Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Facultad de ingeniería
Departamento de Obras civiles

Project 3
Hyperelasticity

Lecturer: Juan Carlos Pina

Teaching assistants: Lenko Álvarez
Jonathan Yánez
Date: 15 de diciembre de 2023
Santiago de Chile
Introduction 1

Abstract
In this project, we modeled the behavior of a hyperelastic material using both the ANSYS
program and Matlab. The material constants were derived through Curve Fitting based on
available experimental data. Our observations revealed that, although ANSYS produced a curve
that resembled the expected behavior, the Matlab-generated code demonstrated a superior ap-
proximation to the reference data. Notably, the model based on the Mooney-Rivlin formulation
exhibited better performance compared to the Neo-Hookean model.

1. Introduction
The incompressible Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model is a classical example of an isotropic hy-
perelastic material model. Its constitutive behaviour is defined by the strain energy function Ψe
as:
µ1 µ2
Ψ (C) = [I1 (C) − 3] − [I2 (C) − 3] (1)
2 2
where I1 (C) and I2 (C) are respectively the first and second invariant, C is the right Cauchy-
Green strain tensor, µ1 and µ2 are material constants with the shear modulus µ = µ1 −µ2 . Departing
from equation (1), the incompressible neo-Hookean hyperelastic model can be obtained from the
Mooney-Rivlin energy function by taking µ = µ1 and µ2 = 0. This leads to:
µ1
Ψe (C) =[I1 (C) − 3] (2)
2
The energy functions presented in (1) and (2) can be extended to the compressible range by
adding and additional function U (J) that depends on the Jacobian of the deformation gradient J,
yielding:
µ1 µ2
Ψe (C) = [I1 (C) − 3] − [I2 (C) − 3] + U (J) (3)
2 2
for the coupled compressible Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model, and
µ2
Ψe (C) = [I1 (C) − 3] + U (J) (4)
2
for the coupled compressible neo-Hookean hyperelastic model. The function U (J) can be defined
as:
1
U (J) = λ (J − 1)2 − µln (J), (5) (5)
2
or alternatively as
1
U (J) = λ ln2 (J) − µ ln (J) (6)
2
where λ and µ are the Lammé constants.
An alternative representation of the strain energy function Ψe (C) for compressible hyperelastic
materials can be formulated starting from the multiplicative split of the deformation process. This
procedure involves a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient tensor F into a volume-
preserving isochoric or distortional part and a volume-changing dilatational part. This multiplicative
split yields:

F = (J 1/3 I)F̄ (7)

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Introduction 2

for the deformation gradient tensor F and

C = (J 2/3 I)C̄ (8)

for the right Cauchy strain tensor C.
Then, the strain-energy functional Ψe (C) for decoupled compressible hypereslastic material mod-
els can be expressed as:

Ψe (C) = Ψiso (C̄) + Ψvol (J) (9)

where Ψvol (J) and Ψiso (C̄) describe respectively the volumetric and the isochoric elastic response
of the material [4]. The decoupled versions of the Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean hyperelastic
models can be obtained by first replacing C by C̄ in expressions (1) and (2) respectively for the
volume-preserving part Ψiso (C̄). Then, for the dilatational part Ψvol (J) of the strain energy function,
the functions U (J) proposed in equations (5) and (6) can be used. Besides these two options, some
authors suggest a simpler function expressed as:
1
U (J) = K(J − 1)2 (10)
2
with K the initial bulk modulus of the material. The decoupled representation of the strain energy
functional with Ψvol (J) = U (J) given by equation (10), is the approached implemented in the finite
element (FE) software ANSYS.

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Theorical study 3

2. Theorical study
2.1. Stress-Strain relation
In this section, expressions for the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor S will be derived in terms
of the right Cauchy-Green strain tensor C for both the coupled and decoupled compressible Mooney-
Rivlin and Neo-Hookean hyperelastic material models. Additionally, an expression for the Cauchy
stress tensor σ in terms of the left Cauchy-Green strain tensor b will be obtained for the coupled
compressible Mooney-Rivlin and Neo-Hookean hyperelastic material models. These derivations con-
sider the functions (3) and (4) for the coupled compressible Mooney-Rivlin and Neo-Hookean models,
taking U (J) into account as defined in equations (6) and (10).

2.1.1. Coupled compressible Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean in terms

of S and C
The second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor S can be expressed as:

∂Ψ
S=2· (11)
∂C
Where, in this case, the strain energy function for the Mooney-Rivlin model is given by:
µ1 µ2
Ψe = [IC − 3] − [IIC − 3] + U (J) (12)
2 2
And the strain energy function for the Neo-Hookean model is given by:
µ1
Ψe = [IC − 3] + U (J) (13)
2
2.1.1.1. M-R
With U (J) = 1
2 · λ · ln2 (J) − µ · ln(J), S is expressed as:

∂Ψ
S=2· = µ1 · I − µ2 · [tr(C) · I − C] + λ · ln(J) · C−1 − µ · C−1 (14)
∂C
1
With U (J) = 2 · K · (J − 1)2 , S is expressed as:

∂Ψ
S=2· = µ1 · I − µ2 · [tr(C) · I − C] + K · (J − 1) · C−1 (15)
∂C
2.1.1.2. N-H
With U (J) = 1
2 · λ · ln2 (J) − µ · ln(J), S is expressed as:

∂Ψ
S=2· = µ1 · I + λ · ln(J) · C−1 − µ · C−1 (16)
∂C
1
With U (J) = 2 · K · (J − 1)2 , S is expressed as:

∂Ψ
S=2· = µ1 · I + K · (J − 1) · C−1 (17)
∂C

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Theorical study 4

2.1.2. Coupled compressible Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean in terms

of σ and b
To express σ in terms of b, it is necessary to recall that τ can be expressed as:

τ (b) = F · S · FT (18)

and that σ = Jτ .
2.1.2.1. M-R
With U (J) = 1
2 · λ · ln2 (J) − µ · ln(J) τ is expressed as:

τ (b) = µ1 · b − µ2 · [tr(b) · b − b2 ] + λ · ln(J) − µ (19)

Then:

µ1 · b − µ2 · [tr(b) · b − b2 ] + λ · ln(J) − µ
σ= (20)
J
1
With U (J) = 2 · K · (J − 1)2 τ is expressed as:

τ (b) = µ1 · b − µ2 · [tr(b) · b − b2 ] + K · (J − 1) · J (21)

Then:

µ1 · b − µ2 · [tr(b) · b − b2 ]
σ= + K · (J − 1) (22)
J
2.1.2.2. N-H
With U (J) = 1
2 · λ · ln2 (J) − µ · ln(J) τ is expressed as:

τ (b) = µ · b + λ · ln(J) − µ (23)

Then:

µ · b + λ · ln(J) − µ
σ= (24)
J
1
With U (J) = 2 · K · (J − 1)2 τ is expressed as:

τ (b) = µ1 · b + K · (J − 1) · J (25)
Then:

µ1 · b
σ= + K · (J − 1) (26)
J
2.1.3. Decoupled compressible Mooney-Rivlin and neo-Hookean in terms
of S and C
In this case, the strain energy function for the Mooney-Rivlin model is given by:
µ1 2 µ2 4
Ψe = · [J − 3 · IC − 3] − · [J − 3 · IIC − 3] + U (J) (27)
2 2

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Theorical study 5

And the strain energy function for the Neo-Hookean model is given by:
µ 2
Ψe = · [J − 3 · IC − 3] + U (J) (28)
2
2.1.3.1. M-R
With U (J) = 1
2 · λ · ln2 (J) − µ · ln(J), S is expressed as:

" 2 #
−J − 3 · C−1 −2
 
− 32 4
S = µ1 · J · I + I C · ( ) −µ2 ·J − 3 · · C−1 · IIC + tr (C) · I − C +λ·ln(J)·C−1 −µ·C−1
3 3
(29)
With U (J) = 12 · K · (J − 1)2 , S is expressed as:
" 2 #
−J − 3 · C−1 −2
 
− 32 4
S = µ1 · J · I + IC · ( ) −µ2 ·J − 3 · · C−1 · IIC + tr (C) · I − C +K·(J − 1)·J·C−1
3 3
(30)
2.1.3.2. N-H
With U (J) = 1
2 · λ · ln2 (J) − µ · ln(J), S is expressed as:
" 2 #
− 23 −J − 3 · C−1
S = µ1 · J · I + IC · ( ) + λ · ln(J) · C−1 − µ · C−1 (31)
3
1
With U (J) = 2 · K · (J − 1)2 , S is expressed as:
" 2 #
− 23 −J − 3 · C−1
S = µ1 · J · I + IC · ( ) + K · (J − 1) · J · C−1 (32)
3

2.2. 4th order Elasticity tensor

2.2.1. 4th order material elasticity tensor 4 C
The second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor S, obtained by differentiating the strain energy function
formed with equations (4) and (5), is:
   
S = µ · I − C−1 + λ · J 2 · C−1 − J · C−1 (33)

Then, the 4th order material elasticity tensor:

∂S J
    
4
C = 2· = 2· µ · C−14 Is C−1 + λ · J 2 C−1 ⊗ C−1 − J 2 C−14 Is C−1 − C−1 ⊗ C−1 + JC−14 Is C−1
∂C 2
(34)

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 6

3. Numerical study
In this section, the three-parameter Mooney-Rivlin model and the Neo-Hookean model were im-
plemented in Matlab to analyze the behavior of a hyperelastic material studied by Hidajat Sugihardjo,
Tavio, and Yudha Lesmana. Additionally, experiments were simulated in ANSYS to compare the
results.
First, a curve fitting was conducted with the experimental data to obtain the material constants
C as referenced in (1).

Figure 1: Curve Fitting Mooney-Rivlin

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 7

Figure 2: Curve Fitting Neo-Hookean

Table 1: Material constants

PARAMETER CURVE FITTING JOURNAL DATA

D1 0,00060570 0,00064512 mPa-̂1
C01 0,034139 0,036242 mPa
C10 0,18235 0,18186 mPa
C11 -0,0011808 -0,0015086 mPa
µ 0,43890 0,44092 mPa

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 8

3.1. Uniaxial Tensile Test

In this experiment, a specimen with the shape shown below is utilized:

Figure 3: Uniaxial Tensile Test

Results:

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 9

Figure 4: Uniaxial Tensile Test

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 10

Figure 5: Deformation

3.2. Equibiaxial Tensile Test

In this experiment, a specimen with the shape shown below is utilized:

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 11

Figure 6: Equibiaxial Tensile Test

Results:

Figure 7: Equibiaxial Tensile Test

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 12

Figure 8: Deformation

3.3. Planar Shear Test

In this experiment, a specimen with the shape shown below is utilized:

Figure 9: Planar Shear Test

Results:

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 13

Figure 10: Planar Shear Test

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 14

Figure 11: Deformation

3.4. Volumetric Test

In this experiment, a specimen with the shape shown below is utilized:

Figure 12: Volumetric Test

Results:

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 15

Figure 13: Volumetric Test

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Numerical study 16

Figure 14: Deformation

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Appendix 17

4. Conclusions
Satisfactorily, expressions for the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor in terms of C were success-
fully obtained for both the coupled and decoupled cases, as well as an expression for σ in terms of b.
Additionally, the fourth-order material elasticity tensor was derived from the indicated expressions.
Both the Mooney-Rivlin and Neo-Hookean models exhibited a good fit to the reference experi-
mental data, whether implemented in Ansys or Matlab. The similarity between the curves generated
by Ansys and Matlab indicates a robust implementation of the method, given that identical algebraic
expressions were employed.
To enhance the ANSYS model, a mesh convergence study and optimization of stress extraction
from each test could be conducted.

5. References
• Juan Carlos Pina. (2022). “Lecture Notes Tensor Algebra” and “Constitutive Relations".
• Sugihardjo, H., Tavio, T., & Lesmana, Y. (2018). FE model of low grade rubber for modeling
housing’s low-cost rubber base isolators. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-
030966
• Holzapfel, G. A. (2000). Nonlinear solid mechanics: A continuum approach for engineering (1a
ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

1. Appendix
1.1. Useful equivalences
The invariants are defined as:
• IC = tr(C) = C : I
1
tr(C)2 − tr(C2 )
 
• IIC = 2

1.2. Derivatives used

∂IC
1. ∂C =I
proof:
∂IC ∂tr(C) ∂C:I
∂C = ∂C = ∂C =I
∂IIC
2. ∂C = tr(C)I − C
proof:
∂IIC ∂ 12 [tr(C)2 −tr(C2 )] 1 ∂ [tr(C) −tr(C )]
2 2

∂C = ∂C = 2 ∂C
 
1
2 2tr(C) ∂tr(C)
∂C −
∂C:C
∂C = 1
2 (2tr(C)I − 2C) = tr(C)I − C

3. ∂J
∂C = 12 JC−1

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 Appendix 18

∂I
4. ∂C =0
∂C
5. ∂C =4 Is
∂C−1
6. ∂C = −C−1 ·4 Is · C−1
proof:
∂I ∂C−1 C
∂C = ∂C =0
∂C−1 −1 ∂C
∂C C + C ∂C = 0
∂C−1 −1 ∂C
∂C C = −C ∂C
∂C−1 −1 4 s
∂C = −C · I · C−1 = −C−1 ⊗ C−T

1.3. ANSYS CODES

1 !BIAXIAL TEST MOONEY-RIVLIN
2 /CLEAR
3 FINISH
4

5 ! PARAMETROS DE CURVE FITTING

6

7 ! Parametros para MOONEY-RIVLIN

8 C01 = 0.034139345 ! en MPa
9 C10 = 0.182353216 ! en MPa
10 C11 = -0.001180849 ! en MPa
11 De1 = 0.0006057 ! en MPa^-1
12

13 /PREP7
14 ! DATOS HIPERELASTICOS
15

16 ! Mat: MOONEY-RIVLIN
17 TB,HYPE,1,1,3,MOON
18 TBTEMP,0
19 TBDATA,,C10,C01,C11,De1,,
20

21 ! ELEMENTO
22 ET,1,SOLID185
23

24 !GEOMETRIA
25 ! CILINDRO COMPLETO
26 CYL4,0,0,0,0,25,360,2
27

28 ! MALLADO
29

30 ! Cortes para mallado hexahedrico

31 WPROTA,,,90 ! Gira el eje en 90 grados
32 VSBW,ALL ! Genera un corte
33 WPROTA,,90, ! Gira el eje en 90 grados
34 VSBW,ALL ! Genera un corte
35 WPSTYL,DEFA ! Lleva el sistema al origen
36

37 ESIZE,2,0, ! Tamaño de elementos

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 Appendix 19

38 MSHAPE,0,3D
39 MSHKEY,1
40 VMESH,ALL
41

42 ! COORDENADAS POLARES
43 CSYS,1 ! Cambiar el eje coordenado de cartesiana a polares
44 NROTAT,ALL ! Rota el eje de coordenadas de cada nodo
45

46 ! Solucion
47 /SOLU
48 ANTYPE,0 ! Analisis Estructural
49 NLGEOM,ON ! Se activa la no-linealidad geometrica
50

51 ! Restricciones
52 DA,2,UZ,0 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
53 DA,15,UZ,0 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
54 DA,21,UZ,0 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
55 DA,18,UZ,0 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
56

57 DA,7,UX,25 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial

58 DA,8,UX,25 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
59 DA,12,UX,25 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
60 DA,13,UX,25 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
61

62 DA,7,UY,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial

63 DA,8,UY,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
64 DA,12,UY,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
65 DA,13,UY,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
66

67 ! Tiempo de estudio
68 t0 = 0 ! Tiempo inicial
69 tf = 1 ! Tiempo final
70 dt = 0.01 ! Salto de tiempo
71 steps = (tf-t0)/dt + 1
72 NSUBST,steps,steps,steps ! Define el numero de pasos de analisis
73 OUTRES,ALL,ALL ! Solicitar los resultados
74

75 ALLSEL,ALL
76 SOLVE

2 !UNIAXIAL TEST MOONEY-RIVLIN

3 /CLEAR
4 FINISH
5

6 ! PARAMETROS DE CURVE FITTING

7

8 ! Parametros para MOONEY-RIVLIN

9 C01 = 0.034139345 ! en MPa
10 C10 = 0.182353216 ! en MPa

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 Appendix 20

11 C11 = -0.001180849 ! en MPa

12 De1 = 0.0006057 ! en MPa^-1
13

14 /PREP7
15 ! DATOS HIPERELASTICOS
16

17 ! Mat: MOONEY-RIVLIN
18 TB,HYPE,1,1,3,MOON
19 TBTEMP,0
20 TBDATA,,C10,C01,C11,De1,,
21

22 ! ELEMENTO
23 ET,1,SOLID185
24

25 !GEOMETRIA
26 ! Block
27 BLOCK,0,50,0,3,0,2,
28

29 ! MALLADO
30 VATT,1,,1,,
31 MSHKEY,1
32 MSHAPE,0,3D
33 ESIZE,1 ! Tamaño de elementos
34 ALLSEL,ALL
35 VMESH,ALL
36

37

38 ! Solucion
39 /SOLU
40 ANTYPE,0 ! Analisis Estructural
41 NLGEOM,ON ! Se activa la no-linealidad geometrica
42

43 !!RESTRICCIONES
44

45 !Se fija una cara de X

46 ASEL,S,LOC,X,0 !Selecciona un area en x=0
47 NSLA,S,1 !Selecciona los nodos en x=0
48 D,ALL,UX,0 !se aplica restricciones de desplazamiento a los nodos
49 ALLSEL,ALL
50

51 ASEL,S,LOC,Y,0 !Fijar caras en Y

52 NSLA,S,1
53 D,ALL,UY,0 !Restriccion
54 ALLSEL,ALL
55

56 ASEL,S,LOC,Z,0!Fijar caras en Z
57 NSLA,S,1
58 D,ALL,UZ,0 !Restriccion
59 allsel,all
60

61 !Desplazamiento

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 Appendix 21

62 asel,S,LOC,X,50
63 NSLA,S,1
64 D,all,UX,50
65 ALLSELL,ALL
66

67 ! Tiempo de estudio
68 t0 = 0 ! Tiempo inicial
69 tf = 1 ! Tiempo final
70 dt = 0.01 ! Salto de tiempo
71 steps = (tf-t0)/dt + 1
72 NSUBST,steps,steps,steps ! Define el numero de pasos de analisis
73 OUTRES,ALL,ALL ! Solicitar los resultados
74

75 ALLSEL,ALL
76 SOLVE

1 !PLANAR SHEAR TEST MOONEY-RIVLIN

2 /CLEAR
3 FINISH
4

5 ! PARAMETROS DE CURVE FITTING

6

7 ! Parametros para MOONEY-RIVLIN

8 C01 = 0.034139345 ! en MPa
9 C10 = 0.182353216 ! en MPa
10 C11 = -0.001180849 ! en MPa
11 De1 = 0.0006057 ! en MPa^-1
12

13 /PREP7
14 ! DATOS HIPERELASTICOS
15

16 ! Mat: MOONEY-RIVLIN
17 TB,HYPE,1,1,3,MOON
18 TBTEMP,0
19 TBDATA,,C10,C01,C11,De1,,
20

21 ! ELEMENTO
22 ET,1,SOLID185
23

24 !GEOMETRIA
25 ! Block
26 BLOCK,0,150,0,15,0,2,
27

28 ! MALLADO
29 VATT,1,,1,,
30 MSHKEY,1
31 MSHAPE,0,3D
32 ESIZE,5,0, ! Tamaño de elementos
33 ALLSEL,ALL
34 VMESH,ALL

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 Appendix 22

35

36

37 ! Solucion
38 /SOLU
39 ANTYPE,0 ! Analisis Estructural
40 NLGEOM,ON ! Se activa la no-linealidad geometrica
41

42 ! Restricciones
43

44 ASEL,S,LOC,Y,0
45 NSLA,S,1
46 D,ALL,UY,0
47 ALLSEL,ALL
48

49 ASEL,S,LOC,Y,0
50 NSLA,S,1
51 D,ALL,UX,0
52 ALLSEL,ALL
53

54 ASEL,S,LOC,Y,0
55 NSLA,S,1
56 D,ALL,UZ,0
57 ALLSEL,ALL
58

59 ASEL,S,LOC,Y,15
60 NSLA,S,1
61 D,ALL,UX,0
62 ALLSEL,ALL
63

64 ASEL,S,LOC,Y,15
65 NSLA,S,1
66 D,ALL,UZ,0
67 ALLSEL,ALL
68

69 !Desplazamiento
70 asel,S,LOC,Y,15
71 NSLA,S,1
72 D,ALL,UY,15
73 ALLSEL,ALL
74

75 ! Tiempo de estudio
76 t0 = 0 ! Tiempo inicial
77 tf = 1 ! Tiempo final
78 dt = 0.01 ! Salto de tiempo
79 steps = (tf-t0)/dt + 1
80 NSUBST,steps,steps,steps ! Define el numero de pasos de analisis
81 OUTRES,ALL,ALL ! Solicitar los resultados
82

83 ALLSEL,ALL
84 SOLVE

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 Appendix 23

1 !VOLUMETRIC TEST MOONEY-RIVLIN

2 /CLEAR
3 FINISH
4

5 ! PARAMETROS DE CURVE FITTING

6

7 ! Parametros para MOONEY-RIVLIN

8 C01 = 0.034139345 ! en MPa
9 C10 = 0.182353216 ! en MPa
10 C11 = -0.001180849 ! en MPa
11 De1 = 0.0006057 ! en MPa^-1
12

13 /PREP7
14 ! DATOS HIPERELASTICOS
15

16 ! Mat: MOONEY-RIVLIN
17 TB,HYPE,1,1,3,MOON
18 TBTEMP,0
19 TBDATA,,C10,C01,C11,De1,,
20

21 ! ELEMENTO
22 ET,1,SOLID185
23

24 !GEOMETRIA
25 ! CILINDRO COMPLETO
26 CYL4,0,0,0,0,3.175,360,10
27

28 ! MALLADO
29

30 ! Cortes para mallado hexahedrico

31 WPROTA,,,90 ! Gira el eje en 90 grados
32 VSBW,ALL ! Genera un corte
33 WPROTA,,90, ! Gira el eje en 90 grados
34 VSBW,ALL ! Genera un corte
35 WPSTYL,DEFA ! Lleva el sistema al origen
36

37 ESIZE,2,0, ! Tamaño de elementos

38 MSHAPE,0,3D
39 MSHKEY,1
40 VMESH,ALL
41

42 ! COORDENADAS POLARES
43 CSYS,1 ! Cambiar el eje coordenado de cartesiana a polares
44 NROTAT,ALL ! Rota el eje de coordenadas de cada nodo
45

46 ! Solucion
47 /SOLU
48 ANTYPE,0 ! Analisis Estructural
49 NLGEOM,ON ! Se activa la no-linealidad geometrica
50

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 Appendix 24

51 ! Restricciones
52 DA,2,UZ,-2 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
53 DA,15,UZ,-2 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
54 DA,21,UZ,-2 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
55 DA,18,UZ,-2 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
56

57 DA,1,UZ,0 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z

58 DA,14,UZ,0 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
59 DA,20,UZ,0 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
60 DA,17,UZ,0 ! Restriccion de movimiento en Z
61

62 DA,7,UX,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial

63 DA,8,UX,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
64 DA,12,UX,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
65 DA,13,UX,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
66

67 DA,7,UY,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial

68 DA,8,UY,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
69 DA,12,UY,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
70 DA,13,UY,0 ! Desplazamiento en direccion radial
71

72 ! Tiempo de estudio
73 t0 = 0 ! Tiempo inicial
74 tf = 1 ! Tiempo final
75 dt = 0.01 ! Salto de tiempo
76 steps = (tf-t0)/dt + 1
77 NSUBST,steps,steps,steps ! Define el numero de pasos de analisis
78 OUTRES,ALL,ALL ! Solicitar los resultados
79

80 ALLSEL,ALL
81 SOLVE

For Neo-Hookean, the same codes are used, replacing the following:
1 ! Parametros para Neo-Hookean
2 mu = 0.438899369 ! en MPa
3 De1 = 0.0006057 ! en MPa^-1
4

5 /PREP7
6 ! DATOS HIPERELASTICOS
7

8 ! Mat: Neo-Hookean
9 TB,HYPE,1,1,2,NEO
10 TBTEMP,0
11 TBDATA,,mu,De1,,,,

1.4. Matlab Code

1 clc;

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 Appendix 25

2 close all;
3 clear;
4

5 fclose(’all’);
6 %% Starting Values
7 unit_tensors; % Initialize unit tensors.
8 nd =3; % Problem dimensions.
9

10 %% Material Properties
11 K = 2/0.0006057 ; % Bulk modulus [MPa^-1]
12 c10 = 0.182353216; % 1st M-R constant. [MPa]
13 c01 = 0.034139345; % 2nd M-R constant. [MPa]
14 c11 = -0.001180849; % 3rd M-R constant. [MPa]
15

16 mat=1;
17 %% Method
18 for ensayo=1:4 %
19 gama = 0; %Amplifier
20 nincr = 51; %N° of Increments
21

22 for incr=1:nincr
23 %% Deformation Gradient Tensor
24 if incr == 1
25 gama = 0;
26 else
27 gama = gama + 1/(nincr-1); % Monotonically increasing loading factor
28 end
29

30 if ensayo == 1
31 gradu0_vol = [1-gama*0.08 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1]; %Vol def - Vol test
32 elseif ensayo == 2
33 gradu0_vol = [1+gama*1 0 0; 0 1/sqrt(1+gama*1) 0; 0 0 1/sqrt(1+gama*1)]; %Vol def -
,→ uniaxial test
34 elseif ensayo == 3
35 gradu0_vol = [1+gama*1 0 0; 0 (1+gama*1)^-1 0; 0 0 1]; %Vol def - pla shear
,→ test
36 else
37 gradu0_vol = [1+gama*1 0 0; 0 1+gama*1 0; 0 0 (1+gama*1)^-2]; %Vol def - pla
,→ shear test
38 end
39

40 gradu0_shear = [0 0 0; 0 0 0; 0 0 0]; %Shear def

41 gradu0_total = (gradu0_vol + gradu0_shear); %Total deformation
42 % Deformation gradient tensor
43 F = gradu0_total;
44

45 %% Basic Strain and Stress Tensor

46 % Jacobian J
47 J = det(F);
48 invJ = 1/J;
49

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 Appendix 26

50 % Right Cauchy-Green strain tensor

51 FT = F’;
52 C = FT*F ;
53

54 % Left Cauchy-Green strain tensor

55 b = sinpr22(F,FT,nd);
56

57 % 2° Piola Kirchhoff stress

58 S = stress_2PK(mat,c10,c01,c11,F,nd,K);
59

60 % Kirchhoff stress tensor

61 tau = F*S*FT ; %sinpr22(F,sinpr22(S,FT,nd),nd);
62

63 % Cauchy stress tensor

64 Sigma = invJ*tau;
65

66

67 %% Hencky (logarithmic) Strain

68

69 % Right stretch tensor

70 [eigVecC,eigValC] = eig(C,’vector’);
71 eigValC = sqrt(eigValC);
72 U = zeros(nd,nd);
73 for i = 1:3
74 U = eigValC(i)* eigVecC(:,i)*eigVecC(:,i)’ + U;
75 end
76

77 % Hencky strain
78 [eigVecU,eigValU] = eig(U,’vector’);
79 eigValU = log(eigValU);
80 epsilon = zeros(nd,nd);
81 for i = 1:3
82 epsilon = eigValU(i)* eigVecU(:,i)*eigVecU(:,i)’ + epsilon;
83 end
84

85 I1C = dinpr22(C,I3,nd); % First Invariant of C.

86 I2C = 1/2*(I1C^2-dinpr22(C,C,nd)); % Second Invariant of C.
87 l=F(1,1);
88

89

90 %% VOLUMETRI TEST
91 if ensayo == 1
92 VOLUMETRIC_s(incr,mat)=2/(2/K)*(J-1);
93 VOLUMETRIC_e(incr,mat) = F(1,1);
94

95 %% UNIAXIAL TEST
96 elseif ensayo == 2
97 true_stress_u=2*(l^2-l^-1)*(c10 + l^-1*c01 + c11*((I2C-3)+l^-1*(I1C-3)));
98 eng_stress_u = true_stress_u/l;
99 UNIAXIAL_s(incr,mat) = eng_stress_u;
100 UNIAXIAL_e(incr,mat) = F(1,1)-1;

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 Appendix 27

101

102 %% SIMPLE SHEAR TEST

103 elseif ensayo == 3
104 true_stress_p=2*(l^2-l^-2)*(c10 + c01 + c11*((I2C-3)+(I1C-3)));
105 eng_stress_p = true_stress_p/l;
106 PLANAR_s(incr,mat) = eng_stress_p;
107 PLANAR_e(incr,mat) = F(1,1)-1;
108

109 %% EQUIBIAXIAL TEST

110 else
111 true_stress_eq=2*(l^2-l^-4)*(c10 + l^2*c01 + c11*((I2C-3)+l^2*(I1C-3)));
112 eng_stress_eq = true_stress_eq/l;
113 EQUIBI_s(incr,mat) = eng_stress_eq;
114 EQUIBI_e(incr,mat) = F(1,1)-1;
115 end
116 end
117 deformada = Cubes(F);
118 end
119

120 %% Uniaxial Tension

121 f1 = figure(’Name’,’Uniaxial Tension’);
122 hold on
123 title(’Uniaxial Tension’)
124 xlabel(’Strain’)
125 ylabel(’Stress [MPa]’)
126 plot(UNIAXIAL_e(:,1),UNIAXIAL_s(:,1),’LineWidth’,2);
127 legend(’Matlab constitutive model’)
128

129

130 %% Planar shear Graph

131 f2 = figure(’name’,’Planar Shear’);
132 hold on
133 title(’Planar Shear’)
134 xlabel(’Strain’)
135 ylabel(’Stress [MPa]’)
136 plot(PLANAR_e(:,1),PLANAR_s(:,1),’LineWidth’,2);
137 legend(’Matlab constitutive model’)
138

139

140 %% Equibiaxial test Graph

141 f3 = figure(’Name’,’Equibiaxial Tension’);
142 hold on
143 title(’Equibiaxial Tension’)
144 xlabel(’Strain’)
145 ylabel(’Stress [MPa]’)
146 plot(EQUIBI_e(:,1),EQUIBI_s(:,1),’LineWidth’,2);
147 legend(’Matlab constitutive model’)
148

149 %% Volumetric compression Graph

150 f4 = figure(’Name’,’Volumetric Compression’);
151 hold on

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 Appendix 28

152 title(’Volumetric Compression’)

153 xlabel(’Strain’)
154 ylabel(’Stress [MPa]’)
155 plot(VOLUMETRIC_e(:,1),-VOLUMETRIC_s(:,1),’LineWidth’,2);
156 legend(’Matlab constitutive model’)

To adapt the code for the Neo-Hookean model, the following modification is made in the code:
1 K = 2/0.0006057 ;
2 mu = 0.438899369 ;
3 c10 = mu/2;
4 c01 = 0;
5 c11 = 0;

Hyperelasticity 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras