RAMA KRISHNA SERVICE LEAD MRI /CT

• Human Body Atomic Percent of a Human

• Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Other

1%

Carbon make up 99% of

the atoms Oxygen
24%

• Hydrogen Atoms alone

make up for 67% of the Hydrogen
Carbon
12%
63%
total human body
• 5,000,000,000,000,000,
000,000,000,000
Hydrogen atoms in a
160Lb person
• Hydrogen
• Single Proton
• Mass number =1
• Large magnetic moment
• Having an odd number
of protons makes it act N
N
like a small bar magnet

S
S
• Hydrogen Proton
• In the absence of an
external magnetic field,
the 1H protons are
aligned in a random
pattern
• No Net Magnetism
• Hydrogen Proton is
placed in a Large
Magnet
S
• In the presence of an
applied external
magnetic field (B0), the
protons will align with the
field
• Creating a measureable
Net Magnetism created
by the hydrogen
N
• Net Magnetism
• B0 is 60,000 times
stronger then Net
S
Magnetism of protons
• Can not be measured
due to the much B0
stronger B0 field

N
 Proton posses spin
▪ Rotates about its axis
 When in a magnetic
field protons spins align
with the magnetic field
 The speed in which it
spins is proportional to
the magnetic field
• Precessional or Larmor
Frequency
• The frequency of the
wobble is dependent
upon the atom and the
strength of the external
magnetic field
• The higher the field strength,
the higher the frequency
• The Larmor Equation
• Equation used to calculate
Precessional Frequency
 w0=B0 g
▪ w 0= Precessional frequency
▪ B0= magnetic field strength in
Tesla
▪ g = gyromagnetic ratio
 a constant value unique to
each element based upon
the relationship between Sir Joseph Larmor
the angular momentum and 1857-1942
the magnetic moment of the
nucleus
• For hydrogen protons, the
gyromagnetic ratio is
42.576MHZ at 1.0T
• 0.3Tesla (7000 and Airis)
• 0.3T x 42.576MHz = 12.8 MHz
• 7Tesla (Altaire)
• 0.7T x 42.576MHz = 29.8 MHz
• 1.2Tesla (Oasis)
• 1.2T x 42.576MHz = 51.1 MHz
• 1.5Tesla (Echelon)
• 1.5T x 42.576MHz = 63.9 MHz
• 3Tesla (Trillium)
• 3T x 42.576MHz = 127.728 MHz
 Harmonics
 Radio Frequencies are
Transmitted into the
body to “excite” the
protons
 Protons will pick up the
RF energy only if the
frequency is exactly the
same
 RF pulse at the
frequency of the
protons spin will induce
energy into the protons
 This will cause the B0
proton to “Flip”
 RF pulse at the
frequency of the
protons spin will induce
energy into the protons
 This will cause the B0
proton to “Flip”
 RF pulse at the
frequency of the
protons spin will induce
energy into the protons
 This will cause the B0
proton to “Flip”
 RF pulse at the
frequency of the
protons spin will induce
energy into the protons
 This will cause the B0
proton to “Flip”
 RF pulse at the
frequency of the
protons spin will induce
energy into the protons
 This will cause the B0
proton to “Flip”
 RF pulse at the
frequency of the
protons spin will induce
energy into the protons
 This will cause the B0
proton to “Flip”
 The plane 90° to the B0
that the proton is
flipped into is referred
to the Transverse Plane
B0

Transverse Plane
 The duration or strength
of the RF will determine
the degree to which the 0 0 Flip angle

protons will flipped into

the transverse direction B0
 This degree of flip is
Flip Angle
Transverse
Plane
 The duration or strength
of the RF will determine
the degree to which the
protons will flipped into 45 0 Flip angle
the transverse direction
 This degree of flip is Flip B0
Angle
 Longer or stronger RF the Transverse
higher the Flip Angle Plane
 The duration or strength
of the RF will determine
the degree to which the
protons will flipped into
the transverse direction
 This degree of flip is Flip B0
Angle
 Longer or stronger RF the Transverse
90 0 Flip angle

higher the Flip Angle Plane

 The duration or strength
of the RF will determine
the degree to which the
protons will flipped into
the transverse direction
 This degree of flip is Flip B0
Angle
 Longer or stronger RF the Transverse
higher the Flip Angle Plane

1350 Flip angle

 The duration or strength
of the RF will determine
the degree to which the 0 0 Flip angle

protons will flipped into 45 0 Flip angle

the transverse direction
 This degree of flip is Flip B0
Angle
 Longer or stronger RF the Transverse
90 0 Flip angle

higher the Flip Angle Plane

1350 Flip angle

 In a normal state
Protons are in random
directions
 Protons individual
magnetism are in
different directions
canceling out each
other
 Net magnetism is not
measureable NET MAGNATISM = 0
 RF
 When the RF Pulse is
turned on Protons
synchronize in Phase
 Protons individual
magnetism point in the
same direction
 Net Magnetism is
measureable

Net Magnetism
 Before RF
▪ Protons aligned
with B0 B
▪ Proton Phase is 0
Random

 After RF
▪ Protons flipped RF
into transverse
plane B
▪ Protons all in 0
phase
 B
 RF Pulse is RF OFF
turned Off
0
▪ Proton return to
normal state B
▪ realign with the 0
TIME
B0
▪ dephase
 This is referred B
to as 0
Relaxation
B
0
 2 Types of relaxation
▪ T1
▪ Protons realigning to the B0
▪ T2
▪ Dephasing of the protons
 Net Mag
B
 Recovery of Protons to RF OFF
the B0
0
 Transverse magnetism
Decays B
0

TIME
B
0

B
0
 No Difference
Mxy
 T1 Recovery time very
by tissue Fat
 Short times have good
Water
contrast between tissues
 Long times have little
contrast between tissues t
 Dephasing of
protons Net Magnetism

 Due to interactions
of individual
Protons TIME
Net Magnetism
 Transverse
magnetism decays
Net Magnetism

Net Magnetism
 Mxy
No Difference
 T2 Decay varies by
tissue
 Short time have low T2 Water
Contrast between
Muscle
tissues t
 Longer times give
greater Contrast
between tissues
• T2 * Decay Mxy

• Accelerated unrecoverable
dephasing of transverse
magnetization
• T2
• Interaction with neighboring
protons Expected T2 Decay
t
• Magnetic Field
Mxy
• Inhomogeniety of the field
affects the precessional
frequency
• Areas where the field is
slightly stronger causes the T2* effects
protons to ‘speed up’
• Areas where the field is
slightly weaker will cause the
protons to ‘slow down’
Actual T2 Decay
 MRI image data is
collected 1 slice at a
time
 Before excitation we
need to determine the
slice to be excited
 Main Field
 Placing the body into a 1 TESLA
static magnetic field TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
▪ All protons align and spin
at the same frequency
▪ There is no way to
differentiate between
protons in different areas
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 Main Field
 Slice encoding gradient 1 TESLA
field is applied
TESLA
▪ Increases field strength 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

on 1 side of the magnet

and decreasing on the
other
▪ Protons frequency of spin
changes with the change
in field strength 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5 38.3 34.0 29.8
MHz

-0.1 -0.2 -0.3

0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 RF
34.0 Main Field
 An RF pulse with a MHz 1 TESLA
frequency of the TESLA
wanted slice location is 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

transmitted.

55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5 38.3 34.0 29.8

MHz

-0.1 -0.2 -0.3

0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 RF
34.0 Main Field
 An RF pulse with a MHz 1 TESLA
frequency of the wanted TESLA
slice location is 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

transmitted.
 Only protons rotating at
the transmitted RF
frequency are excited
and are flipped into the 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

transverse field -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 Main Field
 RF pulse is removed 1 TESLA
▪ Flipped protons remain TESLA
flipped and aligned 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

rotating in the transverse

field

55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5 38.3 34.0 29.8

MHz

-0.1 -0.2 -0.3

0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 Main Field
 Gradient pulse is 1 TESLA
removed
TESLA
▪ Complete magnetic field 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

returns to the same

strength
▪ All protons return to the
same frequency
▪ Flipped protons remain
flipped and aligned 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
rotating in the transverse
0.0 0.0 0.0
field at center frequency 0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 Main Field
1 TESLA
 Since only protons in the
selected slice are excited TESLA
1.0 1.0
the receiver coil can only
Receive
pick up signal from these Coil

protons

42.5
MHz

0.0 0.0 0.0

0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 At this point if the slice is received although only protons from
this given slice are providing signal all protons across the slice
are providing similar signals making it imposable to
determine where on the slice signal is coming from.

TESLA
1.0 1.0

Receive
Coil

42.5
MHz
 Before an image is
received we need a
way to determine
where on the image
each signal is coming
from
 To do this the slice area is
broke down into a grid
 The size of the grid is
referred to as a matrix
▪ In our example the matrix
would be 7x7
▪ Normal matrix is 128x128
or larger
 Each square in the grid is
called a voxel
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After slice selection the

protons of the selected
slice are spinning in the
transverse plane
 Protons are spinning at
the same frequency
and phase making each
proton indistinguishable
from each other 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 If signal is received at
this point the signal
produced by each
proton would look
identical
▪ Same Frequency
▪ Same Phase
42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 Received signal after Slice Selection
▪ Signal is the same across the image, not ready to receive.

1.0 1.0 1.0

TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Received Signal

42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5

MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
PHASE
 To make it possible to
determine the location of
signal with in the slice 2

FREQUENCY
gradient magnetic fields
are used
▪ First Gradient will alter
phase of protons across the
slice
▪ Second Gradient will alter
frequency across the slice in 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
the other direction MHz
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
PHASE
 Phase encoding
▪ Altering the phase across

FREQUENCY
the slice

 Frequency Encoding
▪ Altering Frequency across
the image

42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5

MHz
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

 A gradient field is
applied across the
selected slice
▪ Increases field strength
on one side of the slice
and decreasing on the
other
▪ Increasing proton spin
frequency on one slide of
the slice decreasing on 55.3 51.0 46.8 42.5
MHz
38.3 34.0 29.8

the other -0.1

Tesla
-0.2
Tesla
-0.3
Tesla
0
+0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 After a predetermined
amount of time the gradient
across the slice is turned off
▪ Field strength across the image
again becomes the same
▪ Frequency of all protons again
is the same
 Since protons were spinning
at varying frequency while
the gradient was applied
protons now vary in phase
across the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 Tesla Tesla Tesla
0.0 0.0 0.0 Tesla
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Gradient Field
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz
0.0 0.0 0.0
Tesla Tesla Tesla

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz MHz

Received Signal
 TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

 Since phase of protons

varies across the slice
received signal differs
in phase as well
 This makes it possible to
determine where signal
is coming from across
the slice 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42
MHz

Received Signal
 Received signal after Phase Encoding
▪ Signal only varies across the image, not ready to recieve.

1.0 1.0 1.0

TESLA
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Received Signal

42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5

MHz
 TESLA
 After phase encoding it 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

is now possible to
determine where across
the image signal is
located by looking at
the phase of the
returned signal
 Across the image in the
other direction returned
signal still looks the
same 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5
MHz
 After Phase
Encoding the slice
needs to be 42.5 1.0

encoded in the 42.5 1.0

opposite direction
 A second gradient 42.5 1.0

field will be used to

modify the 42.5 1.0

frequency across the 42.5 1.0

image it the other
direction 42.5 1.0

▪ Frequency Encoding
42.5 1.0

MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 A Gradient is
applied across the -0.3
images in the 55.3 1.3
Tesla

direction opposing 51.0 1.2 -0.2

the phase Tesla

▪ Increases field 46.8 1.1 -0.1

Tesla
strength on one side
of the slice and 42.5 1.0 0
Tesla
decreasing on the
other 38.3 0.9
+0.1
Tesla
▪ Increasing proton spin 34.0 0.8 +0.2
frequency on one Tesla
slide of the slice 29.8 0.7 +0.3
decreasing on the Tesla
other MHz TESLA
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
 With the Frequency
encoding gradient still -0.3
55.3 1.3
applied Tesla

 The returned signal 51.0 1.2 -0.2

Tesla
varies in frequency
-0.1
across the image 46.8 1.1
Tesla
 This makes it possible 42.5 1.0 0
to determine where Tesla

signal is coming from 38.3 0.9

+0.1
Tesla
across the slice in the +0.2
34.0 0.8
second direction Tesla

29.8 0.7 +0.3

Tesla
MHz TESLA

Received Signal
  Received signal after Frequency Encoding
▪ Since the combination of phase and frequency are different for each
voxal we are ready to receive image data

55.3 1.3

51.0 1.2

46.8 1.1

42.5 1.0

38.3 0.9

34.0 0.8

29.8 0.7

MHz TESLA
 Since the slice now has varying Phase and Frequencies across
the image it is now possible to determine were each signal is
coming from in the slice
 Since we only chose to do a
7x7 Matrix the received
image will look similar to this
 A higher Matrix
 More phase and
frequency
 Higher resolution
 The image to the right shows
the same image with
256x256 Matrix
 This process is repeated
with a number of Turn on slice encoding gradient
Transmit at frequency of slice to

different phase excite the selected slice only

Turn off slice encoding gradient

variations
▪ More phases better Repeat for each slice and number
Turn on phase encoding to alter
phase across the image
of phase steps
resolution Turn off phase encoding gradient

 This process is repeated

for each slice in the Turn on frequency encoding
gradient to vary frequencies across
the image

series Receive Signal data

 horizontal field
Shim Shielding
Power Magnet Magnet
Supply Shims Power
dients
Gra Supply
C
RF oils

RF Receive

Host Couch
Computer

Interface Gradient RF
Array Amplifier Amplifier
Computer Processors
 Vertical Field

RF Shielding
Pre-
amplifier Magnet
Magnet
RF Receive Power
Supply
RF Trans mit
Host Gradients
Shim
Computer

Interface RF Shim
Array Gradient
Amplifier Power
Processors Amplifier
Computer Supply
 Provides the Main Magnetic
Field (B0) = 0.5 Gauss
 Field strength is measured
in Tesla or Gauss
▪ 10,000 Gauss = 1Tesla
=100 Gauss
 Earths Field = 0.5 Gauss
 Refrigerator magnet = 100
Gauss
 Most MRI = 1.5 Tesla or
15,000 Gauss = 15,000 Gauss
 Can be both in
Horizontal and Vertical
Fields
 Vertical Fields
Vertical Field
▪ Open Design
▪ Limited Field strength
 Horizontal field
▪ Close Design
▪ Higher field strengths

Horizontal Field
 Permanent
 Constructed of
ferromagnetic materials
▪ Alnico
▪ Aluminum(Al), Nickel(Ni),
cobalt(Co), Copper(Cu),
Titanium(Ti)
▪ Neodymium Magnet
▪ Neodymium(Nd), Iron (Fe),
Boron(B)
▪ Samarium(Sm), Cobalt(Co) Airis II 0.3T Permanent Magnet
 Heavy in weight Neomax- Hitachi proprietary light
weight material
34,615 pounds (17 Tons)
 Pros  Cons
▪ Low power consumption ▪ Low field strength
▪ No power required to turn ▪ Limited to less that .5Tesla
magnet on or keep it running ▪ Heavy
▪ Open Design ▪ Placement can be difficult
▪ Larger variety of patients ▪ Always a magnet
▪ Obese patients
▪ Cannot be turned off in an
▪ Claustrophobic
emergency
▪ Interventional
▪ Small fringe field
▪ Easy placement
▪ Always a magnet
 Electromagnet
▪ Magnetic field is created by passing
current through a coil of wire
 Iron core
▪ Wire wrapped around Iron
 Air Core
▪ Wire with an open center
 Pros  Cons
▪ Open design ▪ High power consumption
▪ Larger variety of patients ▪ Low field strength
▪ Obese patients ▪ Less than 0.6Tesla
▪ Claustrophobic
▪ Interventional
▪ High heat output
▪ Cooling system required
▪ Low fringe field
▪ Can turn Magnet on and
off
 Super Conducting
▪ Electromagnet
▪ Coils are super cooled to
the point of no resistance
▪ Uses Liquid helium to cool
coils to 4K (-452F)
▪ Current is applied to coil 1
time
▪ After current is applied
power supply is removed
 Vertical or Horizontal
field
 Pros  Cons
▪ High homogeneity ▪ Higher operating cost
▪ Higher field strengths ▪ Cryogens
▪ Up to 3 Tesla used clinically ▪ Chillers
▪ 7+ Tesla for research ▪ More gradient power
▪ Possibility of quench
▪ Loss of field
▪ Recovery is costly and time
consuming
 Shielding confines the
magnetic field, thus
reducing the fringe field
 5 Gauss line is the
maximum magnetic field
the general public can
be safely exposed to as
determined by the FDA
 Reduction of fringe field
makes magnet
placement easier
▪ Shim
▪ Maintains the integrity or
homogeneity of the main
magnetic field (B0)
▪ While every effort is made to
manufacture magnets with high
homogeneity, variances do occur.
Furthermore, external objects may
influence B0. These include the patient
and other structures close to the system
▪ Creates a ‘sweet spot’ in the
magnet where image quality
will be maximized
▪ A sphere within the bore of the magnet
will yield the best image quality, the
further you are from this, the lower
quality your scans become
 Ppm=frequency shift over a two points
• Measured in parts per
million (PPM) over a defined
area
• (Freq(max)-Freq(min))/(Freq(max))*1,000,000

• Multiple types of shimming

in use
• Passive
• Active
• Passive
• Insertion of small pieces of metal,
usually done during installation of
the system.
• No power requirement
• Stable, however passive shimming is not
effective for transient field changes
caused by external structures
• Active Patient induced field inhomogeneity
• Additional loops or windings of
wire
• Additional power supply separate from
the MR power supply
• Compensation for transient field
disturbances
• Gradient shim
• Nominal amount of current applied to
gradient to ensure field homogeneity

Field corrected by shimming

• Gradients alter the main
magnetic field (B0) so that Z
the signal can be localized
and encoded
• Three physical gradients X
• X gradient Y
• Y gradient
• Z gradient
• Each gradient will Perform a
specific task
• Slice encode Z
• Gradient active while RF is
on, which allows a spatial
slice to be excited while X
surrounding tissue is not
• Phase encode
• Gradient pulse following Y
excitation, encode protons
by changing their phase
across the slice
• Frequency encode
• Gradient on during detection of
the signal. Encode the protons’
frequency across the slice
• Gradients Strength is
measured by the Peak Z
strength, rise time, slew
rate, and duty cycle X
• Slew Rate
• Rate of change, derived from the rise time
and the peak
Y
• Affects TE times, IET
• Measured in Tesla per meter per
second
• Duty Cycle
• Ability of the gradient to meet the
• Gradients Strength is
measured by the Peak Z
strength, rise time, slew
rate, and duty cycle X
• Peak
• Maximum amplitude of the Y
gradients
• Direct impact on resolution
parameters
• Measured in milliTesla per meter
• Rise Time
• Amount of time the gradient takes to
reach peak
 PEAK/RISE TIME = SLEW RATE
• Gradients Strength is
measured by the Peak
strength, rise time, slew rate,
and duty cycle
• Peak
• Maximum amplitude of the PEAK
gradients
• Direct impact on resolution
parameters
• Measured in milliTesla per meter
• Rise Time
• Amount of time the gradient takes to
reach peak
• Slew Rate
• Rate of change, derived from the
rise time and the peak
• Affects TE times, IET
• Measured in Tesla per meter per
second

Rise Time
 0.71T
• As stated before, the
gradients are used to 0.705
localize and encode the 0.695 0.690T
area to be examined and the 0.7T @ isocenter
corresponding signal. The
first step is to select the
slice
• In this example, the Y gradient RF Transmit
Pulses
alters B0, adding to B0 towards
Slice Select
the patients head and decreasing Gradient
Pulses
Bo in the foot direction Phase Encode

• This slight change in B0 alters Gradient

Pulses

the frequency the protons can Freq Encode

‘hear’, thus only certain protons Gradient
Pulses
are affected.
Receive Signal
• Once the slice is localized,
encoding must be done for
RF Transmit
the remaining two axes of Pulses
the slice. Slice Select
Gradient
• Phase encode Pulses
Phase Encode
• One gradient will alter the Gradient
Pulses
phase of the protons
Freq Encode
• Artifacts will generally appearGradient
in the phase encode direction Pulses
• Frequency encode Receive Signal
• Frequency gradient alters the
frequency of the protons
during readout of the signal.
 Z
• Once the slice is
localized, encoding
X
must be done for the Y
remaining two axes of
the slice.
• Phase encode
• One gradient will
alter the phase of the
+ -
protons
• Artifacts will
generally appear in
FREQUENCY PHASE
+
29.9 MHZ.
the phase encode
direction
• Frequency encode
• Frequency gradient 29.7 MHZ.
alters the frequency of
the protons during
readout of the signal.
- 29.3 MHZ.
• RF generates the waveform,
transmits the pulse and
receives the signal from the
sample
• Synthesizer and Digital-to-Analog
Converter (DAC)
• Generates the waveform for the
pulse and converts the pulse to
analog data for transmission
• RF amplifier
• Provides the power to transmit
the pulse
• Transmit coil
• Transmits the pulse to the
sample
• Receive coil
• Receives the signal from the
sample
• RF generates the
waveform, transmits the
pulse and receives the
signal from the sample
• Pre-amplifier
• Boosts the received signal
• Analog-to-Digital-Converter
(ADC)
• Converts the analog data into
digital data for processing Pre-amplifier
• Computers control gradient and
RF timing, as well as the user
interface
• Operators Console
• Allows the user to directly interact
with the system via a keyboard or
mouse
• Allows manipulation of scan
parameters, and post processing of
the data
• Host computer
• Co-ordinates the various functions of
the system
• Scan control
• Gradient control
• Diagnostics
• Image Storage
• Array processors
• Dedicated computer used for
reconstruction of the image
• The MR exam room must
be shielded from external
interference
• Faraday Cage
• Encircles the entire room with
copper
• Prevents external RF from
interfering with the MR RF
chain
• Penetration Panel
• Provides shielded port where
gradient, RF, and other cables
enter the room