SOLID MECHANICS

LECTURE 8

22-08-2022 1
 Analysis of bars of Composite sections

A bar made up of two or more bars of equal

lengths but of different materials rigidly fixed
with each other and behaving as one unit for
extension or compression when subjected to an
axial tensile or compressive loads is called a
composite bars or compound bars.
 For the composite bar the following
points are important.

1. The extension or compression

in each bar is equal. Hence
deformation per unit length i.e.
Strain in each bar is equal.

2. The total external load on the

composite bar is equal to the
sum of the loads carried.
 Consider,
P – Total load on the composite bar
L – Length of composite bar & also length of
different material.
A1 & A2 – Area of Cross section of bar 1 and 2.
E1 & E2 – Young's modulus of bar 1 and 2.
P1 & P2 – load shared by bar 1 and 2
σ1,σ2 – stress induced by bar 1 and 2
Now the total load on the composite bar is equal
to the sum of load carried by the two bars,
i.e P = P1 + P2
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃1 𝑃2
Stress = , σ1 = ---- (1), σ2 = ---- (2)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴1 𝐴2

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Strain =
𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
Strain for bar 1= σ1 /E1
Strain for bar 2= σ2 /E2
But Strain in bar 1 is equal to strain in bar 2,

i.e , σ1 /E1 =σ2 /E2 -------- (3)

Or
𝐸1 σ1
=
𝐸2 cvcc σ2
Using this equation σ1 , σ2 can be calculated.
By substituting the values of σ1 & σ2 in
Eqn (1) & (2).
The load carried y different materials may be
computed.
 MODULAR RATIO
The ratio of E1/E2 is called the modular
ratio. , i,e. The ratio of Young’s modulus of First
material to the second material.

Mathematically,
𝐸1
Modular ratio =
𝐸2
 PROBLEM 17
A Steel rod of 3cm diameter is enclosed
centrally in a hollow copper tube of external
diameter 5cm and internal diameter of 4cm. The
composite bar is then subjected to an axial pull
of 45000N. If the length of the each bar is equal
to 15cm. Determine :
(i) The stresses in the rod and tube
(ii) Load carried by each bar.
Take Esteel = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2
& Ecopper = 1.1x105 N/mm2
 𝐸1 σ1 𝐸𝑠 2.1 x 105
WKT, = ➔ = = 1.909
𝐸2 σ2 𝐸𝑐 1.1x105
or σ1= 1.909 σ2

P = P1 + P2 = σ1A1 + σ2A2
𝜋 𝜋
P = 45000 N = (30)2 x 1.909 σ2 + (502-402)σ2
4 4
On Solving the above eqn,
σ2 = 21.88 N/mm2
σ1 = 1.909 σ2 = 1.909 x 21.88 = 41.77 N/mm2
(ii) Load carried by each bar
𝜋
P1 = σ1A1 = 41.77 x (30)2 = 29525.5 N
4

P2 = σ2A2 or P = P1 + P2 or P- P1 = P2
P2 = 45000 – 29525.5 = 15474.5 N

RESULT
The stress is the rod and tube , σ1 = 41.77 N/mm2
σ2 = 21.88 N/mm2
Load Carried by each bar , P1 = 29525.5 N
P2 = 15474.5 N
 Problem 18
A compound tube consist of a steel tube 140mm
internal diameter and 160mm external diameter
and an outer brass tube 160mm internal diameter
and 180mm external diameter. The two tubes are
of same length. The compound tube carries an
axial load of 900KN. Find the stresses and the
load carried by each tube and the amount it
shortens. Length of each tube is 140mm. Take E
for steel 2 x 105 N/mm2 and for Brass as 1 x 105
N/mm2.
Solution :
Strain in Steel = Strain in brass
𝐸𝑠 σs 𝐸𝑠 2 x 105
WKT, = ➔ = =2
𝐸𝑏 σb 𝐸𝑏 1x105

or σs= 2 σb
P = Ps + Pb = σsAs + σbAb
P = 900x 103 N
𝜋 𝜋
=2 σb (1602-1402) + σb (1802-1602)
4 4
σb = 60.95 N/mm2
 σs= 2 σb = 2 x 60.95 N/mm2 = 121.9 N/mm2
Load carried by brass tube = σb x Ab
𝜋
= 60.95 x (1802-1602)
4
= 325515 N= 325.5 KN.
Load carried by steel tube = Ps = P – Pb
= 900 - 325.515 = 574.485 N.
[Decrease in length of the compound tube =
Decrease in length of either of the tubes]
= Decrease in length of brass tube
Decrease in length of brass tube
= Strain of brass x Original length.

Strain in brass =Stress in brass/ Young’s modulus

σ𝑏
Decrease in length = xL
Eb
= 60.95 x 140
1 x 10 5
= 0.0853 mm
 Problem 19
Two vertical rods, one of steel & the other of
copper are each rigidly fixed at the top & 50cm
apart. Diameters and lengths of each rod are 2cm
and 4cm respectively. A cross bar fixed to the
rods at the lower ends carries a load of 5000N.
Such that the cross bar remains horizontal even
after loading. Find the stress in each rod and the
position of the load on the bar. Take E for steel 2
x 105 N/mm2 and for Copper as 1 x 105 N/mm2.
Strain in Steel = Strain in Copper
𝐸𝑠σs
WKT, = ➔
𝐸𝑏σb
𝐸𝑠 2 x 105
= =2
𝐸𝑐 1x105

or σs= 2 σc
P = Ps + Pc= σsAs + σcAc
5000N
𝜋 𝜋
=2 σc (202) + σc (202)
4 4
σc = 5.305 N/mm2.
 σs= 2 σc = 2 x 5.305 = 10.61N/mm2.
Position of the load 5000N on cross bar,
Let x= the distance of the 5000N load from the
copper rod (i.e. from the right hand rod)
Calculate the load by each rod.
𝜋
Ps = σsAs = 10.61 x (202) = 3333 N
4
𝜋
Pc = σcAc = 5.305 x (202) = 1667 N
4
Now taking the moments about the copper rod
& equating the same , we get

5000 x (x) = Ps x 50

➔ x = (3333 x 50) / 5000

x = 33.33cm
Thank You !