On the summit of Mt.

Everest, where the barometric pressure is about

250 mm Hg, the partial pressure of O2 in mm Hg is about
A. 0.1. B. 0.5. C. 5. D. 50. E. 100
ANS: D

The forced vital capacity is

A. the amount of air that normally moves into (or out of) the lungs with
each respiration. B. the amount of air that enters the lungs but does not
participate in gas exchange. C. the amount of air expired after maximal
expiratory effort. D. the largest amount of gas that can be moved into and
out of the lungs in 1 min
ANS:C

Airway resistance
A. is increased if the lungs are removed and inflated with saline. B. does
not affect the work of breathing. C. is increased in paraplegic patients. D.
is increased following bronchial smooth muscle contraction. E. makes up
.80% of the work of breathing
ANS:D

The tidal volume is

A. the amount of air that normally moves into (or out of) the lungs with
each respiration. B. the amount of air that enters the lungs but does not
participate in gas exchange. C. the amount of air expired after maximal
expiratory effort. D. the amount of gas that can be moved into and out of
the lungs in 1 min
ANS:A

Which of the following is responsible for the movement of O2 from the

?alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
A. Active transport B. Filtration C. Secondary active transport D.
Facilitated diffusion E. Passive diffusion
ANS:E

Surfactant lining the alveoli

A. helps prevent alveolar collapse. B. is produced in alveolar type I cells
and secreted into the alveolus. C. is increased in the lungs of heavy
.Smokers. D. is a glycolipid complex
ANS:A

Most of the CO2 transported in the blood is

A. dissolved in plasma. B. in carbamino compounds formed from plasma
proteins. C. in carbamino compounds formed from hemoglobin. D. bound
. − to Cl− . E. in HCO3
ANS:E

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the ability of blood to
?transport oxygen
A. Capacity of the blood to dissolve oxygen B. Amount of hemoglobin
.in the blood C. pH of plasma D. CO2 content of red blood cells E
Temperature of the blood
ANS:B

?Which of the following is true of the system

A. Reaction 2 is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. B. Because of reaction

2, the pH of blood declines during hyperventilation. C. Reaction 1 occurs
in the red blood cell. D. Reaction 1 occurs primarily in plasma. E. The
.Reactions move to the right when there is excess H+ in the tissues
ANS:D
In comparing uncompensated respiratory acidosis and uncompensated
?metabolic acidosis which one of the following is true
A. Plasma pH change is always greater in uncompensated respiratory
acidosis compared to uncompensated metabolic acidosis. B. There are no
compensation mechanisms for respiratory acidosis, whereas there is
respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis. C. Uncompensated
respiratory acidosis involves changes in plasma [HCO3 − ], whereas
plasma [HCO3 − ] is unchanged in uncompensated metabolic acidosis. D.
Uncompensated respiratory acidosis is associated with a change in
PCO2 , whereas in uncompensated metabolic acidosis PCO2 is constant
AND:D

The main respiratory control neurons

A. send out regular bursts of impulses to expiratory muscles during quiet
respiration. B. are unaffected by stimulation of pain receptors. C. are
located in the pons. D. send out regular bursts of impulses to inspiratory
muscles during quiet respiration. E. are unaffected by impulses from the
cerebral cortex
ANS:D

.Intravenous lactic acid increases ventilation

The receptors responsible for this effect are located in the A. medulla
oblongata. B. carotid bodies. C. lung parenchyma. D. aortic
.baroreceptors. E. trachea and large bronchi
ANS:B

Spontaneous respiration ceases after

A. transection of the brainstem above the pons. B. transection of the
brainstem at the caudal end of the medulla. C. bilateral vagotomy. D.
bilateral vagotomy combined with transection of the brainstem at the
.superior border of the pons
ANS:B
The following physiological events that occur in vivo are listed in
random order: (1) decreased CSF pH; (2) increased arterial PCO2 ; (3)
increased CSF PCO2 ; (4) stimulation of medullary chemoreceptors; and
(5) increased alveolar PCO2 . What is the usual sequence in which they
?occur when they affect respiration
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 C. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2 D. 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 E. 5, 3, 2, 4, 1
ANS:D

The following events that occur in the carotid bodies when they are
:exposed to hypoxia are listed in random order
depolarization of type I glomus cells; (2) excitation of afferent nerve )1(
endings; (3) reduced conductance of hypoxia-sensitive K+ channels in
type I glomus cells; (4) Ca2+ entry into type I glomus cells; (5) decreased
K+ efflux. What is the usual sequence in which they occur on exposure to
hypoxia? A. 1, 3, 4, 5, 2 B. 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 C. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2 D. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 E. 3,
5, 1, 4, 2
ANS:E

Injection of a drug that stimulates the carotid bodies would be expected to

cause
A. a decrease in the pH of arterial blood. B. a decrease in the PCO2 of
arterial blood. C. an increase in the HCO3 − concentration of arterial
blood. D. an increase in urinary Na+ excretion. E. an increase in plasma
. −Cl
ANS:B

Variations in which of the following components of blood or CSF do not

?affect respiration
A. Arterial HCO3 − concentration B. Arterial H+ concentration C.
Arterial Na+ concentration D. CSF CO2 concentration E. CSF H+
concentration
ANS:C
:Lung surfactant.
a) Is deficient in diabetic mothers b) Increases the lung compliance c)
Increases the surface tension of fluid lining alveoli d) Is produced by type
I pneumocytes
ANS:A

The forces governing the diffusion of a gas through a biological

membrane include the pressure difference across the membrane (∆P), the
cross-sectional area of the membrane (A), the solubility of the gas (S), the
distance of diffusion (d), and the molecular weight of the gas (MW).
Which changes increase the diffusion of a gas through a biological
?membrane

ANS:E

What is the most important pathway for the respiratory response to

?systemic arterial CO2 (PCO2)
A) CO2 activation of the carotid bodies B) Hydrogen ion (H+) activation
of the carotid bodies C) CO2 activation of the chemosensitive area of the
medulla D) H+ activation of the chemosensitive area of the medulla E)
CO2 activation of receptors in the lung
ANS:D
The afferent (sensory) endings for the Hering-Breuer reflex are
mechanoreceptors located in the
A) Carotid arteries B) Alveoli C) External intercostals D) Bronchi and
bronchioles E) Diaphragm
ANS: D
?What tends to decrease airway resistance
A) Asthma B) Stimulation by sympathetic fibers C) Treatment with
acetylcholine D) Exhalation to residual volume
ANS:B

A healthy, 25-year-old medical student participates in a 10-kilometer

charity run for the American Heart Association. Which muscles does the
?student use (contract) during expiration
A) Diaphragm and external intercostals B) Diaphragm and internal
intercostals C) Diaphragm only D) Internal intercostals and abdominal
recti E) Scaleni F) Sternocleidomastoid muscles
ANS:D

A patient has a dead space of 150 milliliters, FRC of 3 liters, VT of 650

milliliters, ERV of 1.5 liters, TLC of 8 liters, and respiratory rate of 15
breaths/min. What is the alveolar ventilation (V)? A) 5 L/min B) 7.5
L/min C) 6.0 L/min D) 9.0 L/min
ANS:B

:Immediate stoppage of respiration can be caused by transection

.a- between pons and medulla
.b- of both vagi
.c- below 7th cervical vertebra
d- Above 2nd cervical vertebra
ANS:D