SCIENCE & WORLD

COURSE CODE

Mr. Sagarmani Rasaily

Department of- Healthcare and Allied Sciences

 MODULE 2

MODERN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

HAVE YOU TAKEN ANTIBIOTICS
OR
HEARD ABOUT IT?
 WHAT IS AN ANTIBIOTIC?

Anti: Against somethings

Biotic: Relating to living organisms (e.g.: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
etc.)

“Antibiotic means against life”

Definition:
Antibiotics are medicines that fight
infections caused by bacteria in humans
and animals by either killing the bacteria
or making it difficult for the bacteria to
grow and multiply.
WHY DO WE
FALL SICK?
ABOUT BACTERIA
10000 µm = 1 cm

Bed Bug (Macro organism)

Bacteria (Micro organism)

 ABOUT BACTERIA
• There are around 50 million bacteria in every gram of surface soil.
• We would not survive without them.
• Help degrade the food we eat.
• Protect against pathogens.
With bacteria like Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lactococcus lactis , Lactococcus
lactiscremoris we can get curd from milk.

Beneficial Bacteria Harmful Bacteria

 DISEASE CAUSING BACTERIA

▶ A few bacteria can be dangerous to our health by causing infections and even
death
▶ We can get them from outside the body: – Other humans, animals, food, water
▶ Examples of bacterial infections:
– Pneumonia
– Blood stream infections
– Urinary tract infections
– Wound infections

When our body is infected with harmful bacteria we treat it with Antibiotics
 HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE late 1800s

First Antibiotic 1928

ROBERT KOCH LOUIS PASTEUR SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING

Germ theory of disease states Discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin.

that specific microscopic organisms
are the cause of specific diseases. However, it took over a decade before penicillin was
introduced as a treatment for bacterial infections.
 HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS

• 1945: Penicillin was introduced on a large scale as a treatment for bacterial

infections.

• This was possible through the work of Florey and Chain who managed to
efficiently purify the antibiotic and scale-up production.

• The introduction of penicillin marked the beginning of the so-called “golden

era” of antibiotic.
1940 – 1962: The golden era of antibiotics.

• Most of the antibiotic classes we use as medicines today were discovered

and introduced to the market.

• Each class typically contains several antibiotics that have been discovered
over time or are modified versions of previous types.
• Before antibiotics there was no effective cure for bacterial infections.
• Antibiotics were considered “a miracle cure.”
• Antibiotics cures infections, prevent infections upon surgery, and make
transplantations and cancer treatment safer.
• Antibiotics were considered “a miracle cure”.
• ANTIBIOTICS Saved countless lives! Made modern medicine possible!
 DISCOVERY OF ANTIBIOTICS

Azithromy
cin

Monurol (UTI)

Amoxici Daptomy
llin cin
 COMMONLY USED ANTIBIOTICS

Types/Classes: Generic:
• Penicillin's. ▶ Amoxicillin
• Tetracyclines. ▶ Doxycycline
• Cephalosporins. ▶ Cephalexin
• Quinolones. ▶ Ciprofloxacin
• Lincomycins. ▶ Clindamycin
• Macrolides. ▶ Azithromycin
• Sulphonamides. ▶ Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim
• Glycopeptides. ▶ Vancomycin
▶ Metronidazole
Different Class of antibiotics
commonly used
 HOW DO ANTIBIOTICS WORK?

• Antibiotics disrupt essential processes or structures in the bacterial

cell.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLmk0zYIFjE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tdK9VX5gcY
 DOES ANTIBIOTICS WORK
AGAINST VIRUSES?
• Bacteria are free-living cells that can live inside or
outside a body.

• While viruses are a non-living collection of molecules

that need a host to survive.

• Viruses are smaller than bacteria and are not cells.

• Unlike in bacteria it does not have a cell wall but

contains protein coat called capsid

• Have a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA

• Bacteria can be infected by tiny viruses called

bacteriophages
 ANTIBIOTICS DO NOT WORK AGAINST VIRUSES

Example of viral infections-

• Most sore throats

• Most coughs, colds and runny noses
• Acute sinusitis
• Acute bronchitis
• Some eye or ear infections
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• COVID
USE OF ANTIBIOTICS
 COLD? FLU?
TAKE CARE
NOT ANTIBIOTICS!
 ALL ANTIBIOTICS ARE DRUGS,
ALL DRUGS ARE NOT ANTIBIOTICS

• A drug is a chemical substance that takes control of your body or mind depending on its
own inherent nature.
For example when you take a sleeping pill, it puts you to sleep no matter how much you
want to be awake! It rules over your body & mind. You can repeat this exercise many times
and you will experience the same each time.
• A medicine is the substance that helps restore ‘normalcy’ to your body & mind.
Normalcy is actually nothing but your volitional control over your own body & mind. Hence
its action can be seen to be the exact opposite of the drug.
Properties of a good medicine are that you will never compulsively require the medicine
and there is no threat of discomfort or danger when not taken on time.
Bacteria growth:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLmk0zYI
FjE
Antibiotics work:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tdK9VX5
gcY
How body processes medicine?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOcpsXM
JcJk
 PRACTICE SESSION

Frame questions (5-10) which you can ask about antibiotics if you
have to do a survey on: “antibiotic use among common people”
and gather information for a report.

Eg. Do you know about antibiotics?

Thank You