1

MI
NEMACHINERY-II
(THEORY2)
1
.0 Undergroundf acemachi neri
es.
1.
1 El ectriccoaldrill.
Thisdril
lusedf ordri l
li
nghol esincoalandsimil
arsoftrockiselectri
cal
lyoperatedandi
sof
rotarytype. Suchdri l
lsaremanuf acturedbyaf ewcompani esli
keMAMC,Voltas,
Chanda&co
andothers.Coaldrillsmanuf acturedareof2types.
1. TypeCD-1( withsteelbody)
2.TypeCD-2( withalumi numbody)
Thesteelbodydri ll(typeCD-1 )weight21.
5kgfandthealuminumbodydril
lweight17.
5kgf.
The
coaldrilli
susednotonl yforcoalbutotherrocksi ncoalminesexpectveryhardgradeof
stone.

1.
1.
1 Descri beconstructi onalfeatures,operati on,principle& useofel ectriccoal
dril
l.
1. Thedrillessentiallycontai
nsasqui rrelcageinductionmotori saf l
ameproofwi thtwo
handgripssymmetri call
yplacedontwosi desofthemachi ne.
2.Theswi tchingdeviceisplacedundertheri ghthandgri pofthemotorcasi ngwhi lethe
cableentryi sbutthel efthandgripthroughthepl ug&socketarrangement.
3.Theoutputpowerofthemotorwhi chh astwopol esi sF KWhalfhourl yrotated&i s
woundf or125vol ts,3phage,50cyclesACsuppl y.
4.Thepowerssuppl iedthroughthe6. 5mm2.5coretrai l
ingcabl eof100ml ongf romadri l
l
panelwhichrecei vespowerat550vol tbyarmouredcabl e&stepsi tdownto770vol t.
5.Thedri llmachinecompri sesof( i
)Dril
lmachi ne.(
ii
)Drillrod. (i
ii
)Dri
llbi
t.

1.
1.
2 Statetypesofdri llrods&dri l
lbi
tsusedinel
ectriccoaldri
ll.
Dri
llrod:
1. Thedrillrodisofdiamondsectionfordrill
ingi
ncoalanditf itsi
nthedri l
lchuckbya
beyondjointbutthebiti
sattachedtotherodbyawi renail.
2.Tungstencarbi detypeddri l
lbitsareusedandofthesetheeccentri ctypebi tin
employedincoal.
3.Therateofpenetrati onofbitincoali
sgenerall
y1.
5mt/mi n.
4.Thedri l
liscapableofdri
lli
ngholeseach1.
5mtdeepinashaftof8hours.
Dri
llbit:
Thedifferenttypesofdri l
lbitsusedi ntheelementcoaldrillare,(i
)Eccentrictype.(
ii
)
Concentrictype.(i
ii
)VEEtype.
Incoalmineofwesterncoalf i
eldsLtd.thedri
llwasusedingalleries4.
5minwi de42.6mhi
gh
thecoalyieldperblasti
ngwasnearl y25te.

1
.2 Describebasicconstructi
onfeaturesofgatheri
ngarml oader,
scraperl
oader,
side
dischargeloader&load&haulloader.
Gatheri
ngArmLoader:
Itconsi
stsof3pri nci
pleuni
ts.
(i)
.Agatheringhead.(
ii
)Acentralcrawl
ermountedchassis.(
ii
i)Arearboomorj i
b.
 2
1. Achainconveyorextendi ngfromthegath eringheaduptotheboomendi stransporting
medium, conveyingcoalgatheredf romth efacetotherecei vi
ngminecar,tub,conveyor
orshuttl ecar.
2.Thegatheri ngarmsareoperatedbytwi ncrankdi scs.Thisdiscsare,fl
ushwi ththe
workingsurf aceofthehead.
3.Therei saseparatedri vingmotorf oreachofthearm.
4.Therateofl oadingdependsuponthenoofthestrokes/ menandtheconveyorspeedi s
alsorelatedtotherateofl oadingofthegatheri ngarms.
5.Therevari abl
espeedsareavai lableonthel oaderf orgatheringspeedofthearms.
6.Therampofgatheri ngheadcanberai sedorloweredusual l
ythrough0.5m.
7.Hydraul i
cj acksareusedf orelevati onofthegatheri ngheadandtheyarecontrol ledby
theoperatorf ormthi sposi
tionatthecontrol s.
8.Atthef aceasthel oaderloadscowli thastomovef orwardtobecl osetocoalheapand
inagallerywi dthof4to4. 8mtoandf ormovementofthemachi nearefrequentf or
cleani
ngupthegal lery.

ScraperLoader:
1. Themachineisdieseloperatedwi thpneumati ctyrestwheel&hasatthecentreabowl
fi
ttedwi thacuttingbl adeatbottom.
2.Asascraperi spushedf orwardbyadozeri tsbl adecutsathi nsli
ceofearthusual ly
between75mm&225mmthi ckoveradi stanceofnearl y30m.
3.Theearthi sautomati callycollectedinacentralbowlwhosecapaci tyrangesf rom3m3
to22m3andittakesnearl yonemi nutef orloading.
4.Whenthescraperi sf ullyloadedi tsbottom openi ngclosedbytheoperatorthrough
manipul
ationofacabl e&thel oadedscraperwi ththebowll igtedtravelthedumpi ng
yardsonitspower.
5.Atthedumpi ngyardasthescrapermovesthebottomopeni ngofthebowli sopened&
thecontentsareunl oadedi sal ayer150mmto250mmthi ckoveradi stanceof30to70
m.thebowlisalwaysbottomdi scharging.
6.Scrapersareusedi ncoalmi nesf orcuttingandtransportweathersandstoneaswel l
ascoal.
7.Thecoalexcavatedbyi tishoweversmal l
ersi ze4scrapermaytake5to6mi nutefora
completecycleofl oading&unl oading,i
fthetotalup&downdi stanceofatri pinnearly
300m.
 3
Si
deDischargeLoader:
1. SDLarecrawl ermountedmachi newhichhavebeendesi gnedforloadingbrokencoalor
orei ntoaconveyorordi rectl yintomi netubs.
2.Theyarecapabl eofturni ngi ni
tsownl engthbutnotdesi gnedforcontinuoustravel .
3.SDLi snotconsi deredasatransportsystemasi ttravel swithmateri alsf orashort
distance.
4.Thecrawl ermountedmachi necanoperateonsteepgradi entupto7mto1 4mi nfavour
oforagai nstthel oadandcrossgradi entupto1i n8.
5.I tcanoperateonmuchsaf erf loorthanrubbertyredmachi ne.
6.SDLaremadewi thf lameproofmotorsaref orusei nundergroundcoalmi nes.It
operateswi th40HPmotoronei ther550or1 100vol ts&accommodate45moftype1 1
cableor30moftype7cabl e.
7.Thespeedofmachi nei s3. 86km/ hrforspeci alapplicati
ontheyaref i
ttedwi thremote
controlarrangements.
Applicabili
ty:
 Gradi ent1i n4.
 F loorcondi tion:
itcanbeusedonbadf loor,softf loor,al
soi nwetormuddyf loor.
 Roofcondi tion:I
tpref ersgoodroof .
Advantages:
 Hi ghoutput.
 Lessoperati ngcost.
 Lowmai ntenancerequi red.
Di
sadvantages:
 Addi tionalventilationrequi redduetoheat.
 I niti
alinvestmenti shi gh.
 Trai lingcablecreateprobl em.

Load&HaulLoader:
1. Asthe name i mpl i
esi ti sami ning equipment that performsl oading,hauli
ng &
dischargingofbulkmateri al
s.
2.LHDare typi callytrackl ess& the term i susual l
yrestrictedto vehi cle used
underground.
3.Si nceLHDareconvi ncedf orundergroundmi ningtheyarecompact&l awsprof i
le.
4.F orsurf aceoperati oniti susuall
ypref erredtouseseparatemachi nesf orloading&
haulingaswel lasdumpi ng.
5.TheLHDarerubbertyredmountedmachi nedrivenbyflameproofelectricmotororbya
flameproofdi eselengine.
6.LHDarenormal l
yusedongradi entupto1i n6.
7.Themaxi mumspeedi s8-1 0km/hrwhenempty&3-5km/ hrwhenloaded.
Appli
cabi l
ity:
 Gradi ent1in6.
 4
 Floorcondition:requiredstrong&goodfl
oor.
 Roofcondition:requiredgoodroof.
 Maximumspeedf orempty8-1 0km/hr.
 Maximumspeedf orloaded3-5km/hr.

1
.3 Descri bebasi cconstructi onalf eatures&operati onpri ncipleofj ackhammerdri l
l&
airl egdri l
l.
JackHammerDri ll:
1.I tisacompressedai roperateddri lltowhi chai rissuppl iedf romexternalcompressors
throughhosepi pesatapressureofabout6kgf /cm2.
2.I tisahardhel ddri llusedf orverti call ydownwarddri l
ling.
3.Thedri llwei ght1 5to25kgfanddri llhol esofdi a30mmto38mmupto3mdepth.
4.Thedri llrodi shexagonali ncrosssecti on.Suitabi lityshapedi toneendofthetof orm
theshank&theotherchoi cesoshapedastof ormanon-detachabl esinglechiselbit
withatungstencarbi deinsert.
5.Dri llrodmayal sobeequi ppedwi thdetachabl ex-typetungstoncarbi dedrillbi
t.
6.Whenhandhel dth emachi nedri llsverti callydownl oadhol esonl ybuti tmountedonai r
legs,itmaybeusedf ordrillingincl i
nedhol es.
7.Anoi lbottl e( lubricant)pl acedbetweenthedri llandtheai rrecei ver&connectedby
hosepi pestoboth, providesl ubri cationtothedri llwhenworki ng.
8.F or dust suppressi on a j ackhammer can be adopted to wet dri lli
ng by some
modi fi
cati ons,sothatthedri l
lcutti ngsmi xedwi thwatercomeoutofthehol einthe
formofsl udge.
9.Theai rconsumpti onisgeneral ly2-2. 5m3off reeai r/ min.
AirLegDrill:
1. Wherecompressedai risthemoti vepowerf uldri lls,airl egsmaybeadvantageousl y
usedtomountthecompressedai rdril ls.
2.Anai rlegi sessenti allyal ongcyl i
nderi nwhi chapi stoni sactuatedbycompressedai r
control ledval vewhi chisal sousedtorel easetheai rpressuretol owerthepi ston.
3.Anai rlegrel ieverstheoperatorofthef atiguei nvol vedi nhol di
ngthedri ll&keepi ngit
pressedf orwardasthel egexertsonupwardl iftsaf orwardf eedingpressureonthe
drill.
4.Theai rl egdoesnoti ncreasestherateofpenetrati ononf und&i ti susedf ordrills
upto2mi nhei ght.
 5

1
.4 Describebasi cconstructi onalf eatures& operati onpri ncipleofroadheader&
Shearerl oader.
Roadheader:
st
1. Themodernmeth odat1 dri vagesoftunnelroadi ncoalaswel lassof trockli
kesand
stone.
2.Amongthemachi nemarkedbyposcoENGGcompanyarethel ightdutymedi umdutyand
heavydutymachi ne.
3.Theroadheadermk-2Amanuf acturedbyposcoi tswei ghtonl y23tonne.
4.Theboomhasaxi al lyforroadheati ngmanuf acturebyposcoi sk/ adri ftheader.
5.I thasacutti ngof1 .
72mwi des.
6.I twei ghtonl y16tonneandexertagroundpressure924N/ m2.
7.Thetrucksarehydraul ical lyoperatedevenaworki ngspeedof0. 03m/ sec.
8.Thewi lli
ngcycl estartedbysampl ingatthef l
oorl evelandthanrai si
ngtotakeout.
Shearerloader:
Itispopul arlycal ledsheari sshorti sbasi cal lyanormalcoalcutterwi ththechai n& j i
b
replacedbyahori zontaldruml iftedwi thpi cks.
Iti
smountedonaski dpl ateprovi dedwi thbeari ngpegswhi chrestonaA. I.C.
Themachi neconsi stsof3uni ts.
1. Cuttinguni ts:I tconsi stsofaspeci algearboxwhi chdrivesahori zontalatshaf t
towardsthef ace.
Shearingdrumsaresheari ngdi scl i
f tedi ntensionoftheshaf t.
Thesheari ngdrumcanberai sed/loweredi naverti calpl anewi ththehal fofrangi
ngf or
cuttingatvari oushei ghts.
2.Haul ageuni t: Thetravelofshearerl oaderi sef fectedwi ththeshaf tofachai nhaulage
mechani calcontrol swithhydraul i
csystem.
Inthehaul agesystemwhi chi smechani cal l
ycontrol ledonl ymul tifixedhaulagespeed
arepossi ble.
Inthehydraul icsystemoperati onbyhydraul i
ccontrol sprovi desi ndef i
nitel
yvariable
speedatravelwh ichvari ousf rom0-0. 12m/ sec.
3.Motoruni t: I
tprovi despowerf rom225kwwi ththehal fofasi ngleel ectri cmotor/two
motorsatamaxi mumvol tageof4. 2kwof50cycl e,3( phase),A.Csuppl y.

2.
0 Opencastmachi neries:
2.1 Descri bebasi cconstructionalf eaturesofsurf acemi ner,dragli
ne,shovel&
backhoe, bucketwheelexcavator.
Surfacemi ner:
1.I ti scircularmountedmachi ne.
2.Thecutti ngdrumhashel ixvanesoverwhi chtungstencarbi deti ppedcuttingbitsare
mounted.
3.Ashi eldcoali sfittedbehindthedrum.
4.Duetotherotati onofthecutti ngdrumthemateri aliscut,crushedbetweenthehel i
x
andcoal .
5.Themateri alispassedthroughoni ntakechanneli ntheshiel d(coal)intothel oadi
ng
conveyorbehi ndi t.
6.Thehei ghtofthedi schargeconveyori salsoadjustabl e.
7.Thecutti ngdrumi soperatedbypol echargingsquirrelcageinducti onmotor.
8.I tcanberai sedupl owerdownandf ittedinthetraverseeducati onbytheh ydrauli
c
range.
9.Themachi nerunsof3( 300m)0.04(3800cm)crawl eruni ts.
10.Thecutti ngdrumsof3000/ 3800width .
Application:
1. Mi ningofthi sseamdeposi ted. 4. Removetheparti ngs.
 6
2.Creatingchannel . 5.
roadconstructi
on&mai
ntenance.
3.Diggingexploratorytrenches.
AdvantagesofSurf aceminer:
1.Iteliminatesdrilli
ngandblasting.
2.Itisverygoodtoenvi ronmentalconditi
on.
3.Primarycrushi ngofmaterialisnotneeded.
4.Installationcostisverylow.
5.Manpowerrequi rementislow.
6.Ithasf irsttraini
ngspeed.
Di
sadvantagesofSurf aceminer:
1.Itdoesnotgi veactualsizeofth emetal.

Dragline:
1. Adragl inei sanexcavatorwhi chhasaboom( lengthvari esf rom9to9. 6mapprox)one
endofwhi chusattachedwi ththerevol vi
nguni tofthemachi ne&thehangi ngendi sthe
enti recycl ecarri esal argesheavef orth ecabl eattachedwi ththebucket.
2.I tismadeofl atticeconstructi onbyth estructuralsteelwhi chisl owereddownor
raisedupbythecabl eofboomhoi st.
3.F ordraggi ngthebuckettowardsmachi neoneendofadragl inecablei sattach edwi th
thebucket&theotherendi sconnectedtothedraghoi stvi af ai
rleadwhi chisatthe
footoftheboom.
4.Thebucketi sf ittedupbydraggi ngorpul li
ngthebucketagai nstthetheni tishoisted
upbythehoi stcabl e.
5.F inal l
yi tdumpsthemateri aldi rectbyoverthespoi ldumperoverthetrucksor
railwaywagons.
6.General lythedragl i
nesareusedf ordi recthandl i
ng& re-handl ingofoverburden
materi alduri ngovercasti ngsi ncei ti sthecheapestmeansofoverburdenremoval .
7.I tisusedonl ysof t&unconsol idatedmateri al
s,bl astedrockormi neralcoaltopsoi l,re
-handl i
ngoforeorcoalstockpol eetc.
8.Si ncethedragl i
neboomsarel ongeri nlengthi tcandi gwel lbel ow&aboveth eshovel
wherei tstand&hashi gherf lexi bilityi noperati ngcondi tioncomparetoashovel .
Systemofworki ng:
1. Thedragl i
nemaybeei thercrawl ermounted, wagonmounted, trackmountedorwal king
type.
2.Thebottomcanmovebothverti cal ly( fromhori zontal )25°to60°&hori zontal l
y0°to
108°wi ththehel pofswi ngmechani smtoperf ormthej ob.
3.Rearendoftheboxshapedbucketwhoseoneendi sopeni sattachedbymeansoftwo
hoistchai nsaref i
ttedwi thadumpssheave.
4.Adragl inei soperatedbydi eselengi neoramotorwhi chi sexternalsourcethrougha
trai li
ngcabl e.
5.Thedragchai nsareattachedi sthef rontsi deofthebucketatoneendwhi letheother
endi sconnectedwi thadragyoke. Thedragchai nsareconnectedtothedragcabl eby
dragl inesocket.
6.Bucketwei ght, desi
gnandbal ancetogetherwi ththeangul arityifthedragcabl e(angl e
around1 0°to1 8°)Forcesetcarethemai nparametersofpenetrati onofthebucketi n
tothemateri albeingexcavatedbyadragl ine.
7.Themateri aloftheheavybucketl ip&teetharemadeofmanganesesteel .
8.Swi nging, hoisti ng&accel erationaf terdi ggingrequi remaxi mumpowerdemand.
9.Level ing&gradi ngwiththehel pofdozeri sveryessenti al.
10.Ef ficiencyofadragl i
nei sreduced*machi neabusei sincreasedwheni tdigsmateri als
fromtheworki ngfacesabovei tsl evel .
11.F orO Bremovaladragl inei smoremobi le& versati l
emachi necomparetoashovel
althoughi tsl oadi ngef fi
ciencyi sl ess.
12.I ncaseofsof terdeeperOBi swet&geol ogicallydi sturbedpi tadragl inecanworkmore
 7
efficiencycomparedtoashovel .I tcanalsoef fi
ciencybeusedf orreceivi
ngmineral
frompl acerdeposi t.
Loadi ngC apacity:
Adragl i
nei scapabl eofdeal i
ngwi ththef ollowingquantitiesofrock/earth(soli
d)i
nayear.
12to1 4hourworkperday.
BucketSi ze Millonm3
i
4.5to7. 5m3( 6to1 0cycl e)-----------------0. 25to0.75
3
11.
5to1 5m ( 15to20cycl e)--------------1 .5to1 .
7
25to30m3( 30to40cycl e)-----------------3to4. 5
ApplicabilityCondi ti
on:
Itissui tabl ef ordi ggingal luvium,sandysoi l,unconsoli
datedrocksorbl astedcoals.Itis
general lyusedf orhandl i
ngsof termateri alsothegroundmustbesof tormedi um hard
ground.
AdvantagesofDragl ine:
1.I nthesof tmi neraldeposi tthedragl inecanoperateef fi
cientl
ycompani edtothe
shovel .
2.I nthepresenceofhopper-rel oadordragl i
necanmateri alintorail
waywagonbel t
conveyor&othertransportf acility.
3.Superi oriswetpts.
4.I tsmai ntenancecosti scheap.
5.I thasmoref l
exi bil
ityinoperati on.
DisadvantageofDragl ine:
1.I ti susedf orsof terrockf ormati on.
2.I thasl esserspotti ngability.
3.I thasl esseroutputthanthepoweredshovel .
4.Producti oncosti smoreascomparedtothepoweredshovel .

Shovel:
1. Ashoveli saequipmentwhi chexcavatestherockororebydi ggingf romitsoperati ng
basetoupwardsanddumpi tei theronadumperorrai lwaywagonoroverthespoi ldump.
2.Iti sahi ghl yproducti
vemachi ne&capabl etohandlealltypesoforesrocks, ranging
from li
netoveryhardbl ockydumpshasl oweroperatingcost,hi gherproducti on&
producti vityetc.
3.i trequiresl essmanpowertooperatel esswireropecoal&l esssurf acepreparation.
4.Itcanal sol oadi
nvariousminingconditionshaslongerli
fehigherabili
tyby&canal sodo
producti onbystayingintheinclinedterrain.
5.Shovelcanbeusedi nstripminingmethod( loadi
ng,swingi
ng,dumpingofOBmateri alinto
theadj oiningexcavateareabyovercasti ng)intanclem operation( where2ormore
shovelsareusedf orre-handlingofOBsuccessively).
Shovelpullbackoperationwhi chis
 8
acombi nationofashovel&dragl ineforhandli
ngOB. Di
ggingadeepercutl oading&over
castingbythesh ovel&pul lbackthespoi lmaterialbyadragl ineintotheexcavated
area,removalofOBi nthecontourmi ni
ngi nthehi l
lyterrainOBremovaloftopsoi l,
constructi onofacesroadsandhaulroads, openi
ngami nebyaboxcutsystemati c.
6.Af latonmi l
dgradi entdrycompetentf loorisaverygoodoperati ngconditionf ora
dippershovel( rockershovel)
7.Thedesi gnoftheshoveli ssuchthatonlyitsminimummechani calpartslikethedi pper
slickbucketetcpl ayimportantrolei
ndiggingoperation.
8.Theperf ectmoti onofthedeepersl i
cktoreach& l eavethef aceaf terl oading
facili
tiesshortercycl eofoperation.Thebucketwhi chismountedwi thsharpteethcut
theoreormi neralbody&breaksthenwi ththehelpofpressureprovi dedbythehoi st&
crowdacti on.
9.Ef f i
ciencyofl argersizeshovelsi smuchhi gherparti cularlyduri ngexcavati onof
heavilybl astedOBrockorcoal .
10.Duringoperati onassistanceinsometi merequiredbyei therabul l
dozeroraf rontend
loadertogatherandmuckpi ll
ingofscatteredrocksorore.

Backhoe:
1.I tisal
sonamedaspul lshovel sdragshoveletc.
2.I tdigsoi l
, rock,ororebel owthel evelofbenchonwhi chitstands&unl oadexcavator
materi alsoveratruckorrai lwaywagon.
3.I tcanbedi splayedef f
icientl ywhereth emi neisverymuchwettedbytheprol onged
rainorwhereseepageofwaterthroughthegroundstrata.
4.General l
ythebackhoei sverygoodf ortrenchi ngshal l
ow depthcuttingandf or
basementexcavator.
5.Thehoebucketi sattachedtoadi ppersl ickati tsl owerandf aci
ngtowardsthe
machine.
6.Themi ddleofthedeepersl i
cki shingedtoaboomwhereasthetopofthemachi nesame
isattachedwi tharopepul l
ey.
7.Thepul leyi sconnectedbyahoi stropetoaj ackboomattachedtothetopofthemai n
machinebody.
8.Adragropei sconnectedtoadragdrumpassi ngthroughthesheaveattachedtothe
sideofthemai nboom.
9.thedi pperi sl owereddowni ntoposi ti
onbythehoi strope,sothatbuckedbi tesinto
ground&thecutti ngoperati oninachievedbypul li
ngthedragropetilli
tbecameasf all
.
10.Afterwardboththehoi stdragropesarewi nduptomakethebucketmorecl osertothe
toeofthebackthebucketi srai seduptothedumpi nghighl
yoperati
ngthehoi strope.
11.Themachi nei sswingtounl oadthemateri aloveradumperorarai l
waywagonorother
 9
haulagesystem bypayi ngoutthedragrope,whi chmakesthedi pperhandtonearl y
horizontalpositi
on.
1
2.Thebucketl if
tsmaki ngitsf acedowntodumpmateri al
soverthehaul agelimit.
1
3.Thecapaci tyofthebackhoebucketmaybei ntherangestarti ngform0. 38m3toover
18m3&di ggingdepthi saround4tomorethan8m&thehei ghtofdischargei smoreor
lesshalfthebooml ength .
1
4.Asasaf etymeasurethebackhoeshoul dbekeptatasaf edi
stanceawayf romthecrest
ofthebanktoavoi ddangerari si
ngduetocavi ng.
1
5.Althoughithasl argecycl eti mesl essef f
iciencyindischargi
ngmateri aloverthe
trucksbuti tcannicel ybeusedf orremovingtopsoi l&OB.
1
6.Itiswidelyusedfortrenchi ng&constructi onf i
elds.

BucketWheelExcavator:
1.I tissui tabl ef orl ongrangestri ppingofsof tOBrockataconsi derablelowercost
althoughthemachi nei scostl yhavinglowerf lexibi
lity.
2.Themachi neisni celyappl icabl
einthef oll
owi ngcondi tions.
 Hard&toughwal lfragmentedbl astedrockwi thnoorl essbouldershavi ngconsi
stency
ofunif ormground&bankcondi tion.
 Si nceithasawi deradi usi fexcavationaround40to90mwi thhigh&deepcut, thewi dth
oftheboom orposesmorereserve& createhugeamountofspacef orthembi le
equipment. Thesl opeofthepi tisalsoverystabl e.
 I tcanbeusedf orsel ecti ve&thi ckseammi ning.
 F oreasydi sposaloforeorOBtotheconsi derabl edistanceaboveorbel owofi tworki ng
level.
 I tisveryhi ghl yef fi
ci entexcavatorf orli
gnite,giftal l
uvi umetc.
 F orrecl amati onofl and.
TheMachi neoperati on:
1. Abucketwheelexcavatorhasawheelaround2. 5to1 7mdi acontaining6to8nosevenl y
3 3
spacedbucket( capaci tychangingf rom0.04m to6. 3m )aroundi tsperiphery.
2.Theseri esofbucketsattachedtotheperi pheryofthewheeldi gthei ntothemi neral
orsof terrockmass& cutthesamewhenthewheelrotatesf rom bottom totop
(clockwi se).
3.Thecutmateri ali sloadi ngbythebucket&di schargedoverthebel tconveyormounted.
4.Thedi ggingdepthofabi gbucketwheelexcavatori saround25morbel ow&acutti ng
heightofaround70mabovei tslevel&acutti ngwi dtharound1 00mi spossible.
5.Theverti calmovementofthecutti ngboomi sdonebyahoi stropeconnectedwi tha
structurei nf rontoftheexcavator.
6.Oneendoftheboomi sattachedtotheswi ngingpl atformofthemachi netoswi ngthe
 1
0
formerhori zontally.
7.Thecutmateri alfromtheboomconveyori sdischargedi ntoaf ixedconveyor&f inally
themateri alisloadeddi rectlyeitheroverthespoi ldumporrai lwaywagonsortruck
orspreaderori ntothehopperofthemovabl ebel tconveyor.
8.Mostofthebucketwheelexcavatorsareei thercrawl ertrackmountedorrai l
mounted. Rai lmountedbucketwheelexcavatoraremorecommon.
9.Therotati onofthewheeli saround4to8rpmcutti ngspeedvari esfrom1 .3to3.6m/ sec
anddi gintothef acearoundhal fthemaxi mumdi aofthewheeli sdeepdi ggi
ngwi tha
diggingforcearound5to1 4kgf/cm2.
10.Theexcavatorsareoperatedbydi eselorel ectricall
y.
11.Bucketwheelexcavatorcutssof termi neralbodyorrockmassbyrotati ngwheel ,
whichproducesl essstress&strai ntoth emachi nebody.
12.Becauseofthi nreasoni talsoconsumesl esspowerrequi resl essmai ntenance&above
allthemachi nerequireslessbodywei ght.
13.Duringcutti ngandswi ngi
ngoperati onthestresses&strai ndistributedmoreevenl yin
themachi nebody&f acili
tieslowergradualground, hearingpressurebythecrawl er
truckuni t.
14.Therateofproducti onbythebucketwheelexcavatorvari esf rom 100tomorethan
3
1000m / tonne. Machinewei ghtvariesf rom35tomorethan7000tonees&power200kw
tomorethan7000kw.

2.
2 Descri bebasi cconstructionfeaturesofdumper,dozer,scraper&roadgrader.
Dumper:
Theseareaheavydutytruckswi thcontainerbodyofsteelopenatthetopf orreceivi
ng
material located mechani cally by tractor shovel,dipper shovel,drag l i
ne etc.al l
dumper/ ti
pperareprovi dedwi tharrangementstol i
fethel oadedbodybyuti li
zinghydrauli
c
pressuretof orcearamout.
Mainunitsoftruck/ dumperarethef oll
owing:
Thepowerengi ne:Theengineatanytrucksystemshoul dbeofhighpowerandl owerin
weight.Thespeci f
icpowerrotti ngtotrucksystemvari esf rom6to8kw/ tonneofload.The
engine(2cycleor4cycl etype)areoperatedmostl ybedi eselhavingsuperchargerorturbo
chargeralongwi thinterculli
ngarrangements.
Thedrivesystem: Itisthesystemwhi chsuppli
espowerf romtheengi netowheels.The
system shouldbehi ghlyreli
ablel ongerlifehi
ghsteelperf ormanceandcheap.Thedri ve
 1
1
systemmaybecl assi fiedi ntomanycategori esl ike.
(a)Mechani cal&hydromechani caldri ve.
(b)Hydrostati cdri ve.
(c)El ectri cdri vemanual lyoperatedmechani caldri vecontai ngear( around)and
coupl i
ngwhi chareoperatedbyai rassi stedcl utch&gearoperati ngsystemand
steeri ngmechani sm.
Hydrostati cdri ve: I
nthi ssystemveryl argecapaci typumpi si ncorporatei nthetruck
bodywhi chgeneratehi ghpressuref luid( oil)&di rectedi nthehydraul i
cpri memoveri seach
ofthedri vewheel .
Suspensi onuni t:Tosavethef rameandbodypresentl yhydropneumati csuspensi on
systemoperatedbyni trogengas, compressedbyoi lunderpressurearewi del yusedi nheavy
truckf orthei rhighshockabsorbi ngef ficiency.
Hydraul icsystem: hoi sting&l oweri ngposi tionalaswel lasoperati ngofdumperbythe
hydraul icsystemoperatedbyvanepump. Thehydraul icramf orhoi sting&l oweri ngoperati on
areperf ormedbytwodoubl eacti ngrams, theramsi sconnectedwi thf rameaswel laswi th
bodybybel t&shockedarrangement.
Body: Thebodyofthehi ghwaytruckaregeneral lyofstandarevtypeormodi fiedvtype
madeofthi ckhi ghstrengthal lowsteel .Thestandardtypebodyhasverti cal lysidesti ppered
from f rontrear& wherehasvshapedbodyhasaconsi stentangl ef loorpl atestoppi ng
towardsthef rontf romtherearendattruckhavi ngvari alsi de. Thebodyi sal soprovi dedwi th
rei nforcedl abguardatthef romprotecti onoperatorcabi n.Thebodymayal soprovi dedwi th
rodi erel ectortocl eanthetrackf astenedi nbetweenactualtyres.
Tyres: Bothphayrati ng&si zeofthetyresaresel ectedbasedontheamountofl oad
gradi entatthehaul ageheavythrustf orcedonthebodywi ththeunl oadedmateri albyshovel
fl otati on&tracti onrequi rement.
Dozer:
Dozeri satractorwi thapusherbl adesattachedtothef rontporti on.Thetractori sthe
diesel -operatedpoweruni tequi ppedwi thei thercrawl erchai nsorrubbertyredwh eelsf or
lifting. Thepusherbl adecanberai sedorl oweredorti ltedthroughsmal langl eshori zontal l
y
beramsoperatedpushi ngl oosemateri alorf ordi ggi ngi nearth, sandandsof tweatheredrock.
Themachi nei sal soengagedf orl evel ingorspreadi ngearth, forl evel ingofrockspoi linthe
dumpi ngyard, gradingandcompacti ngtemporaryroads, pushi ngmi nerali ntosub-groundl evel
bunkersthroughgri zzl y,f ortowi ngdumpers,etc.i tal soservesthepurposeofpushi ng
boul ders, pul l
ingdowntrees, andi sanessenti alequi pmenttopushscrapers. Adozerequi pped
wi thaf orkl i
keattachmenti sknownasri pperandoperatesl i
keapl oughtol oosen
moderatel yhardrock. Thel oosenedrockmaybel oadedbyascraper. Adozercandi g1 .
2mto
1.5mbel owgroundi nearthorweatheredrock.
Scraper:
Thi smachi nei sdi esel -operatedwi thpneumati ctyredwheel sandhasthecentreabowl
fittedwi thacutti ngbl adeatbottom. Thebl adei sreversi bleandcanberepl acedwhenbl unt.
Itsworki ngmaybecomparedtothatofal awnpower.Asascraperi spushedf orwardbya
dozer,i tsbl adecutsathi nsl iceofearthusual lybetween75mm and225mm thi ckovera
distanceofnearl y30m. Theearthi sautomati cal lycol lectedi nacentralbowlwhosecapaci ty
rangesf rom3m3to22m3andi ttakesnearl yonemi nutef orl oadi ng. Whenthescraperi sf ull
y
loadedi tsbottomopeni ngi scl osedbytheoperatorthroughmani pulationofacabl e( rope)
andthel oadedscraper, wi ththebowll ifted, travel stothedumpi ngyardoni tsownpower. At
th edumpi ngyard, asth escrapermoves, thebottom openi ngofthebowli sopenedandthe
contentsareunl oadedi nal ayer1 50mmto250mmthi ck,overadi stanceof30to70m. Thebowl
isal waysbottomdi schargi ng. Scrapersareunsui tabl einsoi lswi thstumps, largeboul dersand
hardrocks. Whenthegroundi shard, itisnecessarytori pthesurf acewi ththehel pofari pper
bef orel oadi ngbyascraper. Sandysoi lisbestf orascraperwhi chhastobestoppedduri ng
rai ns,ifengagedi nal umi num.
Scrapersareusedi ncoalmi nesf orcutti ngandtransporti ngweatheredsandstoneas
wel lascoal .Thecoalexcavatedbyi tishoweversmal leri nsi ze.Ascrapermaytake5to6
 12
minutesf oracompl etecycl eofl oadi ngandunl oadingifthetotalup-and–downdi stanceofa
tripisnearl y300m.One-waytraf ficofl oadedandemptyscrapersi sdesirablef orgood
results.Onedozeri snormal l ysuf ficientf oreverytwoscrapersused.
Thescrapermanuf acturedbyBE MLhasthef ollowingmainspecifi
cation:
FlywheelH.P. ofengine332at21 00rpm.
Capacity:payl oad23000kg, struck1 1.5m3, heaped1 6m
Maximumtravelspeed( forward)44km/ hr.
Overalldimensi onsmm: l
ength1 2600: width3470: height3890.
Netwei ght( noload)26584kg.
RoadGrader:
1. Thisisamachi nef orl evelingtheroadsurf acebysmootheni ngouttheupsanddownand
forcasti ngsi detheboul dersontheroad.
2.I tisal wayspneumati ctyremountedwi threarwheeldri veandthef rontwh eelsare
smal l.
3.Thegradi ngbl adei sattachedtoaci rclethati shungf rom theoverheadf rameand
pulledbyadrawbarf astenedtothef rontofthef rame.
4.Thebl adei susual l
y3.5to4l onghavi ngrepl acementadgesonthesi desandbottom.
5.Steeri ngisdirectconnecti ngmechani calbyahandwheelthoughahydraul icbooster.
6.I tishighermachi nebutqui tel ongeri sshapesbasi cal
lyintwoportionthebackporti on
isthemai nbodymountedoverl argepneumati ctyredwheelandal lthecontrol&
drivingarrangementarei ncorporatedi nit.
7.Thef rontposi ti
oni smountedbythesmal l
erpneumati ctyreswheel&connectedwi th
nearmai nbodybycrossedbradedf rames.
8.Aci rcl ehavinggearteethi ssuspendedf romthecrossedbradedf rame.Agradi ngbl ade
about4mi sattachedwi thci rcl ewhi chcanrotatetochangethebl adeangl edependi ng
uponthecondi tion.Thebl adecanputtedbydrawbarattachmenti nthef rontsi deof
thebody.
Themotorgrader( MadeGD605R-2)ofB. E.
M. L.hasthef oll
owingmai nspecifi
cations: Engine
flywheelHP1 45at1 800RPM,operati ngwei ght1 2650kg,Maxi mum drawbarpul l7280kg,
Maximumspeedf orward43. 6kmph ,steeri ng–f ullhydrauli
c,overalll
ength–841 5mm, which
2375mm, height-3200mm, minimumturni ngradi us10.4m.

5.
0 PipesandVal ves:
5.1 Statetypesofpi peusedinMi nes.
Therearethreetypesofpi peusedinminesf orconveyanceofwatersuchas:
1. Mi l
dsteelpi pe: Thesepipesaremadeupofmi l
dsteel .Generallythesetypeofpi pesare
largelypref erred.Ithasmuchhi ghertensi lestrength&cantheref orecanbemuch
thinner&l ighteri nwei ghtforagi venstrength.Theref oreiti smuchconveni entto
handlebothi nshaf tandunderground.
Itisal soamuchducti lematerialandl essli
abletof racturef romshockl oad&itcanbe
bentwhennecessaryf langeorsmal lpipelengthcanbewel dedonitbuti toffersl ess
resistancetocorrosi on.
2.Casti ronpipe: Thesepipesaremadeupofcasti ron.Ithasal owertensi l
estrengthsoi l
isthicker&heavi eri nweightforagi venstrength.Casti ronof fersgreaterrelisation
tocorrosi onandal soof fersdif
ficulti esinwelding.
3.Al kathenepi pe: I
nrecentyearthesepi pesareusedini ncreasingsidemainlyduetothei r
lightnessf l
owco-ef fi
cientoffriction.

5.2 Statetypesofval veusedinMines.

I
nthereci procati
ngpumpsgeneral l
ytwotypesofvalvesareusedsuch.
(a)Indianrubberdiscvalve.
(b)Singlebeatvalve.
I
nturbi nepumpano. ofexternalcontrol
li
ngvalves&locksareusedforconveni
entoperati
on
suchval vesaresuchas:
 13
1.F ootval vesi nsucti onpi pe. 5.Amcockstorel easetheai rwhenpri mingthe
2.Retai ningval vei ndeliverypi pe. pump.
3.Mai nval vei ndeliverypi pe. 6.Watersteelregul ati
ngval ve.
4.Bypassval vef orpri marypurpose.
5.3 Descri beconstructi onalf eaturesofvari oustypeofval ves.
Footval ve:Itisanonreturnval veabovethestrai ner. Thevalveconsi stsofacasti ronbody
insidewhi chahi ngedval vesofgunmetali splacedoveragunmetalsetri ng.Thegal vani
zed
mi l
dsteelstrai nerhasano, ofhol esthetotalareaofhol esbeing3to4ti mesthecross
sectionalareaofthesucti onpi pe. Thepurposeofthef ootval veistopreventwaterf l
owing
backi ntothesump&toensurethepump&sucti onpipesol idlypri
medbef orestarti ng.
Themai nvalve: Themai nval veal soknownassl uicevalve, gatevalveordel iveryvalve,itused
toregul atesthedel i
verywater&al sotheloadofthemotor. Theval veconsi stsofcasti ron
bodywi thinlet&outl etbranches&havi ngawedgeshapedgateval vetightenedagai nstagun
suctri ng.Theval vesi soperatedbyahandwheelwi thascrewedaspi ndlef oropeni ngor
closingtheval ve. Thespi ndl
ei sseal edbyagl and&staf f ingboyatthetop.
Retainingval ve: Asometi mecal ledaref lexvalveisanonreturnval vepl acedabovethemai n
valvei nthedel iverycol umn. Theval veisofbronzeseal ingringatanangl e.Itishingedatone
endandf i
ttedwi thabronzespri ngattheotherend. Thel i
ftoftheval vei sli
mitedbyastop
onthesi deofthebody. Thef uncti onoftheval vei stohol dthedeliverycol umni ndependently
ofthemai nval veofthepumpshoul dstopsuddenl yduetof ai
luretoel ectricsuppl y&thus
protecti ngthepumpf romtheef f ectofwaterhammer.
Bypassval ve: Thebypassval vei sasmal lauxili
aryval vef i
ttedexternal l
ytothebodyofboth
th emai nval vestheretai ningval vetoal lowwaterdi rectf romthedel i
verycol umntothe
pumpf orprimi ng.

5.4 State&descri bedifferenttypesofpi pej oints.

Pi
pej oi
nt: Pipesarel engthenedbytheuseofj oints&coupl ingthedi fferenttypesofj ointsin
api
perangeare.
(a)Loose-f l
angej oint:
1.I tissui tabl ef ormi l
dsteelpi pessubj ecttoheavypressure.
2.Thel oosef langesareofcaststeelandarepl acedonthepi pesduringmanuf actures.
3.Thepi peendsarethenturnedoutwardstoretai nthef langesinposi ti
onortheyare
strengthenedbyashoutwel ding, mil
dsteelri ngorsol der.
4.Aj ointri ngorcordedrubberorotherf i
brousmateri alsisf i
nallyplacedbetweenthe
pipeendsf ormaki ngthej ointl eakproofandthewhol edrawntogetherbybol ts, (i
)
caststeelf lange, (i
i)Strengtheni ngring,(ii
i)J ointring, (
iv)Loosef lange.
(b)Spigot&f aucetj oint:
1.I tissui tabl ef orcasti ronpipessubj ecttoheavypressure.
2.Thef langesarecastsol i
dwi ththepi peandarestrengthenedbyexternalri bs.
3.Theendofonepi pe( Spi got)hasaproj ectionwhi chf i
tsi ntoarecessorgroove( f
aucet
ofi tsbehavi or) .
4.Ahol low rubberi spl acedbetweenthepi pesf orbri dgingthegapbetweenthem &
preventi nganyl eakagewhenthewhol eisdrawnl i
ghtl ytogetherbyaroofbal ls
dependi ngonthepi pedi ameter.
(c)Theuni corej oint:
1.I tissui tabl ef orei therwaterupto300mheadorcompressedai rupto1 1kgpersq. cm.
pressureandastheadvantagetoal lofanangul armovementofthepi perangi ts+6
degreeswi thoutcausi ngleakage.
2.Thej ointsconsi stsofaspeci al l
yshapedrubberri ngorgasketandaf orgetsteel
housi ngmadei nhal ves&bol tedtogethertohol dtotherubbergasketi nposition.
3.Theendofeachpi pei spl ai
nbuttheyarebi ll
edouttorecei vethegasketthei nnerdi aof
whi chthesameasthatofthepi peisnegligibleanuni nterruptedbore.
4. Itisnotsui tabl ef orsucti onpi pel i
newherethepressurei snegative.
(d)Expansi onjoint:
 1
4
1. Expansionjointsareal soessentialforpipeinstall
ation.Sothatvariationsinl ength
causedbytheexpansi onandcontracti oncanbeaccommodatedwi thoutcausi ngdamage
tothepi peli
ne.
2.I nsamecasesasi mplesheaveli
kesl i
dingtel
escopearrangementinempl oyed.
3.Thesl eevej oi
nti smadewaterti ghtbywi ngpackingmaterialsuchasgraphi tesed
asbestos.
4.Asanal ternativehorseshoeshapedbendi npipel i
neisf i
ttedatsui tablyspaced
distancestheadj ustmentinlengthasrequired.

5.
5 Descri besupportofri singmai npi
peinshaft.
Acommonmethodofsupporti ngthedel i
verycol umninshaf tiseverythi rdpipehastop
flangesrestinguponbuti m acrossthesaf etyandthepi peissecuredbyami l
dsstrapor
clampwhi chisbendaroundthe&i sbol tedthroughthebuttonsateachsi de,theclamphasto
securedendoverwhi chstul platei sf ixed& thewhol eisf i
rm tightenedbythenuts.I tis
advisabl
ewhi chpossibletoputi nspeci albuttons.Forthecagegui dessoanyvi brationor
shockandtothewaterhammer. Afternati velywithlargeheavypipecolumnsatcasti ronpipe
everypipemaybespeci alstandpi pehavi ngsupportedbracketcasthol dwayini tslength.
Theseareexcelrestopenshortcrossj ointsfutimbewhicharel etintotheshaf twall
atoneendbol tedtosupporti ngf riderorbuttonsattheotherend. Inthiswaythepi peare
supportedi ntothel argei nmanycaseshowevertostandpi peareemi tted& theupper
flangesevey2nd or3rd pipei sthanarrangedtothedi rectlyonthecrosspl ayerswhere
buttonsnotusedasi nshaf twi llropewal l.Awoodblockusedtof itthecurveoftheshaf tis
fi
rstsecuredi ntothewal latoneendh avescrewthreadi trecei
vethepi pe&l etterthanhel d
flangebyasteeltraporcol umnwhi chi ssecuredbynutstothebol ts.

5.6 Statetheprocedureofsupporti ngthepi peinshaft.

1. Layingpi pel inesi nshaf tisveryl abourconsumi ngastheworkencl osedpreparati
on
deliveryofpi pes.
2.I nstallationofpi pes&f i
ttingsandpi pel
inetesti nginshaftforaraisingmaintocarry
non-corrosi vewatermi l
dsteelpi pesmaybei nlet.
3.I tislighteri nwei ghttheref oremuchmoreconveni enttohandl
eandeasi ertosupport
intheshaf t.
4.Thesteelpi pei scheaperbuttheyareaf f
ectedbyaci dwater.
5.Topresentthesecti onofmi newaterthei nsideofsuchpi pesarehandl ebuttheyare
goodf orroughandarenotaf fectedbyacidi
cwater.
6.Theref orecasti ronpi pesaremostcommonf ori nstall
ationi
nshaftranges.

3.
0 Minepumps.
3.
1 Cl assifymi nepumps.
Thedifferenttypesofpumpsusedi nmi nesare:
1. Reciprocatingpumpordi splacementtypepump:Suchassi ngl
eactinganddupl
ex
pamperi ngeitherpi stonorramdi fferentflange&pump&thruthrownrampump.
2.Centri fugalorrotarypump:
(a)Drillpumpbasi callyasi nglestagecentri fugalpump.
(b)Borehol epump: Amul tistagecentri fugalpump.
(c)Submersi bl
epump: Averticalmul ti
stageturbi nepump.
(d)Sinkingpump: Electri call
ydrivenverti calspindlecentrifugalorturbi
nepump.
3.Monopump:Di ffersenti relyf rom eitherreci procati
ngorcentri fugalpumpi
nits
construction&acti on.
4.Megatorpump: worksi naprincipleonewhatsi milarthatatathruthrownrampump.
5.Ai rliftpump.

Centri
fugalpumps:
Apumpcompri sesbasi
cal
lyacasi
ngandani
mpel
lerandshaf
t,togetherwi
thstuf
fingboxes
 1
5
wheretheshaf tentersthecasi ng.Renewabl ewearingsurfacesareprovidedatal lpoi
ntsof
closecontactbetweenstati onaryandmovi ngparts.
Forl ow andmedi um headduti essingl estagepumpshavecasi ngsthataregeneral ly
spli
tonthehori zontalcentrel i
neandareprovi dedwithdoubl eentryimpellers.Therei s,
however, arecenttrendtowardstheprovi sionofheavyshaftsingleentrysingl
estagepumps
formedi umh eadduties.
Forhi gherheadsi tisusualtogroupseverali mpell
ersinseriesonthesameshaf t.Here
thepumpi sspl i
ti naverti calplane,normaltotheshaf t,andcomprisesseveralstages, each
completewi thi mpeller,guidepassages,andchamber. Thesestagesarehel dtogetherbyend
coversandthroughbol ts.

Characteri sticsofCentri f ugalPumps:

Acentri fugalpumpi sadynami cmachi ne,andtheref orethequanti tyofl i
qui dhandl edandthe
headgeneratedaredetermi nedbytheoperati ngspeed.Consideringf irsttheperf ormanceat
af i
xedspeedi nrevol uti
onspermi nute, thepumpwi llgenerateacertai nheadagai nstacl osed
valve.Whentheval vei sopenedf low wi lloccuronl yi sthegeneratedheadexceedsthe
differencei npressureexi sti ngbetweenthepumpbranches, orsinceweareconcernedwi th
minepumps, ifthegeneratedheadexceedsthetotalstati cli
f tfromsucti onsumptodel i
very
level.Whenf low occurstheheadgeneratedbythepumpmayri se,thenf all,ormayf all
progressi velyastheval vei sopened. ATthesameti methepowertakenbythepumpi ncreases,
andtheef f i
ciencyrisesf romzeroatcl osedval vetosomepeakval ue,afterwardsf al l
ing.The
capacityofthepumptohandl easucti onliftstartsatapproxi matel y30f t.atcl osedval ve,
reducingprogressi velytozerobeyondthebestef f
iciencypoint.
Consi deringnowthecharacteri sticsofthepi pesystem, thestati cl i
f tisconstantbut
astheval veisopenedaddi tionalheadi srequiredtoovercomepi pe, valve,
andstrai nerf riction
andtoprovi devel ocityenergyi nthef lowingwater. Theseaddi tionalvaluesareproporti oned
tothesquareofthequanti ty, andaredetermi nedfromthepi pe,valve,andf rictioncurves.
Whenapumpi sorderedi tisi mportanttoensurethattheheadatcl osedval ve
materi al
l yexceedsth estati cl i
ft.Thef low wi llthenbedetermi nedbythepoi ntof
intersecti onofthepump-headcharacteri sticswi ththesystem characteri stics, provided
thatthetotalsucti oniswel lwi thi
nthesucti onliftcurve.

ComponentofCentri f
ugalpump:
1. Casi
ng: Castironorbronzematerial
sareusedf orcasi
ng.
2.I mpell
er: I
mpelleraremadeupofbronze. Monelmetal sareusedforcorrosi
veandsalty
water.
3.Weari ngri ng:
Itismadeupofbronze,castiron,caststeel,
stai
nlesssteel
.
4.Pumpshaf t:I
tismadeupofforgedsteelorphosphorousbronze.
5.Shaf tsl eeves:Itismadeofbronze.Stainlesssteelshaftsleevesareusedwhenli
quidis
abrasive.
6.Pumpgl ands:Itismadeupofbronzecastironorsteel .
 1
6

Constructionalf eaturesofcentrifugalpump:
1.Itconsi stsofacl osetypeofi mpell
ermountedonasteelshaf twhichpassesthrough
thepumpcasi nghavingwatersealedstoppingboxatitsend.
2.Thebeari ngarecarri edontheextensi onoftheendcover.Theotherendofcasi ngis
beingsupportedbybeari nginawatertightcap.
3.Thei mpel lerrotateswi thi
nanexpandingcasinghavi
ngaforml i
kespi
ral.
4.Thel i
quidi sdrawnf rom thecentreofi mpeller&calledaseyeandthel iqui
dpasses
roundthecasi ng&bei ngdri
venouttangenti al
lybytheveinsbl
adesoftheimpell
erinto
themai ndel i
very.

Pri
nci
pleofoperati onofCentrifugalpump:
1. Acentri fugalpumpcan’ tcreatei tsownvacuumtheref oreitneedspri ming.
2.Asthei mpel lerrotatesthel iqui
dgainski neticenergyduetocentri fugalf orce
importedtoi t.
3.Whenthel iquidpassesroundthevol utecasinglossesthekineticenergy&convertedto
pressureenergy.
4.Astheoneofreducedpressurei screatedinsi
detheimpellerf reshli
quidenterintoit&
thisprocessi sconti
nued.
5.If‘v’isthevel oci
tyofthel i
quidattainedinapumptheheaddevel opwillbeH=v2/ 2g.
6.Thesi nglei nletimpellercausesaxi alinletthrusttowardsthesucti onbecauseof
waterl eakagef rom thedel iverysidetobehi ndthei mpel l
ereye,thuscausi nga
resultantback.
7.Thi sunbal ancingissetbyri ghtmeansofathrustbeari ngusual l
yofdoubl eballtype&
placedontheshaf t.

Starti
ngofcentri fugalpump:
1. Closethemainval ve.
2.Pri methepump.
3.Runthemotor, graduall
ytoaspeed,untilthepressuregaugeshowstherequi
redhead.
4.Al lowthemotortoattai nf
ullspeed.
5.Openthemai nval veslowly.
6.I fthedeli
verycol umnisemptyotherwiseopenthemai nvalverapi
dly.

Stoppi
ngofcentrif
ugalpump:
1. Cl
osethemainval
ve.
2.Swi tchof
fthemotor.

Turbi
nepump:
 1
7
Mainpartsofturbi nepump:
1. Pumpcasi ng:Itismadeupofcasti ronorcaststeel.Ithasgotasuctioninl
et&adel i
very
outlet.
2.I mpeller:Impel lerismadeupbronzeorph osphorousbronze.Eachimpelleri
smounted
directlyonthedri vi
ngshaft.
3.Di ffusi
ngchannel s:Dif
fusingchannelsareformedbythedi aphragm&theinnerperiphery
ofthecasi ng.
4.Ri ngoiledbearing:Ateachendofthepumpth eshaf tissupportedonwhitemetalbearing.
5.Staf fi
ngbox:Staf fi
ngboxprovidedattheendtosealthepump&topreventthel eakageof
air,water.

Constructionalfeaturesofturbi nepump:
1. Theturbi nepumpconsi stsofoneormorei mpell
erdi ffusedcombination.Theno.of
combinationsigni
fyingtheno. ofstages.
2.Impel l
ersaremountedonashaf t&revolvewithinacasi ng.
3.Ani mpellerhasaninletopeni ngeyethroughwhichwateri senteringi
ntothepump.
4.Ithasano. ofguidevanesal ongwhi chwaterrotatesandcomesoutenteri ngthediff
user
passage.Inthi
swaythewaterf inal
lyl
eadtothedeliverycol umn.
5.Thepumpi scommonl yassoci atedwithabal anci
ngdi scmountedonthemai nshaftto
w\counteracttheaxi althrust.

Pri
ncipleofactionofturbi
nepump:
1. Thepumpi sworksonthepri ncipleofBornoutictheorem. Accordi
ngtowhi ch“thesumof
thekineti
cenergy&pressureenergyoff lowofwaterf oreachuni tweightofwateri s
constantatanypoint.
2.Therotati ngimpell
ergivesanincreasedhead&vel oci
tywhi lei
nthediffusi
ngchannelsthe
veloci
tyofwateri sreduced.I
nthi sstagekineti
cenergyingetconvertedi ntopotential
energy.
3.Thi sconversationofkineti
cenergytopotenti alenergyi sgovernedbythevel oci
tyof
waterthrownofbythei mpel
ler.
4.Thenetef f ectofheadi
sasumofheadsdevel opedateachstages.

Advantagesofturbi
nepump:
1.Itrequiresasmallfloorspace.2.Lesscostly.3.Longli
fe.4.Si
mpleinconstructi
on.5.
Vibrati
on&noisearenegli
gibl
e.6.
Iti
svaluel
ess.7.I
tgivesuni
formsloadonthemotor.

Disadvantagesofturbi
nepump:
1.Itisloweref fi
cientthanreciprocati
ngpump.2.Itcannotdealwithdirectl
ywater& a
strainermustberequiredaddi
tionalpart.3.
Iti
snotsui
tableforveryhi
ghheadasthepumpi
s
smal li
nsize.

Usesofturbinepump:
1.I
nsinkingofshaft.
2. Asboil
erfeedpump.3.forborehol
epumping.4.Forhandli
ngl i
quefi
ed
petroleum.5.I
nchemicalfactori
esforhandl
ingtheaci
ds&alcohol
s.6.
Inhydraul
icelevators.

Waterhammer:
Whenamovi ngcolumnofwateri ssuddenlycametoresttheni tbegi
nstostrokeofthe
vari
ouspartsofthepump. Thepumpisli
abletobrakedownbyduetogreatimpul
sivef
orce
andvi
olentshocks.
Thi
sphenomenonofknocki
ngiscal
ledaswaterhammer.

Themainreasonforawaterhammer:
1. Whensucti
onpipeistoosmall
.
2.Whentheval vehasbecomedefecti
ve.
3.Ifthesucti
onpumpi stoohi
gh.
 1
8
4.I
fthesucti
onpumpi sparti
all
ychoked.
5.I
fthepumpissuddenlystarti
ngorstop.
6.I
fthesucti
onrangeislone.

Howtomi nimizewaterh ammer:

1.I
fweuseal argedi a.
Sucti onpipe.2.
Regularchokingofwaterandtheval veset. 3.
Checkingof
th esuctionheadregularl yf oranychoki
ng.4.Keepingshortsuctionrange.5.Useofairvessel.6.
closethegateval vebef orestari ngthepump&sl owl yopenit.7.Stopthepumpgradual lywith
th ehelpoff l
ywheel .
Airvessel:
Anairvesseli ssonamedbecausei tisavesselchargewi thairwhi chisregularl
ycompri sesby
th eincomingdel i
veryofwaterunderhi ghpressurei sthedeliverypipe.withthepressureof
th eairintheairvesself orcesthewateri nsi
detheai rvesself ortowardsthemai ndel i
very
column. I
treducesthepul sati ontoaminimumandi ncreasetheef fici
encyofthepump. Italso
helpsi nsavi
ngthepowerl osti ntheari
latinghead. Theairvesselwhenf il
ledtodel i
veryside
iscal l
edasdel iveryairvesselbutwh enthedel iverypipeisshorti nlengththenthesucti on
pipeisusedinsucti onside.

Advantages:
1. Possi bi
li
tyofwaterhammeri smini
mize.
2. Li feofthepumpisi
ncrease.
3. Pumpscanberunathi gherwi
thoutanyloseofpowercost.
4. Longrangesuctionpipecanbeemployedwiththehel
pofairvessel
.

Cavi
tations:
Theeffectofi ncreasedsucti
onliftandi nsuff
icientnetpresentsucti
onhead( NP
SH),high
speedistoi nstall
ssoul ti
matequanti tyofdi schargei
sreduced.Theimpell
erwi llchurl
creati
ngwatervaporduetoexcessi veheat.Thesevaporisthefoamofbubbl
esarecarriedto
bepumpi nl
etwheretheyarecol l
apse.Suddenlyformingagap&causesthepressurecreating
awaterhammeref fect.

Themai ncausesofcavitations:
1. Largesucti
onhead.
2.Smal lsubmergibleofsucti oni
nlet.
3.Excessivedischargevel oci
ty.
4.Toomanybendi ngindischargeli
ne.

Thesymptomsofcavi
tations:
1.
Noi
se. 2.
Vibration.

Fri
ctionhead:Pi
pe,valves&bendsof f
ersresistancetoflowofliqui
dwhichhasulti
mately
overcomebythepump. Thi
siscal
ledfri
ctionpump.
Suctionhead:
Itisequaltostati
csuctionheadsuctionfri
cti
onheadandenhancel
ooseinthe
suctionpi
peandthepressurewhichmaypresentinsucti
ontime.
 19
Dischargevelocityhead:I tistheheadexertedatthedi schargeofthel i
quidduetoi ts
dischargevelocity.Mathemati cal l
y:
V2 Where,
Hu=----------- V=Di schargevelocityinmt/sec.
2g. Hu=Theheadati nitial
.g=Accel
erationduetogravity.
Overallef f
ici
ency: I
tisexpressedasrati oofthel i
qui
dinhorsepoweri nputtothepumpshaf t.
Thismaybeobtai nedbythef ormul a.1
000HQ/75.
Where,
Q=Quanti tyofwaterpumpi nm3/ sec.
H=Totalheadi nmt.
Specificspeed:Thisspecifi
cspeedofapumpi sgivenbytheformul a.
Speed√Quanti ty
Ns=---------------------------
head)3/
( 4
Primingthepump: I
nreciprocati ngpump, thepumpcannotcreatesi tsownvacuumbywhi ch
th epumpcannotdrawwaterf romthesump. Incaseofcentrifugal&turbinepumpthepump
aresel fprimed.Inreciprocatingpumpswhenwestartwehavetopourwateri nthedel
ivery
sidesothatthepumpcandrawwaterf romthesump.

3.
2 Descri
beconstructi
onalf
eatures,
worki
ng&useoframpumps.

Constructionalfeaturesoframpump:
Themai nprincipleinrampumpi sthatwaterduri ngthedownstrokei sf orcedintothe
deli
verypipe.
I
tconsi stsofahol l
owpl ungerorRaw“ R”moveup&downwi thintheworki ngbarrelor
ramcase“ c”bytherod“ r”actuatedbythepi stonofasteamorcompressedai rengineleakage
ofwaterpasttheram i spreventedbythestuf fi
ngboxes&gl and“G”val vesareprovi ded
namelythesucti onpi pedeliverypipeandairvesselaremerel yaccessori
es.
Theramcaseusual lymadeofcasti ronbutmaybel inedwithbrassorgunmetal .The
ramisal soorcasti ronbutmaybesi milarlycovered. Theramrodisoff orgedmi ldsteel.The
metalworkofbrassorgunmetal s.
I
fthewateri susual l
ycorrosivethewhol epumpmaybemadeofsamespeci alalloy
whichresistcorrosi on.Thepackingf orthef luffingboxmayconsistorsi ngorhempsockedi n
holl
ow orsquaresbrai dsorcompressedorasbestosgraphi teandi nterwovenwi thand
fri
ctionwi remaybeusedf orveryhighpressure.

Working:
Duringtheupstrokeofthepl ungerarei nducepressureiscreatedwi ththebarrel
exactlyasi nabucketpump.Thesuctionvalve“v”&infl
uenceoftheatmosphericpressure.
Duringthedownwardstrokeval ve“v”closethedel
iveryval
ve“n”openandwaeri sforce
outofbarreli ntothedeli
verypipethepumpdel i
verswaterduringonestrokeonlyandonl y
thehalfofpumpspeedi sthereforeef f
ective.
Themaxi mum sucti
onl i
feissomeaswi thbucketpumpbutpl ungerpumpf anf orce
watertomuchgreaterhei ghtthedel iveryheadmaybemuchgreater. Thereasonforthisis
thatpl ungerhastokeptwaterti ghtonl yattheexternalstuf fi
ngboxamuchsi mpler
problemthanmai ntaini
ngagoodinternalbetweenthebucketanditsworki ngbarrel
.

UseofRampump:
1. Theyareusedwherepumpingcondi
tionismoreodorousbecauseofdi
rtywaterorhi
ghli
ft
orbothcombined.
2.Theyareal sousedforrai
singwaterf romdiporforkeepingdrytheadvanci
ngf
aceofan
i
ncli
ne.

Advantagesoframpump:
 20
I
tcanbedrivenbyelectricmotoristhatthestrokei sl
imi
tedbythel engthofengine,
piston
orpumpramrunni ngupagainstthecyli
nderandpowercostarel ower. Del
iveryofwateri s
al
mostcontinuousthroughouteachrevoluti
onthel oadonthedri
vingengineormotorbei ng
theref
orewhichuniform.
Highmechani
caleffi
ciency.

Di
sadvantagesoframpump:
1.Fordeliveryoflargequantiti
esofwatertheyhavearelati
vel
yhi
ghf
irstcost.
2.Theytakeupgreatdealofroom.
3.Itrequireslargeandcostlyfoundati
onwhentoinstal
l.

Typesoframpump:
1.
Horizontalrampump.
2.Verti
calrampump.

Si
ngleactingrampump:
Pumpofthi stypemaybearrangedasverti cal
lyorhori
zontallywhichmayhaveone,twoor
threerams, thusaunitoftworampumppl acedsi
debysi de&actuatedbythesameengine
with a common del i
very cal
led deeps pumps & three single acti
ng pumps i
n si
mil
ar
arrangementcalledtri
plexwhichhasasmoothofwaterf lowf romthedeli
very.

Verti
calsi
ngl
eacti
ngrampump:

Function:
I
tf orcesthewateri ntothedeli
verypipeliningthedownwardstrokestheref orecalledface
pump. Thepumpconsistsofaholeplungerorrammovedup&downwi thintheworkingbarrel
orramcase. Leakageofwaterpasttherami spreventedbyastuf fi
ngbox&gl and.
Twoval ves
areprovidednamel ysucti
onvalve&del i
veryval ve.Thesuccessi
onpi pe,
deli
verypipe&ai r
vesselaretheaccessoriesfi
ttedtoi t.Theramcasei susual
lymadeofcasti ronbutmaybe
li
nedwi thbrassorgunmetal .Theramrodi sf orgedmildstone.Themetalworkofval ve&
valvesheeti sgeneral
lyofbrassorgunmetalofthewateri susuallycorrosi
vethewhi le
pumpi smadesomespecialall
oy’
slikemonelmetalwhi chresi
stcorrosion.

3.
6 Expl
ainbal
anci
ngtheaxi
althrustofturbi
nepumps.

Inallcentrifugalandmul ti
-stageturbinepumpshavi ngsi ngl
ei nl
eti mpellers,a
considerabl
eendthrusti sdevel
opedwhi chactstowardsthesuctionendofthepump, andthis
mustbecounteractedi nsomewayi nordertoensurethattheimpellersrevolvetrulyintheir
designedposi
tionswithineachcellorstage.
Theaxialendthrustoccursbecausewaterunderpressurel eaksintothecl earance
spacesonbothsi desofeachimpeller,betweentheimpellerandi
tsencl osi
ngdiaphragms. Now
theareaexposedtothi spressureonthedel i
verysideoftheimpell
eri sgreaterthanthearea
 21
onthesuctionside( byanamountequaltotheareaofthei mpel
lerinlet)withtheresultthat
anoutofbal ancepressuresetsupanend-thrusttowardsthesucti onend.
Totalthrust=di fferenceoftwoareasxpressureperuni tareai nthecl
earancespace
xno.ofimpellers.
Axi
althrustcanbecounteredi noneofthef ol
lowingways.
1.I nthecaseofsi ngl
estagecentri fugalpumpthi
scanbeel i
mi natedbyusi
ngadoubl e
entryimpellerorbydri l
li
ngtheeyeofthesingleimpell
erwhi chmustthenhavef al
se
neckringsbehindit.
2.I nthecaseof2stagecentri fugalpumpthethrustcanbeel i
minatedbyplacingthe
impell
ersbacktoback.
3.Byuseofathrustbeari ng.
4.Byuseofabal ancerdisc.

3.
7 Drawcharacteri
sti
ccurvesf
orturbi
nepumps.

1. Ataconstantspeedapumpcandel i
veranycapaci tyfromzerotomaxi mum.Dependingin
thehead, designsuctioncondi tions.
2.Thetotalheadthepowerrequi red&resul ti
ngef fici
encyvarieswiththecapacityofthe
discharge.
3.The i nter rel ationship between these vari able at constant speed can be plotted
graphically wi th quanti ty on the x-axis & other vari abl
e on y-axisis called the
characteri sticcurveorperf ormancecurve.
Atconstantspeedthef ol l
owi ngrel ati
onholdsgood.
1. Quantity( Q)xdiaofi mpel ler.
2
2.Head( p)x( dia).
3
3.HPx( dia).
Atvariablespeed.
1. Quantity&speed( N).
2.Head&N2.
3.HP&N3.
Wewi llstudythef oll
owi ngcurvesi nthi
scharacteristiccurveofturbinepump.
1. HeadQuanti tyCurve( HQCurve) .
2.BHPcurve.
3.Ef fici
encycurve.
4.Sucti onheadcurve.

HeadQuantityCurve:
1. Thecurveshowi ngtherel ati
onshi
pbetweendischargeandtheheadatconstantspeedi s
call
edheadquanti tycurve.
2.Wi thincreasi
ngofpressure/headthequantitygraduallydecreasestoaul ti
matelevel&
thenitbecomessteady.
BHPCurve:
1. Ataconstantspeedthepowerrequi redbythepumpi sfuncti
onofdischargeheadandthe
powerabsorbedi scall
edasBHPcurve.
 22
2.BHPcurvedoesnotstartsfromzeroasaf tergi
vingthepowertothepumpcanabl eto
drawwater.
3.Thepowercurveisastrai
ghtli
nebecausepower&headaredirectl
yproporti
onaltoeach
other.

Effi
ciencyCurve:
1. Ataconstantspeedtheef fici
encyisaf uncti
onofdischargerate.Thecurvebetweentwo
variabl
eisk/ atheeff i
ciencyofdischargecurve.
2.Theef fi
ciencycurverai sesf rom zerovaluetopeakval ue&thi sgraduall
ydecreasesin
caseofal owspecificspeedpumpsandsharpl ydecreasesincaseofahi ghspeci
ficspeed
pump.
3.Themechani caleffi
ciencyistherati oofwaterHPtoBHP.
4.Atthestarti ngofthepumpdel i
veryvalveisclosedthereforedischargei
nzero,i
tmeans
theef f
ici
encyi szero.
SuctionHeadCurve:

1. Thereareseveralf actorwhi chaf

fectthesucti
ondifference.ForEx.Tempoftheliquid,
vi
scously,density&attitudeatwhichi
scarri
edout.
2.Thesucti onliftvariesinversel
ytothedensi
tyofthel i
quid.Heavi
eristheli
qui
d,suction
li
ftisradical.
3.Thesucti onliftdecreasesasthetempoftheli
qui
dincreases.

F
itti
ngattachment:

Essentialfittings:
1. Strainer:Itismadeupofcasti ronandpl acedatthelowerendofthesuctionpipeandmai n
functionistokeepoutthesuspendedsol idi
nasump.
2.F ootval ve: I
tisnonreturnedvalve.Itplacedabovethestrainer&inthesuctionpipe.I
ts
mainf unctionistopreventwaterf romreturningthesump. I
tisgeneral
lymadeupofcast
ironorbrass.
3.Mai n/Sl uicevalve/Gatevalve:Iti
spl acedinthedeli
verycolumnafterthepumpsoutf i
t.
Itsmai nfunctionistoal l
ow thewatertothedel i
verysidewhensuctionpipeisf ul
lof
water.
 23
4.Retai ni
ngvalve:Iti sfil
ledabovethemai nvalvetohol dthewateri nthedeli
verycol
umn,
whenthepumpstops. I
tisalsoanonreturnedval ve.
5.Ai rcocks:ai
rcocksareattachedtoal ltheval vesusedi napump&ofeachj ointi
ng.
6.Bypassval ve:I ti splacedindeliverycol umn& shortci rcul
ingboththemai nvalves
retaini
ngvalve.Itenabl esthepumptobepri medwi thwaterdi rectfrom thedeli
very
column.
Othersf i
ttingi
ncludes:
(a)Apressuregaugeondel iverysi
detomeasurethedel i
veryhead.
(b)Avacuumgaugei nsucti
onsideforindicatingthesucti onhead.
(c)Ahydrauli
cbal anci
ngdiscistocounteracttheendthrust.
Pressuregauge: Apressuregaugei sattachtothedel iverysideformeasurementofthehead
developedinthedeliverycolumn.
Vacuumgauge: I
tmeasuresthepressurei nsucti onsideofthepump.

Balancingtheendthrust:
Theaxi alendthrustofapumpmustbebal ancedtoensurethatthei mpel l
errevolvetrul
yin
theirdesi gnedposi ti
onwi thinthestages.I nordertocounterbal ancetheendthrusts
followingmethodareadopted.
(i
)I nsinglestagepumpsusei smadeofadoubl eentrywhi chissystemati candthusproduces
axialthrust.
(i
i)Insingleentryi mpell
erisempl oyedathrustbeari ngisinstalledandrel i
efholesaremade
inthedel iverysideofimpel l
er.
(i
ii
) I natwostagepumpthethrusti seliminatedbyf acingtheimpel lerback.]
(i
v) I nmul tistagepumpshydraul i
cbalancingdevi ceisprovided.
(v)Inverti calpumpsthrust bal lbeari ng& bal landregul arpi votsaref urni
shedand
symmetri callyarrangementofi mpellerisused.
Theval vesandf ittingsrequiredwi thacentri fugalorturbi nepumpsare:
1. Straineratthel owerendofsucti onpipetokeepoutpl ottingrubbish.
2.Af ootval veabovethestrai nertopreventwaterretai ni
ngbackf romthepump&sucti on
pipeintoasump.
3.Amai nval vealsoknownasgetsval veorswi tchedvalveinthedel i
verycol umn.
4.Aretai ningval veabovethemai nval vetohol dwateri nthedel iverycol umnifthesumps
stopwhenthemai nvalveisopen.

Axialandthrust:
1. Theturbi nepump, theareaofthei mpellerexposetowardssuctionsideislessthanthat
exposetowardsdel iverysi de.Thisresultsanendthrustdevelopbythehighpressurefrom
theoutl etsi
detowardsi nletsi deofeachimpeller.
2.Theaxi alendthrustaccumul atesbecausethei mpellersarei
nseries.
Thereforetheshaft
rotatesouti naxialendthrust.
Inordertocountertheaxi alendthrustmethodsadoptedare:
i. Useofdoubl einleti mpel lers.
ii
. Hydraul icbalancingdi scorf uncti
onalpadmaybeused.
ii
i. I mpell
ermaybegroovedi ntwogroupsbacktobackwi thinletopeningofthe
impellerinopposi tedi rection.
Sothattheaxialthrustautomaticall
ybalanced.

Hydraul
icbal
anci
ngdi
sc:
 24

1. Thehydrauli
cbalanci
ngdiscisconnectedj ustatthedel i
veryside&i skeyedtothe
shaft.
2.Highpressurewatercomingf romthelastimpel lerentersinasmal lscaleorcl
earance
betweenthedisc.
3.Atthedi sci
sf i
xedtotheshaf tthepushi ngupthedi sc.F orcestheshaf ttomove
existi
ngtowardsdeli
verysidebywhi chthebal ancingdisccounteracttheshiftingof
theshafttowardssucti
onsidedisctonormalpressureofthewater.
4.The movement of water f rom the cl earance the di sc and the seed cl
osed up
automatical
lywhenthethrustisbalanced.

MonoPump:
Appli
cabi
lityconditi
on:
1. Monopumpi sgeneral
lyusedforsmal
lcapacity&l owheads.
2.Itisespeciall
yusedinmuddywaterinadvancingdeepheadi
ngs.
3.Incoalwashers.
4.Theradialcrosssectioni
scircul
ar&eccentri ci
ntotheaxis.

Constructi
on:
1.Itconsistsofasi ngl
ehelicalmotorwithi
narubberstarterofdoubl
einternaltul
ics.
2.Theradialcrosssecti oni
scircul
ar&eccentrictotheaxis.
3.Therotorgi veneccentricmotionthroughthehol
lowstructureofthepump.
4.Suction&del iverybranchesarewithi
nthemainstructureofthepump.

Pri
nci
pleofoperation:
1. Themonopumphasascrewl i
keacti
on.
2.Thestarterhashal fofthepitchofthatofrotor.
3.Wi ththestati onerystarter&aconstantseali smai
ntai
nwhi
chadvancef
orwardf
rom
thesuctionsidetodel iverysi
de.
4.Theamount ofl iquidwi thi
nthesealconti nuousmoveforwardduetopositive
di
splacementofpump.

Li
mi tati
on:
1. Thespeedofrotationshoul
dwithi
n960rpm. To1450rpm.
2.Higherwillbethespeedgreaterwi
llbethevibration.
3.Theparticletobepumpedmustbesuf fi
cientlysmal ltopassthroughtheseal
.
 25
4.Thedeliverypi
pedi
a.shoul
dbesmal
lsothathi
ghvel
oci
tycanbeobtai
nedi
nmai
n
del
ivery.

Advantages:
1. Theactionisposi
tive&di splacementiscontinueactwithoutpul
sations.
2.Sel fprimingisaninbanalf eaturesi ncethesearenoval vestogiverisetosteam &
leakage.
3.Thepumpcanworkef fici
entl ywithsuctionl
iftsofup7.5mts.
4.Thepumpscanreadi lydil
lwithuni twithseri
alsdamagetothestarterormotor.
5.Iti sli
ght&portabl e&mai ntenanceischeap.

Di
sadvantages:
1. Avail
ableheadsareli
mitedbeinginregionof45m&90mf orsi
ngle&twostagemodel .
2.I fthepumprunsdrythestarterwi l
limmediatel
ybedamaged. Thepumpmostbef i
rst
befellofwithwaterf orl
ubricationpurposethepipes&connected.
3.Largesi tesofsol i
dparticl
espresentwaterofi nternali
ntothehelicalspacemay
causeformingmotor&thestarter.

Borehol
epump:
Apumpwhichisusedinaboreholeofacoupleofcmdi ameteriscal
ledasborehol
epump.
Iti
s
nothi
ngbutamultistageturbi
nepumphavingwithnonoverloadi
ngcharacteri
sti
cs.

Appli
cabi
litycondi
tion:
1.Indeepwel l
swi ththe200mt. borehol
epumpi ssui
table.
2.Itissuitabl
ef ordrivi
ngandshaf t.
3.Inwashersborehol epumpisused.
4.Boreholepumpi sused,whereseverallogsofHPisrequired.
5.Inshortageofel ectri
calenergyboreholepumpisasuitableopti
on.

Construction:
Essential
lyitconsi
stof2parts,oneatthesurf aceandtheotheri
nsidetheborehole.
1. Themotori splacedinthesurf ace& drivingthepumpthroughal ongdrivingshaftand
lowerthepumpunitisplaced.
2.Inthetoppartthemotori sspindleconnectedthroughathrustbeari
ngtotheshaf t.
3.Thi salsocontai
nsfirstdischargebendofri si
ngmenwherethedri vingshaf ti
ntersthe
risi
ngman.

Thelowerpartal ongwi thsucti

onpipewi thstrai
nerissuspendedf
romtheri
singmen
th
eri
singcolumn.
 Therisingcol
umni ssupportedbyintermediategui
debearing.
 I
mpel lersdi
ffusersofpumpareusual lybronze.
 I
nthispumpastrai neri
sattachedattheendandtherei snofootval
ve.
 26

3.
9 Descri
beconstructi
onalf
eaturesandworki
ngpri
nci
ple&useofrotorpump.
(screw
pump)

Constructi onalfeaturesofrotor( screw)pump:

Thistypeofpumpdi ffersfromthereci procatingandturbinepumpsi nitsconstructi
on
andworki ngpri nciple.I
tisaspeci altypeofel ectri cal
lydri
venvalveless,rotativepumpwhich
isinherentl ysel fpri mingwi thal i
ft( suctionhead)ofupto8m ofwater.I tconsistsof
essentially.
1. Arubberstarterwhi chhasthef orm ofadoubl einternalheli
xandi sapushf i
tinthe
machinedcasti ronbarel .
Thestartermaybeofnaturalorsyntheti crubberorofhypal on,
vitonorotherpl asti
cmateri al .
2.Asi nglehel i
calrotorofspeci alabrasi onresi stingornoncorrodingsteel( monelmetalor
stainlesssteel ).
3.Sucti onanddel iverybranches, rangingf rom1 9mmto75mmdi ameter.
4.Hol lowdri vingshaf t, runni
ngi nballbeari ngandtransmi tti
nganeccentri cmoti ontothe
rotorbyacoupl ingrodofhi ghtensilesteel .
Thepumprequi resnof oundationandwi llworkonanygradi entandevenwhenpl acedverti
cal.

Workingpri nci
pl eofrotor( screw)pump:
I
ti saneccentri cscrewpump. Theradialcrosssectionoftherotori scircul arandisatal l
pointseccentri ctotheaxi s,thecentersofthesecti onsl yi
ngal ongahel i
xwhoseaxi sforms
theaxisoftherotor. Th epitchofthestarteri stwicethatoftherotorandthetwoengagei n
suchaf ashionthattherotorsecti ontravelsbackandf orthacrossthestarterpassage. The
rotormai ntainsaconstantsealacrossthestarter. Whilsttherotorrotatesi nthestarter,
cavityformedbetweenthetwoprogressesf romsucti ontodel i
verysideresul tinginuni
form
meteredf low ofwater.Therotarymoti oncreatesanexcepti onall
yhi ghsucti onwhi ch
exhaustsal lairf romi ntakel i
neresultingi
nimmedi atel i
ftofwaterwi thoutneedf orpri
ming.
Waterwhi chentersthesucti onbranchisthuscaughtupi nthespacebetweentherotor
andstarterandi sf orcedthroughthepumpastherotorrevol ves.Aposi tivepressurei s
developedonthedel iverysideandth eremustbeaf reepassagef orthewaterbef orethe
pumpi sstartedup.
Therotorpumpi snormal l
ydi rectdrivenbyathreephase. A.C.
quirrelcagei nductionmotor
runningat580, 720, 960or1 450revs. perminute.Themotori sswitcheddirectontothel i
ne.
Thepumpsareavai l
abl eassinglestagepumps( 0.
33to1 0H.P.ofmotor)ordoubl estagepumps
(10to20H. P.ofmotor) .

Usesofrotor(screw)pumps:
1. Thepumpmustneverberuni nadrycondi
tion,
orthestarterwi llbeimmedi atelydamaged.
Thepumpmustf irstbef i
lledwithwaterf orl ubri
cati
onpurposesbef orethepi pesare
connected.
Thereaf ter,whenthepumpi sstopped,suffi
cientli
quidisnormal l
ytrappedi n
thepumptoprovi delubricationonstarti
ngagain.
2.Whenthedel iveryheadexceedsabout30mahandcontrol ledval
ve,withapi peleadingback
tothesumpshoul dbeprovi dedbelowthenonreturnval veinthedeliverypipeinorderto
reli
evethepressuredevel opedwhenthepumpstartsupagai nstaf ul
ldel i
verycolumn.

Coalplough:
Themachi neisempl oyednoncycl
elongwallfacewithapropf reef ront.Apl
oughisamachi ne
whichismountedonarmouredchai nconveyor&cutasl iceof1 00mm to200mm f rom the
entireworki ngheighttheseamduringi
tstravelsalongtheface.Thecutcoalisloadedonthe
conveyorbyarol ewhichisbui
ltinpartoftheplough&whi chfollowsthecuttingteeth. The
seamthi cknesssuitablefori
tsoperati
onisfrom0.6mtr.
Thepl oughconsistsof4ormoreteethtwonearl yverticalplanes,fi
xedtobasepl ate
whichismountedonarmouredchai nconveyoranddrivenbythemotori susuall
yisatthe
 27
haulageendofftheconveyorhavingchai
npulltheploughupordowntheface&istreated
through11
5mmdi atubeattachedtotheconveyoral
lalongthef
ace.
Thetwoendsofthechai
n
passesoverthetwosprocketoneateachendoftheconveyor&aref i
nal
lyactthethinof
coalduri
ngtraveli
seitherdi
rection.

Valvesrequi redforturbi nepump: I

nturbinepumpano.ofexternalcontrolli
ngvalvesare
neededf orconveni entoperation.Suchvalvesare:(
i)Footvalvei
nsucti
onpipe.(i
i)Retai
ning
valveindeliverypipe.(i
ii
)Mai nval
vei ndel
iverypi
pe.(i
v)Bypassval
veforpri
mingpurpose.(v)
Waterseal edregul atedvalve.

Totalheadofapump: I
ncaseofsucti
onlifti
tisthesumofthesuctionli
ftanddischargehead
whichisinthecaseofposi
tivesucti
onhead.
Itisthedi
fferenceofthedi
schargeheadandthe
sucti
onhead.

Di
f ferentusesofcompressedai rinmi nes:Miningi
sbasicall
ysituatedinaremotepl ace
theref oreenergyrequi redfordrill
ing,blasti
ngandtransportingisunconvinceddueto
electricenergy.Thereforeweusedcompressedai rwhichconsi
stsofintokineti
cenergyasa
resultofwhi chdifferentmini
ngoperationscanbeconducted.I
nminesdiff
erentmachineri
es
areboredoncompressedai rli
kejackhammer.Downthehol edril
ldumperspowersupport
pushingrametc.

Radialveloci
tyofwater:I ncentri
fugalpumpwhenthe
impellersmovethewaterpouredi nacasinghavetwo
velocity.One in tangenti
al & other is radi
al.The
arrangementofspeedwhi chimpel
lerthewaterinradi
al
directioni
sk/aradi
alveloci
tyofwater.

Whystrainerusedinpump: I
ti sfi
ttedattheinl
etandendofthef
uncti
onpi
perangesto
segregateoutanysol
idparti
clesmixedwi
thwater.

Roadheader:
theroadheaderisapieceofheavyexcavationequi
pmentthatuti
lizespeci
al
cutti
ngthatmountedontheendofaboomthatcanswingupondown,l
eftorri
ght.

Surfacemi
ner:Surfaceminerareheadingmachi
newhichcombi
ningtheoperati
onsofcutti
ng
coalorsoftrockandl oadi
ngsimultaneousl
yintominecars,shuttlecarsorconveyors
withouttheusualunproductivebreaksthatareinherentintheconvenientmini
ngwhich
foll
owsadefi
nitecycleofoperati
ons.

Shovel:
Ashoveli
saequipmentwhi chexcavatestherocksororebydi
ggi
ngfromitsoperati
ng
basetowardsanddumpi teitheronandumperorrai lwaywagonoroverthespoildump.I
tis
usedforremoveoverburden.

Pipejoint:Whenpumphavetodel iverwaterinlongdistancetheremaybebends&l engthening

ofthepi pesthereforediff
erentpipejoi
ntsaremadeduri ngmanufacturingorduringjointi
ng.
Thedi f
f erentpipejointsare:(
i)Looseflangejoints.(i
i)Uni
conejoint.(i
ii
)Spigot&f aucal
joint.
(iv)Expansionjoi
nt.

Gatheringarm l
oader:Amechanicalf
orloadinglooserocksorcoalhasatractormounted
chassis& carri
esachainconveyorwhosef rontendi sdril
lintoawageshapedbl ades.It
consistsof3pri
ncipl
euni
ts:(
i)Agatheri
nghead.(i
i)Acentralcrawl
ermountedchassi
s.(ii
i)A
 28
rearboomorj
ib.

Borehol
epump:Boreholepumpsaremul tistageturbinepumpusedtodeli
verwaterfrom
borehol
eswel
lsorshaf tsfromdepthsranginguptoasmuchas200mormore. Suchpumps
maybeoftwotypes.
(i)shaf
tdrivenborehol
epump.(i
i)Submersi
blepump.

I
mpel l
er: I
mpelleraremadeupofbronzeorcaststeelwhi chwhenrotatearoundashaf t
i
nsidethecasingiscapablei
fconvertingthepowerenergyofwatertokineti
cenergysothat
i
tcandeliverincaseofcentrifugalorturbinepumpsmonelmetalscanbeuseforittocrack
i
tcorrosiveresistance.
Fl
anges: Fl
angesaremadeupofmi ldsteelsubjectedtoheavytoheavypressure.Flanges
makesthepipejointwaterprooforj oi
ntleakproof.
Iti
sbasi
call
ydownduringmanufacturing
ti
me.

Mainunitofadumper:Themai nunitare:(i
)Thepowerengine-Theengineofanytrucks
systemshouldbeofhigherpower&lowerinweight.(
ii
)Thedri
vesystem-Itisthesystem
whichsuppl
iespowerf
romtheenginetothewheels.

Appli
cati
onofbucketwheelexcavator:(i
)Itcanbeusedforselecti
ve&thenseammi ning.(i
i)
Hard&toughwellfragmentedblastedrockwithnearbouldershavi
ngconsi
stencyofuniform
ground&bankcondi
tion.
(ii
i)F
orreclamationofland.

Appli
cati
onofshovel:I
tcanbeusedinsteepminingremovalofOBinthecountermini
ngi
nthe
hi
llyterrai
n.OBremovalinopenpitmi ni
ngsystem,excavationi
nthef ace& loadi
ngonto
trucks,
removaloftopsoi
l,
constructi
onofroadsandhaulroads.

Selecti
onofashovelisdonebyconsideri
ngthef ol
lowingfactors:(i)Requi
rementofduty
producti
on.
(ii
)Types&quali
tyofthematerialtobeexcavated.(i
ii
)Bucketfil
lfactor(
larger
shoveldi
gbetterthanthesmal
lone).
( i
v)Swellf
actor,worki
ngcycletime.

Typesofpumpusedi nmi nes:Therearevarioustypesofpumpscommonlyusedinminesare:

(i)
Reciprocati
ngpump. (i
i)Centrifugalorrotarytypepump( borehol
epump,submersi
blepump,
sinkingpump).
(ii
i)Monopump. (i
v)Megatorpump. (v)Ai
rli
ftpump.

Rotorpump:Arotorpump(monopump)basicall
yoperatedonsecuri
ngacti
on.
Itisbasi
cal
lya
singl
eeccentri
cscrew pump.Rotorpumpareveryef fici
entcomparetocentrif
ugalpump
wherehighfl
uctuati
onofdi
schargeofwaterisneated.

Centri
fugalpump:Itconsistofval vecasi
nginsideofwhichani mpell
erisincorporated
mountainoverasteelshaft.Theendsofsteelshaftpassesthroughthecasi
ng&staf fi
ng
boxesareprovi
dedtheretosealwater.

Si
nki
ngpump:duri
ngtheshaftsinki
ngprocessspeci
all
ydesi
gnedsi
nki
ngpumpsareempl oyed
ej
ecttopump,ai
rli
ft,
reci
procatingorturbi
nepumpmaybeemployedforthepurpose.

Capaci
tyofshovel:duri
ngthecalcul
ati
onofcapaci
tyofashovelthi
sfoll
owingpoi
ntsare
takenintoaccounti
ng:(
i)spotti
ngtimeofdumper.(i
i)Dumpi
ngtime.(
ii
i)Cycl
etimeofa
dumper.

Roadgrader:thi
sisamachineforleveli
ngtheroad,surf
acebysmootheni
ngouttheups&
downandf oracuttingasi
detheboulderontheroad.Iti
salwayspneumati
ctyremounted
withanyrearwheeldri
ve&thefrontwheelaresmall
.

J
ackhammerdri
ll:
Iti
sacompressedai
roperateddri
lltowhi
chai
rissuppl
iedf
romexternal
 29
2
compressorsthroughhosepi
pesatpressureabout6kgf
/cm .
Thedri
llwei
ghts1
5to25kgf&
dri
llhol
esofdia.30mmto38mmupto2mdepth .

SDL:
Sidedi
schargel
oader.
I ty6m3.
tsbucketcapaci

Dozer:Abulldozeri
softenf\referredtosimpli
fyasadozer.Itisaf actorwithapusher
bladesattachedtothefontportion.Adozercandi
g1.
2m to1.5m bel
ow groundinearthor
weatheredrock.

Scraper:Thi
smachinei
sdieseloperatedwithpneumati
ctyredwheel sandhasatthecentrea
bowlf i
ttedwi thacutti
ngbl adeatbottom.Thebladeisreversi
ble&canberepl acedwhen
blunt,
itsbladecutsathi
nsliceofearthusual
lybetween75mmand225mmthi ck30m.

Strai
ner:Astrai
neri
ssituatedatthelowerendofthesucti
onpipe.
itkeepsoutthefl
oati
ng
rubbi
shfromthesuctionpipe.
italsohel
psinmergingthesucti
onpipeendbelowthewater
level
.

Footvalve:I
tisasingl
ebypassval
vesi
tuatedjustabovethestrai
nertopreventthewater
toreformingbackf
romthepumptowardsthesump.

Mainval
ve/sluicevalve/gatevalve:Amainval
vei
salsoknownasgatevalveorslui
ceval
ve.
I
tissituatedi
ndeliverycolumnandallowthewatertopassthroughdel
iverypi
pewhenthe
pupsemergessuffi
cientwaterpressure.

Retaini
ngval
ve:Aretai
ningvalvei
sjustpl
acedabovethemai
nvalvei
nthedel
iverycol
umn.
It
holdsthewateri
nthedeliverycol
umnofthepumpstopswhenthemai
nvalvei
sopen.

Bypassval
ve: Thebypassvalvebypassi
ngthemai
n&mai ntai
ningval
vetoenabl
ethepumpto
bepri
medwi thwaterf romthedeli
verycol
umnbeforestarti
ngoff.

Ai
rcocks:
Iti
susedoneoneachstagetorecei
vetheai
rfromthepumpwhenpri
ming&l
eakage.

Hydraul
icbal
anci
ngdi
sc:
Iti
sthedevi
cetocounteracttheendthrust.

Pressuregauge:Thepressuregaugei
sprovi
dedi
nthedel
iverycol
umntoi
ndi
catethedel
ivery
headdevelopedbyapump.

Vacuumgauge:
Avacuumgaugei
sprovi
dedi
nthesucti
onbraketoi
ndi
catethesucti
onl
eaf
.

Pri
mi ng:I
fthepumpbarrelisfi
ttedwi
thai
rthepumpcannotcreatesi tsownvacuumwhenit
isstarted&i tf actstodrawwater.
Thedi
ffi
culti
esmaybeovercomi ngbyfi
rstfi
ll
ingthe
barrelwithwaterbyaprocessnamedasprimi
ng.Centri
fugalandturbinepumpmostalways
primingbeforestarting.

Waterhammer: I
tisavi olentshockcausebyamovingcolumnofwaterwhenbeingsuddenl
y
broughttorest.Inreciprocatingpumpitisl
iabl
eoccurwheneverthepistonreturnsi
ntoa
halfemptycasing.Thecausesofwaterhammer. (i)Whenasucti
onpi
peistooshortorsmall.
(i
i)Whenavalveiseffective.(i
ii
)Whentheval
vesealisdef
ecti
ve.

Cavi
tation:Ifaram orpistoni
stoof astthewatercannotenterthecyl i
nderqui
ckl
yso
formingavacuum inthebarrel.I
nthenextstockthewaterovertakestheram asi ti
s
throwingdownandsi
lverknocki
ssetupthisphenomenoni
sknownascavi
tati
on.

Underwhatcondi
tionweusedragl
ine:
General
lythedragl
ineareusedf
ordi
recthandl
ingand
 30
rehandl
ingofOBmateri
alduri
ngovercostingsi
nceitischeapestmeansofOBremoval .I
tis
al
sousedtohandl
ingsof
tandun-consol
idatemateri
al,
blastrockormineral
,coal
,topsoi
letc.

I
ntrinsi
call
ysafeapparatus:
Intri
nsi
call
ysaf
easappl
iedtoapparatusorassoci
atedci
rcui
ts
shal
ldenotethatanysparki ngthatmayoccuri nnormalworki ngiscapabl
eofcausing
expl
osionofinf
lammablegasorvapour.

Flameproofencl osure: Fl
ameproofencl osuremeansanenclosureforelectricalmachinery
andapparatusthatwi llwithstandwhenthecoversortheotheraccessdoorsareproperl y
securedani nternalexplosi
oni ftheinf
l ammablegasorvapourwhi chmayenterorori ginate
insidetheencl osurewi thout suf f
eringdamage& wi thout communicatingthei nternal
flammati ontotheexternali nflammabl egasorvapourinwhi chitsdesignatedtobeused
th roughanyjoi
ntsorotherstructuralopeni ngi
ntheencl
osure.

Axi
althrust:I nmultistageturbinepump& centri fugalpumpanendthrusti sdevel oped
duringtheoperati
onofthepumpwhi chactsaxiallyupontherotorstowardsthesuctionend.
Thisisoccursaswaterunderpressurel eaksintoacl earancespaceonbothsideofeach
impeller.Theendthrustaccumulatesinamul tistageturbinepumpasthei mpellersare
ski
lledkepttothetoonesameshaf tinaseries.

Toe:Thelowersideoft\afaceofbenchal
ongi
tsl
engthi
sknownastoel
ine&thevari
ous
poi
ntsonthisl
ineisknownastoe.

Berm:Pi
lesofbrokenrockmaterial&constructedalongthecresttoimproveminesafetyi
s
call
edtheberm. I
tactsasaguardrai ltopreventtrucks&otherinol
inesfrombacki
ngover
orrestbrokenrockboul
derscontrolnoise.

Pumps:
Theseareoneofthemostvi talequi
pmentf
ordewateri
ngpurposebothi
nthesurf
ace
andi
nundergroundmi
ningsystem.

Pi
stonpump:Thesearesui
tableonl
yforpumpingfai
rlycleanwatertoi
ntermedi
atehei
ghtup
toabout90mtto120mt.thehavemeri
tofbeingli
ghtcheap.

Boom:
Iti
sal
atti
cestructuralextensi
onpartofthedragl
ine.
Iti
smadeupofl
ighti
ronteeth.

Teeth:
Thesearesharpnai
ltol
ikestructuref
ittedwi
ththebucket.

Bucket: I
tisamadeupofmi l
dsteel.I
thangsfromtheboombymeansofcabl
eitscapaci
ty
variesaccordi
ngtothesi
zeofboomofadragl
ine.

Boomangl
e:I
tisanangl
emadebytheboomwi
ththehori
zontal
.I
tisgeneral
lyvari
esf
rom20°
-30°.

Worki
nghei
ght:I
ti stheheightfromthepul
leytothesurf
aceatwhi
chthebucket,
itl
yingor
kepti
nrestposi
tion.I
tisdenotedbyd.

Di
ggi
ngl
ength:
Iti
sthel
engthuptowhi
chthedragl
inecanef
fici
encyworkbel
owthesurf
ace.

Dragli
ne:Adragli
neisamachi neusedforexcavatingearth,sandorsoftrockandconsist
essential
lyofarevol
vingdeckalongli
ghtboom,crawlerchainsandaspeci
altypeofbucket
heldi
npositi
onandcontrol
ledbycabl
es.

Ai
rexcavator:
Iti
samachinewhichexcavatestherockorearthandswingortransportit
withi
nnarrowl
imi
tstoasadj
acentplaceordumpsitontoareceptacl
eli
keadumper,
railway,
 31
wagons.

Hauldistance:Itisthedistancecoveredbythemachinefromworkingf
acetodumpi ngpoint.
Basicprincipl
eofel ectri
ccoaldril
l:Thedri
llusedfordril
li
nghol
esincoal&similarsoftrock
iselectricall
yoperated&i sofrotarytype.Coaldri
lli
snotonlyusedforcaolbutotherrocks
incoalmi nesexpectveryhardgradesofstone.

Whybucketwheelexcavatorisnotusedinhardground:Thebucketwheelexcavatori
s
sui
tabl
eforsof
trockandgroundtheref
orei
tcannotbeusedi
nstrongground.

Whydumpersarewidel
yusedi
nmultiseamopencastmi ni
ng:dumpersarewi
delyusedi
nmul
ti
seamopencastmi
ningf
ordumpi
ngandquicktransportati
onofwastagemateri
al.

Mai
nfuncti
onofbypassval
ve:Themainfuncti
onofbypassvalvetoenabl
ethepumptobe
pri
medwarmwaterfromthedel
iverycol
umnbeforestarti
ngup.

Volutecasing:
Thecasingcoveringtheimpell
erisdesignedinsuchamannerthatthekineti
c
energyofwateratthedi scharge& graduallyconvertedintopressureenergyandf
inall
y
entersintodel
iverypi
perangeswi thhi
ghpressurebyalittl
ekineti
cenergy.

Shaft:
Theshaf
toverwhichtheimpelleraremountedi
sconnectedtothedri
vinguni
t(motor)
.
Iti
smadeupofforgedsteel
,stai
nlesssteel,
monelmetaletc.

Beari
ng:Thebeari
nghousingarecarriedi
nrigi
dlyconstructedbratti
ces,
bothbal
l&rol
ler
beari
ngareusedatbothdriveandnondri
veend.

Stuffi
ngbox:thestuf f
ingboxisprovi
dedwithconventionpackedglandusi
nglubri
cated
cottonpackingmechani
calseal
sareal
soprovi
dedtosealthewaterf romthevol
utecasi
ngis
ki
neticenergystuffi
ngbox.

Rampump: Rampumparesui
tablewhenthepumpi
ngcondi
tionaremoreadherousbecauseof
dirtywaterhi
ghl
eadorcombi
ned.

Turbinepump:Turbi nepumpi
saspecifi
ctypeofcentrifugalpumpinwhichtherotating
impellerissurroundedbyaseri
esofstati
onerygui
depassingordiffusi
ngchannel
.These
takespl aceof&servethesamepurposeasavolutecasi
ngnamel ythetransf
ormationof
kineti
cenergytopressure.

Casi
ng:I
tisofcastironorcaststeelf
orhighheadsmadei nsucti
onhead. Togetherbybol
ts
betweentheendcoverwhi
chformtherespecti
velythesuctiondel
iverycharge.

Cutti
ngheight:I
taparti
cul
arboomangl e.
Itisverti
caldi
stancebetweenwheretheshovel
restandthetopmostpoi
ntofthebucketwheretheboomareattheirful
lextendedposi
tion.

Thedumpingradi
ous:
Ataparticularboomangleitisthehori
zontalatdistancebetweenthe
verti
calswingaxi
softhemainbodyi ftheshortandtheverticalcentrelineofthebacked
whentheboomareatthei
rfullextendedposi
tion.

Thediggingradious:Itisaparti
cul
arboom angleitisthemaximum hori
zontaldi
stance
betweenthetopofthebucket&verti calswi
ngaxisoftheshovel
.Athi
gherboomanglethe
di
ggingradiouswillbel
ower.

Bucketfi
llf
actor:
Iti
stheratiobetweentheactualvol
umeofthemateri
ali
nsi
dethebucket
inthevol
umeofthebucketwholemulti
pli
edby100.
Mathemati
call
y:
 32
Actualvolumeofmateriali
nsi
dethebucket
Bucketfil
lfactor=-------------------------------------------------------------
---x1 00
Volumeofbucket
Capaci
ty2.5to5m3.
Swellfactor:I
tistheratioofweightperunitvol
umeofsol
idrocki
nthebenchtothewei
ght
peruni
tvol umeoflooserockmassafterblasti
ng.

Bucketfactor:Wherethefi
llabil
ityisbecauseofsl
opeangleofthebench&alsodependsupon
thesizeofthebucket&itsdesign.I
tisdeterminedbyfi
eldobservati
on&experience.

Swingfactor:
Thestandardcycleti
meofash oveli
sbasedonits90°swi
ngf
orl
eadi
ngthe
cycleti
meofashovelwi
lli
ncrease&decreaseofangleofswi
ng.

Cycleti
me: I
tisthetotalti
metakesbytheshoveltocompl eteoneful
lcycl
eofoperati
on
starti
ngfromthecrowdingoperationi
ntotheface.
Swingdumping&agai
ncomebacktothe
faceforcrowdi
ngoperati
on.
 Diggi
ng+loading+hoi
sti
ng+dumping+swingbackti
me.

Ai
rl eg dri
ll:where compressed airi s the moti
ve power for dri
ll
s,airleg may be
advantageouslyusedtomountthecompressedai rdri
ll.Anai
rl egdril
lessenti
all
yalong
cyli
nderi nwhi
chapistonisactuatedbycompressedai
rcontroll
edvalvewhichi
salsousedto
releasetheairpressuretolowerthepositi
on.

Dumper:Theseareheavydutytruckswi thacontai nerbodyofsteelopenatthetopf

or
receivi
ngmateriall
oadedmechanicall
ybydragl ine,shoveletc.Al
lthedumpersareso
arrangedtol
iftthel
oadedbodyuti
li
zinghydraul
icpressure.

L.
H.D.
( LoadHaulDumps):
LHDisami ni
ngequipmentthatperf
ormsloadi
ng,hoi
sti
ng&dumping
aredischargi
ngblockmateri
al.
Itcombinestheoperati
onofl
oadi
ngmachines&ashuttl
ecar.

Shearerl
oader:Theshearerloadercutscoal&loadsi
tintoanarmouredfaceconveyoron
whichiti
smounted.Theshearerismountedonaf
ixedpl
ateprovi
dedwithbeari
ngpadswhich
restontheA.
F.
C.

Electri
ccoaldri
ll:
Thedril
lusedf ordril
li
ngholesincoal&simi
larsof
trockiselectri
cally
operatedandi
sofrotarytypesuchdril
lmanufacturedbyafewcompani
esl
ikeNAMC.
VOLTAS.

Shaftdrivenborehol espump:Inthesetypethepumpi ssuspendedatthebottom ofthe

deli
verypipeintheborehole&thedrivi
ngmotorisatgroundlevel.
Thepumpi
sbeingdri
venby
ashaftwhi chpassesdownthecenterofthedel
iverypi
pes.

Submersi
blepump:I
nsubmersiblepumptheelectri
cmotor&thepumpf romonecompactuni
t.
Thesuctionpi
peiseli
minated,butastrainerispl
acedbetweenthemotor&thepump.The
pumpselfconsi
stsofano.ofimpell
ermountedinashaf
tsupportedbybeari
ng.

Pi
pe:Theseareessentialforconveyi
ngfl
uidsassuchtheyarei ndi
spensabl
etomi ni
ng
operati
on.E
x.Watersuppl
y.Drai
nageaswel
lasf orcarryi
ngcompressedairrequi
ringfor
dri
lli
ngetc.