MOLECULAR

GENETICS Part I
PREPARED BY:
BALBEDINA, LOVELYN B.

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OBJECTIVES
▪ Define the structures and functions of the DNA and RNA, and its
chromosomes
▪ Describe the various processes in cells that take DNA from gene
to proteins (DNA Synthesis);
▪ Identify the mechanisms involved in the replication,
transcription, and translation processes;
▪ Analyze the regulation and enzymatic units needed in the DNA
replication, transcription, and translation processes.

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TOPIC OUTLINE

Molecular Aspect Biological Processes

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 HISTORY
▪ By the early 1950, the arrangement of covalent bonds in a
nucleic acid polymer was well established and researchers and
scientists including Linus Pauling, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind
Franklin were focusing on discovering the three-dimensional
structure of DNA
▪ The first to come up with the three-dimensional DNA structure
were two scientists namely James Watson and Francis Crick

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 HISTORY
▪ The image of a purified DNA
was discovered accidentally
through X-ray crystallography
when it produced a diffracted
(deflected) image known now
as the double helix

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01399

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 HISTORY
▪ Watson and Crick patterned
their work from Franklin where
she concluded that the sugar-
phosphate backbones were on
the outside of the DNA
molecules while hydrophobic
nitrogenous bases are in the
molecules’ interior

https://www.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/styles/rte_full_width/public/watson-crick-dna-model.jpg?itok=Qa7645Jc

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 HISTORY

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ca/30/55/ca3055607e79f4be981e02e5286df48a.jpg

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE
DNA
BIOPOLYMERS Nucleic Acids Nucleotides
RNA

• Proteins Monomer
-monomer-monomer-monomer-
• Lipids -monomer-monomer-monomer-
-monomer-monomer-monomer-
• Polysaccharides
(Carbohydrates)

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es/akoya_round_copy.jpg?v=1591729526
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amazon.com/images/I/71EJQsWRsuL._SL1500_.jpg

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE
Nucleotides

Structure outside the helix

Structure inside the helix

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE

Structure outside the

helix
Structure inside the
helix

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE

Structure outside the

helix
Structure inside the
helix

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine

1. Uracil

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE
NH2 NH2

N
N N

NH N NH O

1. Adenine 3. Cytosine
O O
2. Guanine 4. Thymine
H3C
N NH
NH

NH NH O
N NH2

PURINES PYRAMIDINES
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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE
NH2
NH2
N
N
N
A NH N
C
NH O

O
O
N
NH H3C

G NH
T NH

N NH2
NH O

Sugar-Phosphate Nitrogenous Base

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE

Complimentary Base Pair

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 Anti-Parallel Model

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 How they ATTACHED
“DIRECTIONALITY”

- The end-to-end chemical orientation of

a single strand of nucleotides

1. Carbons in sugar group is numbered

from 1 to 5
2. Phosphate group is attached to two
carbons
3. The 5’ and 3’ denotes the carbon
location

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 How they PAIRED
“COMPLIMENTARY BASE
PAIRING”
- The manner in which the
nitrogenous base pairs are align
with each other through
hydrogen bond

Adenine – Thymine (Apple to Tree)

Guanine – Cytosine (Garage w/ Car)

In RNA:
Thymine = Uracil
Adenine – Uracil
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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE
Why such PAIRING?

1. They patterned their structure

base on the X-ray data, which
suggested that the double helix
had a uniform diameter

2. The resulting distance is

complimentary with one another

Adenine – Thymine (Apple to Tree)

Guanine – Cytosine (Garage w/ Car)
https://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/116895035/6425_81.jpg https://www.biology-pages.info/B/BasePairing.gif

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 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE

Genome is the total

genetic information
of an organisms

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 Biological Processes
of DNA Replication,
Transcription, and
Translation

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 REFERENCES
BOOKS
▪ Anestis et al. (2016). 5 Steps to A5 AP* Biology,
McGraw-Hill Education, ISBN: 978-0-07-185033-9
▪Brooker R.J. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., ISBN: 978-0-07-
352533-4
▪Reece et al. (2014). Campbell Biology, Tenth Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 10: 1-269-75796-2
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IMAGES / VIDEOS
▪https://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/dna_notes/dna_notes.html
▪http://sbi4u3.weebly.com/protein-synthesis-and-genetic-code.html
▪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RA9n0Enu5Gw
▪https://www.thesciencehive.co.uk/nucleotides-and-nucleic-acids
▪https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-the-parts-of-nucleotide-
606385
▪http://www.apsubiology.org/anatomy/2010/2010_Exam_Reviews/E
xam_1_Review/Ch02_Nucleic_Acids_and_ATP.htm
▪ https://teachmephysiology.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/08/DNA-replication.png
▪ https://plantlet.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/10/PointedEducatedFinch-size_restricted.gif
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