9C! What is Matter?

(Revision)

1. Name the states of matter and the changes between each state.
Melting is changing from solid to liquid. Freezing is changing from a liquid to a solid. Vapourisation is
changing from liquid to gas

2. Outline the characteristics of solids, liquids and gasses with reference to the particle theory.
Solids have a definite shape and volume. Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of the
container. Gasses have no definite shape or volume

3. Describe the structure of the atom.

Neutrons and Protons are sticking together, and Electrons are flying around
4. Define: atoms, molecules, elements and compounds.
Atoms are the smallest particle of an element. Molecules are made up of atoms. Elements are any
substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes.
Compounds are a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities)
containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds
5. Identify metals/non metals, groups and periods, alkali, alkali earth metals, halogens in the
Periodic Table
The metals are to the left of the line (except for hydrogen, which is a nonmetal), the nonmetals are to
the right of the line. The horizontal rows on the periodic table are called periods, The vertical rows on
the periodic table are called groups. Alkaline metals are vertical 1st row, Alkaline earth metals are
vertical 2nd row, Halogens are vertical 17th row.

6. Know the chemical symbol for the first 20 elements.

Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol

Hydrogen H Beryllium Be Neon Ne
 Aluminum Al Fluorine F Boron B

Lithium Li Phosphorus P Helium He

Nitrogen N Argon Ar Chlorine Cl

Potassium K Magnesium Mg Calcium Ca

Carbon C Sulfur S Silicon Si

Oxygen O Sodium Na Silver Ag

Gold Au Iron Fe Copper Cu

7. Recognise elements and number of each element in chemical formulae.

Formulae Element and number of each element

Na2CO3 2 Sodium, 1 Carbon, 3 Oxygen

LiCl 1 Lithium, 1 Chlorine

H2SO4 2 Hydrogen, 1 Sulfur, 4 Oxygen

NH4Cl 1 Nitrogen, 4 Hydrogen, 1 Chlorine

Formulae Element and number of each element

Carbon dioxide 1 Carbon, 2 Oxygen

Nitrogen gas 2 Nitrogen

Oxygen gas 2 Oxygen

Hydrogen gas 2 Hydrogen

Additional Notes:

9C1 Making Rainbows

1. Define the terms acid, base, alkali and salt.

Acid: An acid is defined as a substance whose water solution tastes sour, turns blue litmus red, and
neutralizes bases. Base: A substance is called base if its aqueous solution tastes bitter, turns red
litmus blue, or neutralizes acids. Salt: Salt is a neutral substance whose aqueous solution does not
affect litmus.
2. Identify strong and weak acids and bases.
 Strong/Weak Acid Strong/Weak Acid
Chemical or Chemical or
Base Base
Hydrochloric acid Strong Acid Potassium hydroxide Strong Base

Ammonia Weak Base Sodium carbonate Strong Base

Acetic acid Weak Acid Citric acid Weak Acid

3. Name common acids and bases.

baking soda, toothpaste and products that contain lye

4. Identify common household items as acids and bases.

Substance Acid/Base Substance Acid/Base Substance Acid/Base

Vinegar Acid Floor cleaner Base Borax Base

Lemon juice Acid Soda water Acid Coke Acid

5. Describe the characteristics, uses and limitations of universal indicators and simple indicators
such as litmus.
Because it shows more, it shows how strong base or acid
6. Describe the pH scale to distinguish between acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions.
pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base
7. Describe neutralization reactions.
when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the combination of H+ ions
and OH- ions to generate water
8. Write word and chemical equations for the reaction of acids and bases, with examples.
Acid+Base→Salt+Water Acid + Base → Salt + Water
9. Identify the acid and base needed to make different salts.
Salt Acid Base
Potassium chloride nitric acid potassium nitrate

Sodium sulfate sulphuric acid sodium chloride

Ammonium chloride hydrochloric acid ammonia
Calcium nitrate nitric acid ammonia

Additional Notes:

9C2 Getting A Reaction

1. Outline between a chemical and a physical change.

2. Identify when a chemical reaction takes place.

3. List the following elements in order of decreasing reactivity:

 Aluminum Calcium Carbon Copper Gold Iron Lead Magnesium Potassium Silver Sodium Zinc

4. Write word equations for the reaction of acids; Metals + Acids, Metal Carbonates + Acid

Reactants Products

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid —> magnesium chloride + hydrogen gas

sodium carbonate + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + Water + carbon dioxide

Potassium sulfate + sulfuric acid —> potassium sulfate + hydrogen

Calcium carbonate + nitric acid —> calcium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water

5. Identify the types of chemical reactions in each of the following:

Reaction Type of reaction

3 NaBr + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + 3 HBr double replacement

3 Ca(OH)2 + Al2(SO4)3 → 3 CaSO4 + 2 Al(OH)3 double replacement

3 Mg + Fe2O3 → 2 Fe + 3 MgO single replacement

C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O single replacement

2 PbSO4 → 2 PbSO3 + O2 decomposition

2 NH3 + 3 I2 → N2I6 + 3 H2 single replacement

H2O + SO3 → H2SO4 combination

3 H2SO4 + 2 Al(OH)3 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3 H2O double replacement

Additional Notes:

9C3 Chemical Patterns

1. Describe exothermic and endothermic reactions in relation to energy and temperature changes
in a reaction.
When energy is released in an exothermic reaction, the temperature of the reaction mixture rises.
When energy is absorbed in an endothermic reaction, the temperature decreases
2. Outline the effects of concentration, temperature and particle size on the rate of a chemical
reaction.
the rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases
3. Describe the effects of concentration, temperature and particle size on the rate of a chemical
reaction using collision theory.
Increasing the concentration of a reactant increases the frequency of collisions between
reactants and will, therefore, increase the reaction rate
4. Describe the role of catalysts, including chemical and biological catalysts.
speeds up chemical reactions

Additional Notes:

9C4 Acid Attack

1. Describe the role of acids in the body and how antacids work.
Acids are needed for digestion and some forms of energy production. Antacids neutralize the acid in
your stomach

2. Outline why rain is naturally acidic.

Water contains atmospheric gasses as well as carbon dioxide, and when the carbon dioxide
dissolves it forms carbonic acid

3. Describe how acid rain is produced.

Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere and
transported by wind and air currents

4. Identify sources of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.

Power plants release the majority of sulfur dioxide and much of the nitrogen oxides when they burn
fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce electricity
5. Describe the effects of acid deposition to the environment.
Soils have become more acidic and less fertile, and animals who live in acidic environments quickly
dies
6. Describe how the effects of acids in the environment can be alleviated?
People can use renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Renewable energy
sources help reduce acid rain because they produce much less pollution.

Additional Notes: