present health promoting behaviors.

Nola Pender ❑Personal Factors: The extent to which

biological,psychological, and sociocultural predicts or
The Health promotion Model shapes
-it was proposed by Nola Pender and published in the individual(s) health promoting activities.
1982 and revised in 1996.
❑Perceived Benefits of Action: the benefits which
-was designed to be a are earned as a result of embarking on health
activities.
“complementary counterpart to
❑Perceived Barriers to Action: known or imaginary
models of health protection obstacles, such as finances, which may impede
health promoting activities.
❑Perceived Self-Efficacy: A self-awareness of one’s
strengths and how it motivates the individual to
pursue and achieve health promoting behaviors.
❑Activity – Related Effect: interplay of how other
activities unrelated to health promotion, affect the
individual outlook on health promotion activities.
❑Perceived Barriers to Action: known or imaginary
obstacles, such as finances, which may impede
health promoting activities.
❑Perceived Self-Efficacy: A self-awareness of one’s
strengths and how it motivates the individual to
pursue and achieve health promoting behaviors.
❑Activity – Related Effect: interplay of how other
activities unrelated to health promotion, affect the
individual outlook on health promotion activities.
-The model focuses on following
❑Health Promoting Behavior: includes activities
three areas: such as exercising, eating a healthy diet, managing
1. Individual characteristics and stress, nurturing ones’ self spiritually, ensuring
sufficient rest, all of which aims to generate positive
experiences health outcomes .
2. Behavior-specific cognitions ❑Interpersonal Influences: how the various
relationships in the individual(s) life affect their
and affect participation in health promotion behaviors.
3. Behavioral outcomes
Concepts of Theory
-Prior Related Behavior: this concept determines the
extent to which past behaviors are has an influence
on

Ashley A. Dimaranan
 ❑ Relation as human being to human being
Joyce Travelbee ❑ “A nurse is able to establish rapport because she

Human-To-Human Relationship possesses the necessary knowledge and skills

Model (1926-1973) required to assist ill persons, and because she is

able to perceive, respond to, and appreciate the
Description of the Theory:
uniqueness of the ill human being.
Human-to-Human Relationship Model
❑ Interactional Phases:
1. Original Encounter
-
❑ This is described as the first impression by the
nurse of the sick person and vice-versa.
❑ The nurse and patient see each other in
stereotyped or traditional roles
2. Emerging Identities
❑ The time when relationship begins
❑ The nurse and patient perceives each other's
uniqueness
3. Empathy
❑ Travelbee proposed that two qualities that enhance
the empathy process are similarities of experience
and the desire to understand another person.
❑ This phase is described as the ability to share in
the person’s experience.
4. Sympathy
❑ when the nurse wants to lessen the cause of
patient’s suffering.
❑ it goes beyond empathy—“When one sympathizes,
one is involved but not incapacitated by the
involvement.”
❑ therapeutic use of self
5. Rapport
❑ Rapport is described as nursing interventions that
lessens the patient’s suffering.

Ashley A. Dimaranan
Martha Rogers Dorothea Orem
Science of Unitary Human Being Theory Three Nursing Theories

-Energy Field (Unique, Dynamic, Open, and Infinite) -Theory of Self Care

Human Field/Unitary Man ~Universal (ex. Air, water, food)

Environmental ~Developmental (promote Development)

~Health Deviation (permanently or temporarily alters

structural, physiological, or psychological function)
-Universe of Open System (Energy Fields are open,
Infinite, and Interactive)

-Theory of Self-Care Deficit (Occurs when an individual

cannot carry out self-care requisites)
-Pattern (Characteristic of an energy field and perceived
as a wave that changes continuously)

-Theory of Nursing Systems

-Pandimensionality (Non-Linear Domain without spatial ~Wholly Compensatory System (unable to complete any
or temporal attributes) self-care independently)

~Partly Compensatory System (Able to perform self-care

tasks with partial or no assistance from nursing)
Principles of Homeodynamics
~supportive-Educative System (Able to perform tasks
independently )
Integrality (mutual interaction between human and
environmental fields)
Major Concepts

Self-care (Perform on their behalf to maintain life, health,

Resonancy (change from lower frequency to higher
and well-being)
frequency wave patterns)
Self-care agency (Self-care is affected by basic
conditioning factors)
Helicy (Probabilistic, increasing diversity of the human
Basic Conditioning Factors (age, gender, developmental
and environmental fields)
state, health state, etc)

Therapeutic Self-care Demand (Self-care actions to be

performed for some duration to meet known self-care
requisites)

Self-care Deficit (Delineates when nursing is needed)

Nursing Agency (Complex property or attribute of people

educated and trained as nurses that enables them to act,
to know, and to help others)

Nursing System (Legitimate nurse and legitimate client)

Ashley A. Dimaranan
Imogene M. King Betty Neuman
Author of Theory of Goal Attainment Neuman Systems Model

(patients and nurses working together to mutually set Major Concepts

goals that were achievable by the patients)
Energy Resources

-known as the central core which made up of the BASIC

Interpersonal relationship (person grows and develops to SURVIVAL FACTORS
attain certain life goals)

-factors that affect the attainment of goal are ROLES,

Stressors
STRESS, SPACE, AND TIME
-capable of producing either a positive or negative effect
on the client system
System Levels
~Intrapersonal
Personal System (nurse focuses on what are the patients’
~Interpersonal
perceptions)
~Extra Personal

Interpersonal System (discovering the patient's role and

possible stressors) Reconstitution

-Increase in energy that occurs about the degree of

reaction to the stressor
Social System (help determine what influences the
patients to make decisions)

Nursing Paradig Prevention

Human Being /Person ~Primary
-refers to a social being who is rational and sentiment Focuses on protecting the normal line of defense and
strengthening the flexible line of defense
Environment
~Secondary
-Internal environment (to enable a person to adjust to
continuous external environmental changes) Focuses on strengthening internal lines of resistance
-External Environment (Formal and informal ~Tertiary
organizations)
Focuses on re-adaptation and stability, and protects
Health reconstitution or return to wellness after treatment
-continuous adjustment

Nursing Three energy resources in three aspects

-a process of action, reaction, and interaction by which Flexible Lines of Defense
nurse and client share info.)
-outer boundary to the normal line of defense to the core

Normal Line of Defense

Ashley A. Dimaranan
-Represents clients’ usual wellness level. ~Tertiary

Lines of Resistance Interdependence Mode

-last boundary that protects the basic structure -Focuses on close relationships with people

-Ability to balance acts of giving and receiving

Sister Callista Roy ~Significant Others
Adaptation Model ~Support Systems
"Developed the adaptation of nursing in 1976" ROY EMPLOYS A SIX-STEP NURSING
Adaptation level (combining of stimuli that represents PROCESS WHICH INCLUDES:
the condition of life processes)
o Assessment of behavior
~Integrated
o Assessment of stimuli
~Compensatory
o Nursing diagnosis
~Compromised
o Goal setting
CONTROL AS A COPING MECHANISM
o Intervention
-control process of the human as an adaptive system
o Evaluation
-Roy presents a unique nursing science of control
mechanisms

~Regulator
Dorothy E. Johnson
Behavioral System Model
~Cognator
-Composed of 7 subsystems (each of which have a
Four Modes of the Roy Adaptation Model
structural and functional component)
Physiological Mode (Physical)

-Pertain to the physical aspect of the human system

Metaparadigm
(Response physically to stimuli from the environment)
Human Being
Self-Concept
-a system of interdependent parts that requires some
-Beliefs and feelings about oneself at a given time regularity and adjustment to maintain a balance

Two Modes Nursing

~Physical and Spiritual Self -Nursing care emphasizes balance, order, stability, and
maintenance of the integrity of the patient.
~Personal Self
Health
Role Function Mode
-Dynamic state influenced by biological, psychological,
-Societal expectation about how a person occupying one
and social factors
position behaves toward a person occupying another
social position. Environment

~Primary -Has 2 dimensions; internal and external environment

~Secondary
Ashley A. Dimaranan
Behavioral System

Attachment or Affiliative
Hildegard Peplau (1909-
-Social inclusion, intimacy, and formation and attachment 1999)
of a strong social bond.
Interpersonal Relations Theory
Dependency
In 1952 she created the theory of interpersonal relations
-Approval, Attention or Recognition, and physical and it is influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory of
assistance. Interpersonal Relations of 1953
Ingestive

-the emphasis is on the meaning & structure of social Roles of Nurse to his/her patients
events surrounding the occasion when food is eaten.
-Stranger
Eliminative
-Teacher
-human cultures have defined different socially
acceptable behaviors for the excretion of waste but it is -Resource Person
different from culture to culture -Counselors
Sexual -Surrogate
-both biological and social factors affect the behavior in -Leader
the sexual subsystem.

Aggressive
Four Sequential Phases in the Interpersonal Relationship
-related to protection and self-preservation; one that
generates a defensive response when life or territory is
being threatened
Orientation
Achievement
-Problem-defining phase
-provokes behavior that attempts to control the
environment; intellectual, physical, creative, mechanical,
and social skills. Identification

-Nurse selects appropriate professional assistance

Exploitation

-The phase during which the patient makes full use of

available professional services.

Resolution

-The phase in which the work accomplished is

summarized and closure occurs

Ashley A. Dimaranan
 -Interactive process with the patient whereby the nurse
Ida Jean Orlando (1926- performs actions for and with the nurse to meet the
patient's observed needs
2007)
A Nursing Process Theory Metaparadigm

Assessment
Deliberative Nursing Process -identifying patients need for help
-the nursing process uses the concepts listed below to Nursing Diagnosis
solve health problems
-Product of analysis
Verbal Reactions of Patients
Nursing Action
-Informing patients of their conditions and treatment
options can help manage environmental issues. -Deliberative (nurse initiates believing that she will help
ascertain or meet the client's immediate need for help
Nonverbal reactions of patients

-The ability to interpret and react to nonverbal cues is

considered skilled nursing behavior. -Automatic (Actions that are not focused on the client’s
needs but other needs such as nurses or physicians
Understanding Distress

-if the nurse ignores or does not recognize verbal and

nonverbal cues, the patient is doomed to experience Implementation
distress -Final Selection and carrying out action planned
Understanding Ways to Alleviate Stress

-Nurses have an immediate response of physical caring Evaluation

and assuring
-to know that the action taken by her is appropriate for
-Recognize the patient's emotions and feelings and then the patient or not.
have the patient validate them.

3 Basic Aspects of Orlando's Nursing Theory

Patient Behavior

-verbal and non-verbal communication relating to the

nurse what the patient immediately needs

The Nurse's Reaction

-Active thought of the nurse which he/she observes the

patient’s behavior and comes up with a plan to meet the
patient’s needs

The Nurse's Activity

Ashley A. Dimaranan
Joyce Travelbee (1926- Lydia E. Hall (1906-1969)
1973) Care, Core, Cure Theory

Human-to-Human Relationship Model

Core (Person, Therapeutic use of self)

-has goals set by him or herself rather than any other

Original Encounter person; Patient receiving nursing care.
-nurse and patient see each other in stereotyped or
traditional roles
Care (Body, Intimate bodily care)

-Means the "motherly" care provided by the nurse, which

Emerging Identities may include comfort measures, patient instruction, and
-nurse and patient perceives each other's uniqueness being a helping hand to your patient.

Empathy Cure (Disease, seeing the patient and family through

medical care)
-This phase is described as the ability to share in the
person’s experience. -Attention is given to patients by medical professionals.

Sympathy

-when the nurse wants to lessen the cause of patient’s

suffering.

Rapport

-Relation as human being to human being

Ashley A. Dimaranan
 11 Nursing skills
Faye G. Abdellah 1. observation of health status
21 Nursing Problem Theory 2. skills of communication

3. application of knowledge
The problem can be : 4. teaching of patients and families

5. planning and organization of work

Overt 6. use of resource materials
-apparent condition faced by a client or family 7. use of personnel resources

8. problem-solving
Covert 9. direction of work of others
-Concealed or hidden condition 10. therapeutic uses of the self

11. nursing procedure

1. Learn to know the patient

2. Sort out relevant and significant data.

3. Make generalizations about available data in relation

to similar nursing problems presented by other patients.

4. Identify the therapeutic plan.

5. Test generalizations with the patient and make

additional generalizations.

6. Validate the patient's conclusions about his nursing

problems.

7. Continue to observe and evaluate the patient over a

period of time to identify any attitudes and clues affecting
his or her behavior

8. Explore the patient and his or her family's reactions to

the therapeutic plan and involve them in the plan.

9. Identify how the nurses feel about the patient's nursing

problems.

10. Discuss and Develop a comprehensive nursing care

plan

Ashley A. Dimaranan
 11th is spiritual & moral.
Virginia Henderson (The 12th & 13th are sociologically oriented to occupation &
First Lady of Nursing) recreation.

Needs Theory

Henderson's 14 Basic Needs of the Patient

1. Breathe normally

2. Eat and drink adequately

3. Eliminate body wastes

4. Move and maintain desirable postures

5. Sleep and rest

6. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress

7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by

adjusting clothing and modifying the environment

8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and protect the

integument

9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring

others

10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions,

needs, fears, or opini

11. Worship according to one’s faith

12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of

accomplishment

13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation

14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to

normal development and health and use the available
health facilities

Henderson's 14 Basic Needs of the Patient

The 1st 9 components are physiological.

The 10th & 14th are psychological aspects of

communicating & learning.
Ashley A. Dimaranan