CALCULUS 1

LECTURE
ANGELINE A. RELOS
(2,9) is also a point on the normal line.
TANGENT AND NORMAL LINE 1
mTL = 10→mNL = −
10
TANGENT LINE 𝟏
𝐲−𝟗= − (𝐱 − 𝟐)
• The slope of the tangent line at P(x0 , y0 ) on the 𝟏𝟎
function y=f(x) is the numerical value of the
derivative y’ when x=x0 and y=y0 . • Determine the normal line of the curve 𝐱 𝟑 𝐲 −
• mTL = y′ 𝟑𝐱𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐲 + 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎 at the point (1,2) and
• y − y0 = m(x − x0 ) write the equation of the tangent line in
point slope form.
8 11
EXAMPLES mTL = − →mNL =
11 8
• Determine the slope of the line tangent to
the function 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟓 at x=2 Note: (1,2) is also a point of intersection of the curve
y = x 3 − 2x + 5 and of the normal line.
y ′ (x = 2)
𝟏𝟏
y ′ = 3x 2 − 2 𝐲−𝟐= − (𝐱 − 𝟏)
y ′ (2) = 3(2)2 − 2 = 10 𝟖

• From the previous example, the slope of the CHALLENGE

tangent line was found to be 10. Find the
• At the point P, the tangent line and normal
point of tangency and write the equation of
line of the curve 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐚𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟒 are
the tangent line in point slope form.
11x-y+11=0 and x+11y+1=0, respectively.
y = x 3 − 2x + 5
Determine the point P and the coefficient a.
y = (2)3 − 2(3) + 5 = 9
y = x 3 + ax 2 − 2x + 4
11x-y+11=0→tangent line
Therefore, the point of intersection of curve and tangent
x+11y+1=0→normal line
line is (2,9)
Determine P and a.
y − y0 = m(x − x0 )
11x-y+11=0→[1]
𝐲 − 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟎(𝐱 − 𝟐)
x+11y+1=0→[2]
• Determine the slope of the line tangent to Solve for y from [1],
the curve 𝐱 𝟑 𝐲 − 𝟑𝐱𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐲 + 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎 at 11x-y+11=0
the point (1,2) and write the equation of the y=11x+11
tangent line in point slope form.
x 3 y ′ + y (3x 2 ) − 3(x ∙ 2yy ′ + y 2 ∙ 1) + 2x − 4 = 0 Substituting y=11x+11 to [2],
x 3 y ′ + 3x 2 y − 6xyy ′ − 3y 2 + 2x − 4 = 0 x+11(11x+11)+1=0
x 3 y ′ − 6xyy ′ = −3x 2 y + 3y 2 − 2x + 4 x+121x+121+1=0
(x 3 − 6xy)y ′ = −3x 2 y + 3y 2 − 2x + 4 122x+122=0
−3x 2 y + 3y 2 − 2x + 4 x=-1
y′ =
x 3 − 6xy
2 (2)
−3(1) + 3(2) − 2(1) + 4 8 Substituting x=-1 to y=11x+11
y′ = =− y=11(-1)+11=0
(1)3 − 6(1)(2) 11

𝟖 (-1,0) is the point on the curve where the tangent and

𝐦=− , (1,2) normal intersect.
𝟏𝟏
𝟖
𝐲−𝟐= − (𝐱 − 𝟏) Solving for the slope of the tangent line
𝟏𝟏
11x-y+11=0→m=11→y’(-1,0)=11
y = x 3 + ax 2 − 2x + 4
NORMAL LINE
y = 3x 2 + 2ax − 2
• Line passing through the point of tangency and y’(-1,0)=1-2a
it is perpendicular (or normal/orthogonal) to the 1-2a=11
tangent line. a=-5
• The slopes of perpendicular lines are negative
slopes of each other. • The function 𝐲 = 𝟒𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑 has a
1
• mNL = − tangent line passing through point (3,-1).
y′
Determine the equation of this tangent line.
• y − y0 = m(x − x0 ) y = 4(3)2 − 12(3) + 3 = 3, (3,-1) is NOT a point on the
function.
EXAMPLES
• Determine the normal line tangent to the y = 4x 2 − 12x + 3
function 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟓 at x=2 y′ = 8x − 12

ARGUELLO 1
 CALC1
The equation of the tangent line: •Determine how fast the total surface area of
y + 1 = (8x − 12)(x − 3) a cube changes with respect to the space
y + 1 = 8x 2 − 36x + 36 diagonal of the cube.
y = 8x 2 − 36x + 35 Let S be the surface area of the cubeand D be the space
dS
diagonal of the cube
dD
y=y
4x 2 − 12x + 3 = 8x 2 − 36x + 35
The formula for the surface area S in terms of the side
4x 2 − 24x + 32 = 0
s of the cube S = 6s 2
x 2 − 6x + 8 = 0
(x − 4)(x − 2) = 0
The space diagonal of the cube with s is given as
x=4, x=2 D
D = √3s → s =
For x=2, √3
y = 4x 2 − 12x + 3 = 4(2)2 − 12(2) + 3 = −5
Substitute
The tangent line of the curve at (2,-5) also passes 2
through (3,-1). D D2
S = 6s 2 = s = ( ) =6∙ = 2D2
√3 3
For x=4,
y = 4x 2 − 12x + 3 = 4(4)2 − 12(4) + 3 = 19 Taking the derivative with respect to the space diagonal
The tangent line of the curve at (4,19) also passes D.
through (3, -1). dS
= 𝟒𝐃
dD
Considering the tangent at (2,-5),
y′ = 8x − 12= 8(2)-12=4 • An object is stored in a room temperature
𝐲 + 𝟓 = 𝟒(𝐱 − 𝟐) 25°C. If at any time t in minutes, the
temperature T of the object is given by the
𝐭
Remember that the tangent line is also passing through 𝟐 𝟒
(3, -1). function 𝐓 = 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓 ( ) .
Determine how
𝟑
𝐲 + 𝟏 = 𝟒(𝐱 − 𝟑) fast the temperature T of the object changes
when t=8 minutes.
RATES OF CHANGE
Solving for the derivative,
t t
INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE dT 2 4 2 1 15 3 2 4
= 0 − 15 ( ) ln ∙ = ln ∙ ( )
THE DERIVATIVE AS THE RATE OF CHANGE dt 3 3 4 4 2 3
• The derivative can also be interpreted as the t=8,
rate of change of a quantity with respect to 8
another quantity. dT 15 3 2 4 15 3 2 2 15 3 4 𝟓 𝟑
= ln ∙ ( ) = ln ∙ ( ) = ln ∙ = 𝐥𝐧
• For instance, at any value of x, to determine dt 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 9 𝟑 𝟐
how fast the function f(x) = x 3 − 2x + 3 we just
take its derivative which is f ′ (x) = 3x 2 − 2 AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE
• The rate of change is not just a numerical value
solved just for the sake of solving it. We can take the average of all instantaneous rates of
change f(x) within the interval a≤x≤b using the formula:
• The sign of the rate of change tells us if the f(b)−f(a)
quantity is increasing, decreasing, or neither. b−a
• The magnitude of the rate of change tells us
how fast the quantity is changing. EXAMPLE
• An object is stored in a room of temperature
EXAMPLES 25°C. If at any time t in minutes, the
• At any value of x, determine how fast the temperature T of the object is given by the
function 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑 changes. 𝟐 𝟒
𝐭

f ′ (x)
= 3x 2 − 2 function 𝐓 = 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓 ( ) . Determine the
𝟑
′ (1)
f =1 average rate of change of the temperature
f ′ (2) = 10 within the interval 4≤t≤12 minutes.
1 5 4
f′ ( ) = − 2 4
2 4 T(4) = 25 − 15 ( ) = 15
1 5 3
f′ ( ) = − 12
3 3
• Determine the rate of change of the area of 2 4 185
T(12) = 25 − 15 ( ) =
the square with respect to the length of the 3 9
side of the square
Let A be the area of the square and s be the side of the The interval 4≤t≤12 minutes
dA 185
square . f(b) − f(a) T(12) − T(4) − 15 𝟐𝟓
ds
= = 9 =
b−a 12 − 4 12 − 4 𝟑𝟔
The formula for the area A of a square with side s is s 2
dA
A = s2 → = 2s
ds

ARGUELLO 2
 CALC1
o It is the velocity of a body after a certain
MOTION OF A BODY
time interval.
• It can be either rectilinear or curvilinear motion. o It is mathematically defined as the ratio
• In rectilinear motion, the body moves in a of the change in displacement to the
straight line or is moving in the direction parallel change in time.
to its displacement. ∆s s(t 2 ) − s(t1 )
o Can be further divided into two parts: v̅ = =
∆t t 2 − t1
Horizontal and free-fall motion.
• In curvilinear motion, on the other hand, the • Instantaneous Velocity, v (t)
body moves not in a straight line, but in a curve. o It is the velocity of a body at a specific
o Examples of curvilinear motion are point of time.
circular and projectile motion. o It is mathematically defined as the time
rate of change of the displacement.
RECTILINEAR MOTION ∆s d
v(t) = lim = [s(t)]
∆t→0 ∆t dt
DISPLACEMENT (S)
The displacement, denoted by s, refers to the position ACCELERATION (A)
of the final point of an object relative to the reference Acceleration, denoted by a, refers how much the body's
point. velocity changes with time.
THE NUMERICAL VALUE OF S TELLS US: AVERAGE VS. INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
• How far the final position from the reference • Average Acceleration
→ dictated by the magnitude It is mathematically defined as the ratio of the change in
• Where the final position is relative to the velocity to the change in time.
reference ∆v v(t 2 ) − v(t1 )
→ dictated by the sign a̅ = =
∆t t 2 − t1
DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT:
• Instantaneous Acceleration, a(t)
• Distance is dependent on the actual path the It is mathematically defined as the time rate of change
body took. of the velocity.
• Displacement is independent of the path the ∆v d
body took. a(t) = lim = [v(t)]
∆t→0 ∆t dt
• Displacement ≠ Distance
• Distance → Scalar quantity
SIGN CONVENTIONS
• Displacement → Vector quantity
DISPLACEMENT, S(T)
Example: • Positive Displacement
→ The final position is to the right of the
reference point.
• Negative Displacement
→ The final position is to the left of the
reference point.
• The distance covered by the point from x to y is
a+b • Zero Displacement
→ The final position is at the reference point.
• While the displacement of the point is only c
VELOCITY, (V)T
VELOCITY (V) • Positive Velocity
Velocity, denoted by v, refers to how much a body → The body is moving to the right.
displaced as time passes. • Negative Velocity
→ The body is moving to the left.
SPEED VS. VELOCITY: • Zero Displacement
• Speed → Scalar quantity → The body stopped from moving
o It tells how much distance an object is → The body reversed its direction, i.e.
covered with time. transitioning from moving to the left then
o Time rate of change of distance moving to the right and vice versa
• Velocity → Vector quantity
o It tells how much the final position has ACCELERATION, A (T)
changed with respect to your starting • Positive Acceleration
point → The body is speeding up to the right and
o Time rate of change of displacement slowing down to the left.
• Negative Acceleration
AVERAGE VS. INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY → The body is speeding up to the left and
• Average Velocity, v slowing down to the right.
• Zero Acceleration

ARGUELLO 3
 CALC1
→ The body is in uniform motion (constant The instantaneous velocity at t = 3:
velocity) v(t) = t 2 − t − 2
v(3) = 32 − 3 − 2 = 𝟒

The average acceleration over the interval 2 ≤ t ≤ 4:

v(t 2 ) − v(t1 ) v(4) − v(2)
a̅ = =
t 2 − t1 4−2
[4 − 4 − 2] − [22 − 2 − 2]
2
a̅ = =𝟓
4−2
The object's average acceleration over the interval 2≤t≤
4 is 5 units/sec 2 .

The instantaneous acceleration at t = 3:

d d
EXAMPLES OF RECTILINEAR MOTION a(t) = [v(t)] = (t 2 − t − 2) = 2t − 1
dt dt
EXAMPLE 1 a(t) = 2t − 1
a(3) = 2(3) − 1 = 𝟓
Given the displacement function of a moving object
The object's acceleration at t = 3 is 5 units/sec 2 .
along the number line
𝐭𝟑 𝐭𝟐 EXAMPLE 2
𝐬(𝐭) = − − 𝟐𝐭 + 𝟒
𝟑 𝟐 Given the displacement function of an object with
Assume the reference point is the origin. Determine
the following: respect to the origin, 𝐬(𝐭) = 𝟐𝐭 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝐭 + 𝟏𝟒
• The initial displacement of the object; ● During what value of time t is the object moving
to the left?
• The displacement of the object at t=3;
● At what values of t does the object change its
• The average velocity over the interval 2≤t≤4;
direction?
• The initial velocity of the object; ● During what value of time t is the object
• The instantaneous velocity at t=3; accelerating to the right?
• The average acceleration over the interval
2≤t≤4; During what value of time t is the object moving to
• The instantaneous acceleration at t=3 the left?
d d
Initial displacement of the body: v(t) = [s(t)] = (2t 3 − 15t 2 + 36t + 14)
dt dt
s(t = 0) → initial displacement = 6t 2 − 30t + 36
t3 t2 v(t) <0 → the object is moving to the left.
s(t) = − − 2t + 4
3 2 6t 2 − 30t + 36 < 0
03 02 6(t 2 − 5t + 6) < 0
s(0) = − − 2(0) + 4 = 𝟒
3 2 6(t-2)(t-3) <0 → Use table of signs
The initial displacement of the object is 4 units to the
right of the origin. t<2 t=2 2<t<3 t=3 t>3
t-2 - 0 + + +
Displacement of the body at t=3: t-3 - - - 0 +
t3 t2 V(t) + 0 - 0 +
s(t) = − − 2t + 4
3 2 For the time interval 2 < t < 3, v(t) is negative. Therefore,
33 32 𝟓 during 2 < t < 3, the object is moving to the left
s(3) = − − 2(3) + 4 =
3 2 𝟐
5
The object's displacement at t = 3 is located units to At what values of t does the object change its
2
the right of the origin direction?
v(t) = 6t 2 − 30t + 36 = 0
The average velocity over the interval 2 ≤ t ≤ 4: 6t 2 − 30t + 36 = 0
s(t 2 ) − s(t1 ) s(4) − s(2) 6(t 2 − 5t + 6) = 0
v̅ = = 6(t − 3)(t − 2) = 0
t 2 − t1 4−2
4 3 42 23 22 t=3, 2
[ − − 2(4) + 4] − [ − − 2(2) + 4] 𝟏𝟑 The object will change its direction at t = 2s and t = 3s
3 2 3 2
v̅ = =
4−2 𝟑
The object's average velocity over the interval 2 ≤ t ≤ 4 During what value of time t is the object
13 accelerating to the right?
is units/sec. d d
3
a(t) = [v(t)] = (6t 2 − 30t − 36) = 12t − 30
dt dt
The initial velocity of the object: a(t) → the object is accelerating to the right.
v (t = 0) → initial velocity 12t − 30
d d t3 t2 𝟓
v(t) = [s(t)] = ( − − 2t + 4) = t 2 − t − 2 t>
dt dt 3 2 𝟐
5
v(t) = t 2 − t − 2 The object has a positive acceleration for t >
2
v(0) = 02 − 0 − 2 = −𝟐

ARGUELLO 4
 CALC1
FREE FALL MOTION • 𝑔 = −32ft/s 2
1
• 𝑠(𝑡) = − (32)𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 = −𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒕
• Free-fall motion is a type of rectilinear motion 𝑑
2
𝑑
• 𝑣(𝑡) = [𝑠(𝑡)] = (−16𝑡 2 + 10𝑡) = −𝟑𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎
where the gravity of the Earth acts on the object 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• For free-fall motion, we will use the value of the
acceleration due to gravity to be: What would be the time to reach the maximum
g = −9.8m/s 2 = −980cm/s 2 = −32ft/s 2 height of the object?
o Note that the negative sign just means Always remember, at the maximum point, the object is
gravity is pointing downwards to the changing its direction of motion from "upwards" to
ground. "downwards". Therefore, at the maximum point, v(t) = 0
• This is a special case of rectilinear motion in 𝑣(𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = −32𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 10 = 0
which the body is moving vertically, and the 𝟓
𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
acceleration is always equal to g. 𝟏𝟔

What maximum height would the object reach?

SIGN CONVENTIONS 2
𝑠(𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = −16𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 10𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥
Instead of using “right” and “left”, we will use “up” and 5 2 5 𝟐𝟓
“down.” 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −16 ( ) + 10 ( ) =
16 16 𝟏𝟔

What would be the total time of flight?

• The total time of flight is the total time of the
object before it returns to the ground.
• Therefore, s(t) = 𝑠𝑜 = 0
2
−16𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 10𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0
𝟓
𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝟎 𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝟏𝟖
THE DISPLACEMENT EQUATION IS GIVEN AS
At what velocity would the object strike back to the
1
s(t) = gt 2 + vo t + so , ground?
2 The same as the object's velocity after 𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
where g is the acceleration due to gravity, vo is the initial 5
velocity of the body in motion, and so is the initial 𝑣(𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ) = 𝑣 (𝑡 = )
displacement of the body with respect to the reference 8
5 5
point. 𝑣 ( ) = −32 ( ) + 10 = −𝟏𝟎𝒇𝒕/𝒔
8 8
REMEMBER
EXAMPLE 2
• g is a negative number! A ball dropped from the top of a building. How tall is the
• s(t) is the displacement with respect to the building if the ball took 12 seconds to reach the ground?
reference point. It is not the displacement with With what velocity will it strike the ground? Express the
respect to the initial point, s (0). answers in metric units.
• Do is a vector! It can be either in the positive
direction (upward) or in the negative direction Solution 1:
(downward). 1 2
• If we set the reference point equal to the initial 𝑠(𝑡) =
𝑔𝑡 + 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑜
2
displacement, so, the equation will be: 𝑠𝑜 → initial displacement with respect to the ground =0
1 𝑠𝑜 = h → building's height
sy (t) = s(t) − so = gt 2 + vo t
2 𝑣𝑜 = 0 → the ball was dropped
• The displacement in the first equation and in the g = -9.8 m/s
second equation will be different numerically; 𝑠(𝑡) = −4.9𝑡 2 + ℎ
however, the answers have the same sense if
you know the context. After 12 seconds, the ball reached the ground
(reference point)!
EXAMPLES OF FREEFALL MOTION s(t = 12) = 0
0 = −4.9(12)2 + ℎ
EXAMPLE 1
h＝705.6m
An object is thrown upwards from the ground at a The initial point is 705.6 m above the ground!
velocity of 10 ft/s.
• What would be the time to reach the maximum Solution 2:
height of the object? 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 =𝑠𝑜 =0
• What maximum height would the object reach? If the displacement is with respect to the initial point,
• What would be the total time of flight? 1
• At what velocity would the object strike back to sy (t) = gt 2 + vo t
2
the ground? 𝑣𝑜 = 0 → the ball was dropped
1 𝑔 = −9.8m/s 2
𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑔𝑡 2 + 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑜
2 sy (t) = −4.9𝑡 2
• 𝑠𝑜 =0 → Ground is the starting point!
• 𝑣𝑜 = +10 ft/s → Thrown upwards.

ARGUELLO 5
 CALC1
After 12 seconds, the ball reached the ground! 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
sy (t = 12)=? = 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
sy (t) = −4.9𝑡 2 𝑑𝑟 1 2 𝑑𝑉
∴ = 𝜋𝑟
sy (12) = −4.9(12)2 = −𝟕𝟎𝟓. 𝟔𝒎 𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡
This indicates that the ground is 705.6m below the top
By substituting
of the building. 50 𝑑𝑉
r = , cm, and = 100cm°/s
2 𝑑𝑡
With what velocity will it strike the ground? 𝑑𝑟 1 𝟏
d d 𝑑 = 𝜋(25)2 ∙ 100 = 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
v(t) = [s(t)] = (−4.9𝑡 2 + 705.6) = (−4.9𝑡 2 ) = −9.8𝑡 𝑑𝑡 4 𝟐𝟓𝝅
dt dt 𝑑𝑡
EXAMPLE 2
After 12 seconds, the ball reached the ground!
A certain rectangle always has its longer side twice
v(t = 12) = -9.8(12)
its shorter side. When the shorter side is 2 units,
v(t) = -117.6 m/s
determine how fast its area changes if its longer
The ball is moving at a velocity of 117.6 m/s downwards!
side changes at a rate fixed at 0.5 unit per second.

RELATED RATES 𝑑𝐴
"how fast its area changes" →
𝑑𝑡
• Related-rate problems are problems dealing Let s = shorter side, and l = longer side
with rates of changes of different quantities, "its longer side twice its shorter side" → l = 2s
specifically, rates of change with respect to
time. 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝐴
We want to relate to → Find A in terms of l
• These time rates of change of different 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

quantities are related to each other by an A = sl = ( ) 𝑙 =

2 2
equation. 𝑑 𝑙2
(𝐴 = )
𝑑𝑡 2
EXAMPLE: 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑙
• A cube's volume, V, is related to its side, s, by =𝑙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
the equation 𝑉 = 𝑠 3 𝑑𝑙
Find when s = 2 units or l = 4 units
• If we lets to change with time, V will also change 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑡

with time at = 0.5 unit/s

𝑑𝑡
• We can relate the rate of V to the rate of s by 𝑑𝐴
= 4 ∙ 0.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡⁄𝑠 = 𝟐𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐 /𝒔
taking the derivative of the expression with 𝑑𝑡
respect to time!
EXAMPLE 3
GENERAL STEPS IN SOLVINH RELATED-RATE A conical cup has width 4 cm and depth 6 cm. Water
PROBLEMS leaks out of the bottom at the rate of 2 cms. How
fast is the water level changing when the height of
• Determine the quantities involved in the the water is 3 cm?
problem. Also, determine which of these
quantities are changing with respect to time and
which are not.
• Relate these quantities into an equation using
mathematical modelling.
• Differentiate both sides of the equation with
respect to time to determine the relationship
between the time rates of change of the
variables. This is where implicit differentiation
comes into play.
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
We need to relate to → Find V in terms of h!
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
EXAMPLES OF RELATED RATES 4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
EXAMPLE 1 3
Using similar ∆s,
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that 𝑟 2 ℎ
its volume increases at a rate of 100 cm?s. How fast = → ℎ = 3𝑟 → 𝑟 =
ℎ 6 3
is the radius of the balloon changing when the Thus,
diameter is 50 cm?
𝑑𝑉 100𝑐𝑚3
1 ℎ 2 𝜋ℎ3
=+ → positive = increasing volume 𝑉 = 𝜋( ) ℎ → 𝑉 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑠 3 3 27
𝑑𝑟 Taking the derivative with respect to t,
Find when d = 50 (or r = 25)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟 𝑑 𝜋ℎ3 𝑑𝑉 3𝜋 2 𝑑ℎ
We need to relate and (𝑉 = )→ = ∙ℎ ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 9 𝑑𝑡 27 𝑑𝑡
4
𝑑𝑉 𝜋ℎ2 𝑑ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 → Volume of a sphere = ∙
3 𝑑𝑡 9 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 4 𝑑𝑉
(𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 ) = −𝟐𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔→ Water leaking = decreasing volume at
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 3 h=3cm

ARGUELLO 6
 CALC1
EXAMPLE 4
A 1-m tall person is standing 10 m horizontally away
from a hot air balloon that is still on the ground. The
hot air balloon then vertically rises at the rate 2 m/s,
while the person watches it rise. Determine how fast
is the angle of elevation of the bottom of the balloon
is increasing 6 seconds after the hot air balloon
started flying, assuming the person did not move.

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝐻
We want to relate to → find 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
in terms of H
𝐻−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
10

Differentiating with respect to t,

𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑𝐻
sec 2 𝜃 ∙ = ∙
𝑑𝑡 10 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐻
= +2𝑚/𝑠→ the 𝜃's opposite side is increasing
𝑑𝑡

What is sec 2 𝜃?
sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
𝐻−1
But, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
10
Therefore,
𝐻−1 2
sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + ( )
10

𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑ℎ
= 2
∙
𝑑𝑡 10 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑ℎ
= 2 ∙ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐻−1
10 [1 + ( ) ]
10
𝑑ℎ
At t=6s→H= ∙ 𝑡 = 2 ∙ 6 = 12𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 1 𝟐𝟎
= 2 ∙2= 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝑑𝑡 12 − 1 𝟐𝟐𝟏
10 [1 + ( ) ]
10

ARGUELLO 7