.
 According to Daniel-Davson, the membrane is structurally composed of
two protein layers, between which is lipids layer. (0.5 MARK)
 The protein layer is continuous with minute pores on it. (0.5 MARK)
 The lipid layer constitutes phospholipids units with polar heads
(hydrophilic) and non- polar tail (hydrophobic). (0.5 MARK)
 Generally the membrane is static (does not change) (0.5 MARK)
SUBTOTAL= 02 MARKS

OR
Structure of cell membrane as per Daniel-Davson model
CAPTION: 0.5 MARK
DIAGRAM: 02 MARKS
THREE CORRECT LABELS @ 0.5 MARK = 1.5 MARKS
SUBTOTAL= 04 MARKS
(b) Strength of Fluid mosaic model
i. It is true that protein are present in the membrane structure, Some of
the protein molecules are unbounded with the membrane and are
called intrinsic protein and some are found at the outside (extrinsic
protein)
 ii. It is true that lipids are present (phospholipid bilayer both with
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail).
iii. It is true that carbohydrates are present which branch to the outer
surface of the membrane, the branching of carbohydrate attaching to
protein form Glycoprotein and from the lipids form Glycolipid.
iv. It is true that amount of lipids exceeds amount of protein
v. It is true that there are cholesterols, which disturb the phospholipids
and keeps them more fluid.
vi. It is true that due to fluidity nature of the lipid layers, the membrane
is dynamic and it is in constant motion.
vii. It is true that there are pores either within the protein molecule or
between the adjacent protein molecules.
(ANY FOUR (4) STRENGHS OF FLUID MOSAIC MODEL @ 01 MARK =
04 MARKS)

(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 1 = 10 MARKS)

2. (a) Distinguish between:

(i)Fibrous proteins and Globular protein
Fibrous proteins are formed from parallel polypeptide chains held
together by cross-links. These form long, rope-like fibres, with high
tensile strength and are generally insoluble in water. Example collagen,
keratin and silk WHILE Globular proteins usually have a spherical
shape caused by tightly folded polypeptide chains. The chains are
usually folded so that hydrophobic groups are on the inside, while the
hydrophilic groups are on the outside. This makes many globular
proteins soluble in water. Example enzymes, antibodies and some
hormones. 02 MARKS

(ii)Simple proteins and Conjugated proteins

Simple proteins these proteins are made of only one type of amino acids
as structural component. Examples of simple proteins are albumins, globulins and
histones in animals WHILE Conjugated proteins these are proteins that are made of
amino acids and other organic compounds. They have a non amino acid group termed as
prosthetic group examples glycoprotein, nucleoprotein and lipoprotein. 02 MARKS
 ( Subtotal = 04 MARKS)

(b) Six (6) functions of proteins in human body with examples:

i. Proteins make structural components of the body parts such as muscles,
hair, skin, and other body tissues; they constitute the bulk of body’s non-
skeletal structures. Example the protein keratin is present in nail, skin and
hairs, collagen a component of connective tissues, bone, tendons and
cartilage, and glycoproteins are the components of cell membrane.
ii. Some proteins are hormones, which are chemical messengers that aid
communication between body cells, tissues and organs, hence regulate
many body functions. Example insulin hormone is a protein that regulates
the blood sugar level in the body.
iii. Some proteins act as enzymes; they catalyze or help in biochemical
reactions, example pepsin, renin, maltase, lipase, trypsin and sucrase
which catalyze the digestion of different food substances in the alimentary
canal, catalase which catalyze the breaking down of harmful substances
such as hydrogen peroxide in the liver, ureases catalyzes the reactions
involved in the ornithine cycle during urea formation.
iv. Some proteins act as protective substances; they defend the body from the
effects of invading pathogens or species or substances. Example
antibodies
v. Proteins transport different substances in the blood, example haemoglobin
transport respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide, and serum albumin
that transport fatty acids and lipids in blood.
vi. Contractile proteins help in contraction of muscles and cells mobility of
our body. Example myosin, actin, are contractile/motile proteins.
vii. Some proteins act as blood clotting agents, which prevent the loss of blood
and entry of germs, hence help in healing the wounds. Example fibrinogen
and thrombin proteins.
 viii. Proteins are nutrients needed by the human body for growth and
maintenance, also can be used as an energy source when oxidized during
starvation to release energy. Example essential and nonessential proteins.
ix. Some proteins act as storage substances example ovalbumin and casein of
the egg white and milk proteins respectively.
(ANY SIX (6) POINTS @ 0.5 MARK AND ONE (1) EXAMPLE ON @
POINT @ 0.5 MARK = 06 MARKS)
(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 2 = 10 MARKS)
3. (a) If water acts as a limiting factor during non-cyclic photophosphorylation
the following will happen:
 The rate of the photosynthesis reaction will be reduced and the process
will not occur because in non-cyclic photophosphorylation, water provide
hydrogen protons which together with the electrons from photosystem I
they form a reduced NADP (NADPH) from NADP which is a very
important material in dark reaction, and it will be the wastage of energy
as there will be no dark reaction. This will also affect the dark reaction
hence the photosynthesis process. (0.5 MARK)
 Also the electrons from photosystem I would be useless as no hydrogen
protons to join for the formation of NADPH. (0.5 MARK)
 Also water provides electrons that are used to fill the gap of the lost
electrons from photosystem II in non-cyclic photophosphorylation, so the
cycle will not compete and the photosynthesis will be affected. (0.5
MARK)
(SUBTOTAL= 1.5 MARKS)

(b) Manufacturing of carbohydrate C4 plants during light independent phase

of photosynthesis (Cycles are unnecessary).
 The photosynthesis process in C4 plants is explained by the Hatch-Slack
pathway, the process takes place within the mesophyll cell and the bundle
sheath cell, so the carbon dioxide is fixed twice and the enzymes
phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase or PEP carboxylase) and
 ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (RuBISCO or RuBP carboxylase) are
used in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells respectively. (0.5 MARK)
 The Hatch-Slack pathway transport carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen
from the mesophyll cells to the bundle sheath cells, once in the bundle
sheath cells the CO2 and hydrogen are released again and normal C3
photosynthesis (Calvin cycle) occurs. (0.5 MARK)
 In the mesophyll cell the incoming CO2 is accepted by the three carbon
compound called phosphoenolpyruvate under the influence of PEP
carboxylase enzyme to form a four carbon compound, an oxaloacetic acid
(oxaloacetate) (01 MARK)
 The oxaloacetate formed is reduced by NADPH to form another four
carbon acid celled malic acid (malate) and NADP. (01 MARK)
 The malate is shunted through plasmodesmata in the cell walls to the
chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells where it is converted to pyruvate, a
3carbon acid, by having CO2 and hydrogen removed. (01 MARK)
 The pyruvate is returned to the mesophyll cells and is used to regenerate
PEP by the addition of phosphate from ATP. (01 MARK)
 The hydrogen is used to combine with NADP to form NADPH, which is
later used to reduce PGA to PGAL. (0.5 MARK)
 The CO2 formed re-fixed in the Calvin cycle (C3 pathways) by RuBP
under the presence of RuBP carboxylase enzyme to form a 6carbon,
compound which is unstable and broken down immediately into two
molecules of 3carbon compounds called phosphoglyceric acid/
phosphogycerate (PGA) or Glycerate phosphate. (01 MARK)
 The PGA formed is a carboxylic acid which is then reduced by NAPDH
under the influence of ATP energy to form the three carbon sugar
phosphate called glyceraldehyde phosphate or phosphoglyceraldehyde
(PGAL) or triose phosphate (TP) which is the first carbohydrate made in
photosynthesis. Some of PGAL is used to make further classes of
carbohydrate, also protein and lipids. (01 MARK)
  To ensure the continuation of the cycle, some of the PGAL is used to
regenerate the 5carbon compound RuBP that was used for the fixation of
CO2; the reaction is influenced by ATP, another energy from the light
reaction of photosynthesis. (01 MARK)
SUBTOTAL = 8.5 MARKS
(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 3 = 10 MARKS)
4. Glycolysis is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic
and anaerobic cellular respiration. In glycolysis, glucose is converted into two
molecules of 3carbon atoms each, called pyruvate. (0.5 MARK)
Glucose is a six- memebered ring molecule found in the blood and is usually a
result of the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars. It enters cells through
specific transporter proteins that move it from outside the cell into the cell’s
cytoplasm. All of the glycolytic enzymes are found in the cytoplasm so the
glycolysis process takes place in the cytoplasm and the whole process is anaerobic
which produce 2 ATP molecules directly. The steps involved include the
following: (0.5 MARK)
Step 1: Phosphorylation of Glucose
The first step in glycolysis is the conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.
The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is hexokinase.
Here, the glucose ring is phosphorylated. Phosphorylation is the process of adding
a phosphate group to a molecule derived from ATP. As a result, at this point in
glycolysis, 1 molecule of ATP has been consumed.
The reaction occurs with the help of the enzyme hexokinase, an enzyme that
catalyzes the phosphorylation of many six-membered glucose-like ring
structures. Atomic magnesium (Mg) is also involved to help shield the negative
charges from the phosphate groups on the ATP molecule. The result of this
phosphorylation is a molecule called glucose-6-phosphate, thusly called because
the 6′ carbon of the glucose carries the phosphate group. (01 MARK)
Step 2: Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate
The second reaction of glycolysis is the rearrangement of glucose-6-phosphate
into its isomer fructose-6-phosphate under the influence of
phosphohexoisomerase enzyme (glucose phosphate isomerase or Phosphoglucose
Isomerase). (0.5 MARK)
Step 3: Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate
In the third step of glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate (fructose-1,6-diphosphate/biphosphate). Similar to the reaction that
occurs in step 1 of glycolysis, a second molecule of ATP is used which provides
the phosphate group that is added on to the fructose-6-phosphate molecule. The
enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is phosphohexokinase (phosphofructokinase)
As in the first step; a magnesium atom is involved to help shield negative charges.
(01 MARK)
Step 4: glycolysis/splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
This step utilizes the enzyme aldolase (aldase/zymohexase), which catalyzes the
splits of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to yield two 3-carbon molecules that are
isomers of each other. One of these molecules is called 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
(3-PGAL) or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) and the other one is called
dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The two molecules are in equilibrium and when one
is used, the other one is converted to replace the used one. (01 MARK)
3-PGAL is the only molecule that continues in the glycolytic pathway. As a
result, the dihydroxyacetone phosphate molecule produced is further acted on by
the enzyme triophosphate isomerase (phosphoglyceroisomerase), which
reorganizes the dihydroxyacetone phosphate into 3-PGAL. The 3-PGAL so it can
continue in glycolysis. At this point in the glycolytic pathway, there are two 3-
carbon molecules, but have not yet fully converted glucose into pyruvate or yield
any ATP molecule. (0.5 MARK)
Step 5: Conversion of 3-PGAL to 1,3-diPGAL
In this step, 3-PGAL is phosphorylated by the addition of a free phosphate group
to form 1,3-diphosphoglyceraldehyde (1,3-diPGAL). The enzyme that catalyzes
this reaction is phosphorylase. (0.5 MARK)
Step 6: Oxidation of 1,3-diPGAL to 1,3diPGA
The 1,3-diPGAL is oxidized by the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NAD), which then forms 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (1,3-diPGA) or 1,3-
bisphoglycerate (1,3-biPGA) and NADH2. This reaction is catalyzed by the
enzyme phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (glyceraldehydephosphate
dehydrogenase) (0.5 MARK)
Step 7: Dephosphorylation of 1,3-diPGA
In this step, 1,3-diPGA is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) by the
enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (dephosphorylase enzyme). This reaction
involves the loss of a phosphate group from the starting material (1,3-diPGA).
The phosphate is transferred to a molecule of ADP to yields the first molecule of
ATP. (i.e. Phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme transfers a phosphate group from
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate). (01
MARK)
Since there were actually two molecules of 1,3-diPGA (because there were two 3-
carbon products from splitting of fructose-1,6-diphosphate), there are two
molecules of ATP at this step. These ATP molecules are used to payback for the
initial energy investment used to initiate the process of glycolysis. (0.5 MARK)
Step 8: Isomerization of 3-PGA to 2-PGA
This step involves a simple rearrangement of the position of the phosphate group
on the 3- phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) molecule, from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd
carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA). The enzyme responsible for
catalyzing this reaction is called phosphoglycerate mutase. (01 MARK)
Step 9: Conversion of 2-PGA to PEP
This step involves the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA) to
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) or enol phosphate pyruvic acid. The reaction is
catalyzed by the enzyme enolase, which works by removing a water group,
or dehydrating the 2-PGA. (0.5 MARK)
Step 10: Formation of pyruvate
The final step of glycolysis converts phosphoenolpyruvate into enol pyruvate,
which changes spontaneously into pyruvate (pyruvic acid). The reaction is
catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase (phosphopyruvate dephosphorylase). As
the enzyme’s name suggests, this reaction involves the transfer of a phosphate
group attached to the 2′ carbon of the PEP to a molecule of ADP, yielding ATP.
 Again, since there are two molecules of PEP, generate 2 ATP molecules and two
molecules of pyruvate and this marks the end of glycolysis. (01 MARK)
(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 4 = 10 MARKS)

5. (a) Short notes on the following terms:

(i) Taxonomic key
Refer to a suitable taxonomic method used to identify and name
the unknown organisms using contrasting characters. It involves
listing the observable permanent morphological features of
unknown organisms and matching them with those features, which
are diagnostic for a particular taxon or rank. Example of
morphological features that can be used include number of
appendages, body segments, leave shape and form, flower
structure, root morphology, body covering like shell, skin, scales,
hairs and feathers, hence identification is more of artificial system
of classification.

(ii) Taxa
Is a group of many established ranks of classification such as
kingdom, phylum or divisions, class, family, order, genus and
species.
These taxa gives the taxonomic hierarchy of classification where
by the rank on a taxon shows the similarities between the
members. The lower the rank, the more similarities that exist
between members.
Every taxon has a special name. Example of the taxa in human
being gives the following hierarchy:
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primates
 Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
Species – sapiens

(iii) Systematic
Is a branch of biological science that deals with the study of the kinds of
diversity of all forms of organisms and their relationship naturally
(evolutionary relationship).
It involves fixing or placing organisms into groups or taxa according to
their resemblance, diversity, and evolutionary relationship
It includes taxonomy, identification, classification and nomenclature.

(iv) Epithelial tissue

Is a lining tissue of various parts of the body. It consists of a single
cell layer which usually occur on the surface of animals and also
covers the organ, cavities and tubes within the organism e.g it
lines the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and the intestine.
Examples of epithelial tissue columnar epithelium, cuboidal
epithelium, stratified epithelium.
(BRIEF AND PRECISE SHORT NOTES, WELL ELABORATED
WITH EXAMPLE IF POSSIBLE @ 1.5 MARKS = 06 MARKS)

(b) Four (4) importance of taxonomic hierarchy in classification:

i. It provides a standard method to be followed when a scientist identifies,
describes and gives name to a new organism.
ii. It provides a classification system of organisms which expresses a close
relationship among the members of the same group /taxon
iii. It provides a checklist of organisms found in a particular area.
iv. It helps smooth communication among scientists and avoids confusion and
repetition of names.
v. It shows evolutionary relationship that exists between organisms.
 vi. It makes easier classification or grouping organisms.
vii. It makes easier placing any new discovered organism.
viii. It makes easy to access information of various organisms.
ix. Grouping of organisms makes the study of classification easier, since
organisms are grouped in their respective taxa, by studying one member of
a taxon represents the rest members within the same taxon.
(ANY FOUR (4) POINTS @ 01 MARK = 04 MARKS)
(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 5 = 10 MARKS)

6. (a) Using labeled diagrams only to differentiate between sensory neurone

and motor neurone:

FOR EACH DIAGRAM:

CAPTION: 0.5 MARK
DIAGRAM: 01 MARK
ANY THREE CORRECT LABELS @ 0.5 MARK = 1.5 MARKS
SUBTOTAL 03 X 2= 06 MARKS

(b) Two (2) roles for each of the following phytohormones:

 (i) Ethylene
 Inhibits the growth of stem notably during the period of
physiological stress.
 Breaks bud dormancy.
 Promotes fruit ripening.
 Promote flowering in pineapples.
(ANY TWO (2) POINTS @ 01 MARK = 02 MARKS)
(ii) Cytokinins
 Delay leaf senescence-maintain freshness of the leaves.
 Promote cell division; hence promote stem growth of many
plants.
 Stimulate bud development.
 Break dormancy in both seeds and buds.
 Promote stomatal opening
 Promote fruit growth
(ANY TWO (2) POINTS @ 01 MARK = 02 MARKS)
SUBTOTAL = 04 MARKS
(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 6 = 10 MARKS)

7. (a) (i) Classification of Spirogyra to phylum level:

 Kingdom – Protoctista (01 MARK)
 Phylum – Chlorophyta (01 MARK)
(ii) Three (3) advantages of the Kingdom Protoctista
 Some members of the kingdom protoctista such as algae are used as food,
some species are cultivated and harvested as human food while other
species are used as food by fishes and zooplanktons.
 The green algae and euglena release oxygen gas during photosynthesis
which is useful for aerobic respiration
  Some protoctists are used as a source of fertilizer example the liquid
extract from the brown algae supply potassium and trace elements such as
zinc.
 The brown algae contain an acid which is useful in the industrial
production of cosmetics, paints and ice cream
 Some members are the source of agar, which is very useful in culturing
microorganisms in the laboratories.
(ANY THREE (3) POINTS @ 01 MARK = 03 MARKS)
Three (3) disadvantages of Kingdom Protoctista
 They cause pollution, example the red algae cause water pollution, which
is usually called the algal bloom.
 Most members of this kingdom cause diseases to human and other animals
example Plasmodium which cause malaria disease to human,
Trypanosoma cause trypanosomiasis diseases (sleeping sickness) to
human and other animals such as cattle, and amoebic dysentery in human
is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
 Some members cause diseases to plants example Phytophthora infestans
that infect irish potato and cause potato blight disease hence reduce yield
and quality of the crop.
(01 MARK @ = 03 MARKS)
(SUBTOTAL = 08 MARKS)
(b) The floral formula of the given floral diagram:

(ANY OF THE CORRECT FLORAL FORMULA = 02 MARKS)

(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 7 = 10 MARKS)
 8. (a)
Given organism Type of nitrogenous Environment
waste (0.5 MARK @= 04 (0.5 MARK @= 04
MARKS) MARKS)
Amoeba Ammonia Aquatic (fresh water )
Cockroach Uric acid Terrestrial
Tilapia Ammonia Aquatic (fresh water
found inhabiting shallow
streams, ponds, rivers and
lakes.)
Shark Urea Marine water (sea water,
ocean)
Tadpole larva of Ammonia Aquatic
amphibians
Lizard Uric acid Terrestrial
Bird Uric acid Terrestrial
Human being Urea Terrestrial
(SUBTOTAL = 08 MARKS)
(b) Hormonal (endocrine) control osmoregulation ,Control of blood Na⁺ level

• The maintenance of the plasma sodium level at a steady state is

controlled by steroid hormone aldosterone which also influences water
reabsorption.

• It is secreted by the cortex(outer) region of the adrenal glands.

• A decrease in blood sodium leads to decrease in blood volume because

less water enters the blood by osmosis.

• This in turn reduces blood pressure.

• low blood pressure cause the juxtaglomerular complex cells ( mass

secretory cells) lying between the afferent arteriole and the DCT of the
kidney to secrete hormone/enzyme called renin into the blood
• Renin converts a protein called angiotensinogen into angiotensin I,
Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE) which is found in the capillary wall, renal proximal tubule
and lung

• Angiotensin II causes adrenal cortex to secrete more aldosterone into the

blood in which causes reabsorption of Na⁺ from the tubule i.e DCT

(SUBTOTAL = 07 MARKS)
(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 8 = 15 MARKS)

9. (a) (i) The phylum/division and class name of each given organism:
ORGANISM PHYLUM/DIVISION CLASS
(0.5 MARK@ = 03 (0.5 MARK@ = 03
MARKS) MARKS)
Tapeworm Platyhelminthes Cestoda
Bat Chordata Mammalia
Grass Angiospermophyta Monocotyledoneae
Earthworm Annelida Oligochaeta
Shark Chordata Chondrichthyes
Crab Arthropoda Crustacea

(ii) Two (2) adaptations for each organism in 9(a)(i) above to its mode of life:
ORGANISM ADAPTATIONS
(ANY TWO (2) ADAPTATIONS @ 0.5 MARK = 01 MARK @)
(SUBTOTAL = 06 MARKS)
Tapeworm i. It has scolex (head) with hooks and suckers for fixation and
attachment to the host.
ii. It has a flattened body which enables the digested food form the
host gut to be absorbed over a large surface area.
iii. The body is covered by thick cuticle for protection and may
 produce anti-enzymes which protect it from host’s digestive
enzymes
iv. It has large number of proglottides, which can break off from the
body, and they are able to produce large number of eggs and
hence increase the chance of survival.
v. It is hermaphrodite to ensure self-fertilization hence high rate of
reproduction.
vi. Has flame cells which collect excretory material from all parts of
the body
vii. Can respire anaerobically therefore, can live under low oxygen
concentration for example in host’s gut.
Bat i. Is able to give birth to live young, as has uterus for the protection
of the developing foetus, which gets nourishment through the
placenta.
ii. Has mammary gland for nursing its young ones.
iii. Has hairs that cover the skin hence confer protection.
iv. Has developed different types of teeth (heterodont) for different
functions such as holding, cutting and feeding.
v. Has two pairs of pentadactyl limbs and the fore limbs have been
modified into wings for flying.
vi. Has external ear (pinna) for collection of sound waves and
leading them to ear drum.

Grass i. Have adventitious roots (fibrous root system) for anchorage to the
substrate and absorption of water and mineral salts.
ii. Has vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) for transportation of
water, mineral salts and food substances respectively, from the
source to all parts of the body.
iii. Has leaves for photosynthesis
iv. Has flowers as reproductive structures.
v. Produce light pollen grans that carried easily by wind through
 pollination
vi. It is able to produce seeds protected by seed coats to ensure
survival and high rate of reproduction after dispersal hence
germinate.
Earthworm i. Has ideal shape with chaetae for burrowing to the soil. During
locomotion chaetae used for gripping the soil and for gripping the
sides of burrow if attacked by predators.
ii. Has ability to live underground in burrows in damp soil to protect
itself from desiccation during the day, and emerges at night to
feed and reproduce.
iii. Has gizzard for breaking down plant tissues during feeding.
iv. Has clitellum or saddle that secretes a cocoon in which the eggs
are deposited hence ensures efficient provision of offspring
during unfavorable conditions.
v. Has elongated, cylindrical body with tapered anterior end and
dorsoventrally flattened at the posterior end so as to make
barrows on the damp soil easily.
vi. Has streamlined body with no projecting structures such as limbs
that might impede its passage through the soil.
vii. Has dorsal pores that secrete coelomic fluids and mucous glands
in the epidermis (skin), which secretes mucus to keep the worm’s
thin cuticle moist, hence prevent the body from desiccation,
improves gaseous exchange and also act as lubricant for
movement through the soil.
viii. Has a pair of excretory and osmoregulatory tubes called
nephridia, which open on the surface of the worm via pores.
ix. It is hermaphrodite (has male and female sex organs) to ensure
high rate of reproduction, but also two worms can copulate and
exchange sperms to ensure production of strong generation.
Shark i. Has paired, fleshy pectoral and pelvic fins for swimming.
ii. Has streamlined body for reduction of resistance to swimming
 iii. Has caudal (tail) fin with asymmetrical lobes, forming a
heterocercal tail that helps to prevent sinking.
iv. Have five pairs of visceral clefts (gill slits) as separate gill
openings for gaseous exchange.
v. Have tooth-like scales called placoid scales that cover and protect
the skin.
vi. Has lateral line system for detection of water currents and wave
intensity.
vii. Has dorsal spine used as the defensive structure. If a fish is
captured, can arch its back to pierce its captor with spines near
the dorsal fins that secrete mild venom into its predator.
Crab i. The cephalothorax is covered by a tough shield-like structure
called carapace or an exoskeleton hardened with calcium salts,
which acts as protective shell.
ii. Has three pairs of mouth parts for feeding.
iii. Has a pair of compound eyes at the end of movable stalks for
seeing/vision
iv. Has two pairs of antennae for sensation
v. Has ten legs; the thoracic legs used for walking sideways and the
fourth walking legs (hind limbs) are flattened and paddle-like for
swimming.
vi. The fore legs has modified with pincers (like claws) used in
eating to seize and subdue the prey, exert force to open or break
the body of prey, and fighting/defence.
vii. Has gills (outgrowths of the body wall or limbs) for gaseous
exchange.

(b) Three (3) differences between moss plant and fern plant
Moss plant Fern plant
i. Has small false leaf - like Has relatively large true leaves called fronds
 structures for photosynthesis
and sexual reproduction.
ii. Has false roots called rhizoids
for anchorage to the substrate
and absorption of water and
mineral salts
iii. Have both sporophyte and
gametophyte generations
connected together where
gametophyte is dominant with
leaves, stem, rhizoids and male
and female reproductive organs,
where by after fertilization the
zygote develop to sporophyte
and remain connected with
gametophyte generation and
depending on it.
iv. The sporophyte bears seta and
capsule with spore mother cell
which produce spores
v. Antheridia (male sex organ)
found in the rosette of leaves at
the tip of male shoot and
archegonia (female sex organ)
found on the cluster of leaves at
tip of female shoot.
vi. Lack vascular tissues) xylem
and phloem)
(ANY THREE (3) DIFFERENCES @ 01 MARK = 03 MARKS)
(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 9 = 15 MARKS)
with many pinna (leaflets) for photosynthesis
and asexual reproduction
Has rhizome (horizontally growing
underground stem) with adventitious roots (true
roots) for anchorage to the substrate and
absorption of water and mineral salts
The dominant sporophyte and gametophyte
generations occur as separate plants, where the
gametophyte is reduced into a small simple
structure called prothallus bearing unicellular
rhizoids, and male and female reproductive
structures, where by after fertilization the
zygote produced grow to sporophyte (rhizome
and frond), and the gametophyte wither away.
The sporophyte has sporangia (cluster of sorus)
at the lower side of the frond, which bears spore
mother cell for spore production.
Antheridia and archegonia develop in the
prothallus, where by the antheridia occurs at the
lower position and the archegonia above them.
Have simple vascular tissues (xylem and
phloem) in sporophyte for transportation of
water and nutrients around the plants.
10. (a)

The diagram of the retina /The structure of the retina

CAPTION: 0.5 MARK
DIAGRAM: 2.5 MARKS
ANY NINE (9) CORRECT LABELS @ 0.5 MARK = 4.5 MARKS
SUBTOTAL = 7.5 MARKS
(b) Description on how an impulse is transmitted along the axon:

(@ POINT 01 MARK AND @ ILLUSTRATION 0.5 MARK = 7.5 MARKS)

(SUBTOTAL = 7.5 MARKS)
(TOTAL MARKS FOR QUESTION 10 = 15 MARKS)