I

NDUSTRI
ALI
NSTRUMENTATI
ON

TEMPERATURE

Whatist
emperat
ure?
Degr
eeofhot
nessorcol
dnessoft
hebody
.

Units?
Celcius
Kelvin
Fahrenhei
t
Ranki n

Devi
cesusedt omeasur etemper at
ure?
 Expansi ont ypet
hermomet er:
1. Bimet all
ictype
Madeoft wodi f
ferentmet al
swhichhasdiff
erenttemperat
ure
coeffi
cient.ast emperatureincreasesthemet al
wil
lei
therexpandorcontract
corr
espondi ngt emperaturecanbemeasur ed.
2. Liquidexpansi ontype
Fi
lledincapil
larytubewi t
hliqui
dsuchasmer curywhichexpandsas
thetemper atureincr
eases.Hencet emperatur
ecanbemeasur ed.

 Pr essuretypet hermomet er:

1. Liqui
df i
ll
edt hermomet er
Fill
edi ncapi l
lar
yt ubewi thli
qui
dsuchasmer curywhi
chexpandsas
thetemperatureincreases.Hencet emper aturecanbemeasur ed.Li
quidsuch
asalcoholcanbeused.
2. Vapourpr essuret hermomet er
Ast emper atureincreasest hel
iqui dwil
levaporatemorebasedon
thi
sthetemper aturecanbemeasur ed.Volatil
eli
quidsuchasargon,but
ane
canbeused.
3. Gasf i
ll
edt hermomet er
Volumeofgaswi l
lincreasewithr espectt
ot hetemper
ature.gases
suchasnitrogenandhy drogenar eusedini t.

 Resist
ancet y
pet hermomet er:
1. RTD (sensor)
Itisusedt omeasur et emper ature.
Positi
vet empcoef fi
cient(tempi ncr easeresi
stancei
ncr
ease)
Outputint hefor
m ofr esistance.
Mat er
ialsused: plat
inum, nickel,
copper .
PT100-at0degr ees100ohmsr esistance
Range:-200t o850cel ci
us

Ty
pes:
a) 2wir
e:
Lessaccuracy
Twowi r
epr esentb/wdet ect
orandcont
rol
ler
Usedforshor tdi
stance(
lessdistb/
wdetectorandcont
rol
l
er)
 Nol
eadcompensat
ion
b) 3wi
re:
Medi um accuracy
Threewi r
epr esentb/wdet ectorandcontrol
ler
Usedf orlongdistance(moredi stb/wdetect
orandcont rol
ler
)
leadcompensat ionispresent
Ast hedistismor etherewillbemor eaddedr esi
stancein
output.t
oreduceer r
orthet wowi r
er esi
stancear eaddedanssubt racted
fr
om thethir
dwire.
c) 4wi r
e:
Highaccur acy
Fourwi representb/ wdetectorandcontroll
er
Usedf orlongdistance(moredi stb/wdetect
orandcont rol
ler
)
leadcompensat ionispresent
Ast hedistismor etherewillbemor eaddedr esi
stancein
outputtoreduceerrorthetwowi reresist
ancear eaddedanssubt r
acted
fr
om thetwowi r
e.

2. Ther
mistor(tr
ansducer)
Thermal+resi
stor
Passiveel
ement
0-100DEGREE
Types:
a) Negat
ivetemperat
urecoeffi
cient
(tempi
ncr
esi
stancedec)mostpr
efer
ed
b) Posi
ti
vet emperat
urecoeffi
cient
(t
empincr
esi
stancei
nce)

 Ther mocoupl e(transducer)

Posit
ivet emperaturecoeffi
cient(t
empincv ol
tageinc)
Outputinv ol
ts(mv)
Pri
ncipl
e: Seebackeffect
Whent wodi ssi
milarmetal
saretwistedandoneendiskeptathot
tempandanot heratcoldtempanemfi sinducedwi t
hispr
oport
ionalt
othe
temperature.

Seebackeffect-combinat
ionofpelt
ieref
fectandthompsonef
fect
Pelt
iereff
ect:
Absorpti
onorevol
utionofheatatjunct
ionoft
wodissi
mil
ar
metalsifacurrentexi
stsi
nthecir
cuit.

Types:
1. Type-
j(i
ronconstant
an)
2. Type-
k(chromium al
uminum)
3. Type-
s(pl
ati
num)
4. Type-
t(copperni
ckel
)

Ther
mocouplelaws:
a) Lawofint
ermedi
atemetal
s:
A<-Emf1->B<-Emf2->C
A<-Emf3=emf1+emf 2->C
b) Lawofint
ermedi
atetemper
atur
e:
Whenthi
rdmetalisi
ntr
oducedt
heemf1&2r
emai
nsunchangedunt
ilor
unl
esst
hei
ntr
oducedmet
alhassamet
emper
atur
easmet
al1&2.

Thermopi
l
es:
Seri
esoft
her
mocoupl
econnect
ed

 Py romet er
Noncont actty
petemper
aturemeasurement
Basedont heradi
ati
onemitt
edthetempismeasur
ed.
Types:
1. Optical

2. Radiati
on
Totalr
adiat
ionpy r
omet er
:
Radiat
ionfrom hotbodypassedtoconvexlenswhichf
all
sonthermopi
l
e.t
he
temperatur
eismeasur edandrecor
dinginst
rumentmeasuresi
t.

 Speci altemperaturei
ndi
cati
ngdevices:
1. Segarcones:
Astempi ncreasestheconewil
lbend
2. Crayons:
Col
ourwi l
lchangeast emperat
ureincr
eases.
3. Pell
ets:
Themat eri
al wi
llmeltast
emperaturei
ncreases.
 LEVEL

Whatislev
el?
Measurementofhei
ghtofal
i
qui
dinacont
ainer

Unit
s?
Cm,m,km
Feet
i
nch

Thr
eest at
esofmat
ter:
Sol
id
uni
t:kg,
g
Li
quid
Uni
t: l
,
ml
Gas
Uni
t:
m^ 3/s

Devicesusedt omeasur e:
 Mechani cal ty
pe:
a) Sightgl assmet hod:
Smalltubewi l
lbeconnect edwi t
hscale
Aslevel i
nt anki ncreasest hewat erint
ubeincr
eases
Hei
ghtcanbenot ed
b) Floatt ype:
Fl
oatwi lli
ncr easeasl evelincreases
Hei
ghtcanbemeasur ed
c) Bubbl erl evelmeasur ement :
Ai
rwi l
lbepassedi nt ube
Aslevel ofliquidincreasest heairfl
owwil
ldecr
ease
d) Different i
alleveltransmi tt
er:
Usi
ngdptl ev elcanbemeasur ed

 Elect r
icalt
ype:
1. Resistanceleveldet
ector:
Thewireinsidethebasewi l
lcontactwhenl
i
qui
disf
il
led.
2. Capaci t
anceleveldet
ector:
Capacitancewi ll
bemor ei
nempt ytank
El
ectrodewi llactasoneplat
eandwal loft
ankwi
llactasanot
herpl
ate.
3. Ultr
asoni cleveldet
ect
or:
Transmi t
ter-receiv
er
Basedont heamtofr aysr
efl
ectbackleveli
smeasured.

FLOW

Whati
sf l
ow?
Quant
it
yofsubst
ancet
hatf
lowt
hroughtt
hepi
peperuni
tti
me.
MOVEMENTORTRANSFEROFFLUI DSWITHINTHEPROCESS.

Uni
ts?
Lph
Cms(cubi
cmet erpersecond)
Gpm(gall
onspermi n)

Ty
pesoff
low:

St
eadyandUnst
eadyFl
uidFl
ow
St
eadyf low:
Pressure,vel
oci
tyandar
earemainsconst
ant
Unsteadyflow:
Pressure,vel
oci
tyandar
eachangeswithr
espectt
oti
me

Lami
narandTur
bul
entFl
uidFl
ow
Laminarfl
ow:
Fl
owbehav iourcanbeeasi
lyunderstood
Turbul
antfl
ow:
Fl
owi swit
hhi ghvel
oci
tyandseemst ochangewi
thi
rr
egul
arpat
ter
ns
Transi
ti
onflow:
Fl
owchangesf r
om l
aminartotur
bulantfl
ow

Uni
for
m andNon-
Uni
for
m Fl
uidFl
ow

Uni
for
mf low:
Vel
oci
tyofflui
disconst
antatanypointoff
lui
d.
Nonunif
ormf l
ow:
Vel
oci
tyofflui
dchangesateachinst
ance

Dev
icesusedt
omeasur
e:

 Var
iabl
eHEAD t
ype:
1. Ori
fi
ce:
Plat
ei nsertedintube
fl
owi smeasur edwithdpt
Typesofor i
fi
cepl ate:
I
. Concent ric( usedforslurr
ies-hol
einmiddl
eoft
heplate)
I
I. Eccentri
c( preventfrom cl
oggingofsol
i
d-holei
nbottom oft
heplat
e)
I
II
.Segment al (semi ci
rcl
einbot t
om-li
qui
dandgaseswithi
mpurit
ies)

2. Vent ur
i
Convergingend-t
hroat-div
ergi
ng
PressurecNanber ecov
ered

3. Fl
ownozzle
Hasconv
ergingend
Vel
oci
tyi
ncreasespr
essur
edecr
eases

4. Pi
tott
ube
Vel
oci
tyofthef
lui
dwi
l
lhel
pinmeasur
ingt
hef
low

 Var i
ableAREAtype:
1. Rotameter
:
Pl
acedv er
ti
cal
ly
Fl
owofwat erbot
tom totop
Fl
owincreasesfl
oatwil
lmov eup
Readi
ngscanbemeasur edfrom scal
e

 El ect
romagneti
cflowmet er
:
Pri
nci
ple: el
ectr
omagneti
ci nducti
on
Conducti
veliqui
dispassedi nit
Twocoi l
sarekeptatopp
Curr
entpassedgeneratesfields
Vol
tageinducedisproport
ionaltoflow

 Ultrasoni
cflowmeter:
Separ
ate: Tr
ansmitt
er-r
eceiv
er
Amtofr ay
sreceiv
edinrecei
veri
spr
opor
ti
onal
tof
low

 Openchannel fl
owmet er:
Ult
rasonictransmitterandrecei
vertoget
her
Therayshitgr oundandr ef
lectback.theamountofr
aysr
ecei
vedwi
l
lhel
pin
measuringf l
ow.
DISPLACEMENTFLOWMETER
Turbi
nef l
owmet er
Ovalgearflowmet er
Nutati
ngdisc
RotaryVanemet er
.
Heli
xmet er
SOLIDFLOWMETER
i
mpactpl ate
centri
petal
microwav ef
lowmeter
capacit
ivefl
owmeter

 Cor i
oli
s:(highfl
ow)
Thepipeswil
lshakeast
hefl
owhappens
Sensorwil
lcountt
henumberofosci
l
lat
ionwhi
chi
spr
opor
ti
onal
tof
low

 Massf
lowmet
er

SOLI
DFLOW MEASURI NGDEVICE:
 Beltty
peGravi
metri
cfeeder:
Knownweighti
skeptbasedonthisthefeederwil
lopensot
hatwei
ghtcanbe
measur
ed.
 Beltty
peGravi
metri
cfeederwithpneumat i
csyst
em:

Devi
cesusedt ocalibr
atefl
owmeasur
ingdevi
ce:
1. Mast ermeter:
Mastermet er
-standarddevi
ce
Twomet ersarekeptinseri
esandr
eadingar
ecompar
ed
2. Piperprover

PRESSURE

Whati
spressur
e?
For
ceexer
tedperpendi
cul
art
othesur
faceofanobj
ectperuni
tar
ea.

Uni
ts?
PSI
mmHg
Pa
Atm
Torr
bar
Kg/cm^2

Whati
sv accum gauge?
Dev
iceusedt omeasurepr
essur
ebel
owat
mospher
icpr
essur
elev
el.

Devi
cesusedtomeasur
evaccum pr
essur
e:
I
. Mcl eodgauge
I
I. Pi
ranigauge
I
II
.coldcathodety
pe
I
V.Ironi
zati
ongauge

Vaccum pr
essur
euni
t:
t
orr

Ty
pesofpr
essur
e:

Absolut
epressure:
Total
pressureexer
tedbyal
i
qui
dincl
udi
ngat
mospher
icpr
essur
e

Gaugepr essur
e:
Pressur
eabov eat
mospher
icpr
essur
e

Vaccum pressur
e:
Pressur
ebelowatmospher
icpr
essur
e

Di
ff
erenti
alpressur
e:
Pr
essuredif
ferencebet
weent
wopr
essur
es

Atmospheri
cpressur
e:
Forceexer
tedbythewei
ghtofai
rabov
ethesur
faceoft
heear
th.

Dev
icesusedt
omeasur
epr
essur
e:

 Mechani calt
ype:
1. Manomet er
DelP=r hogh.
2. Bar ameter
3. Mi cromanomet er
4. Inclinedmanometer

 El ast i
ctype:
1. Bour dont ube(highpressuremeasur ingdevi
ce)
Duet opressurecausedt hetubewi l
ldeform andneedl
ewilldef
lectand
pressurecanbemeasur ed.
2. Bellows
Abel lowsisaser i
esofi nt
erconnected,fl
exi
blechambersthatarejoi
ned
atoneend.Whenpr essureisappli
edt oonechamber ,i
tcausesthebellowsto
expand, compr essi
ngtheot herchamber s.Theamountofexpansionis
proport
ional t
ot heappli
edpr essure.
3. Diaphragm (lowpressuremeasuringdev i
ce)
Adiaphragm isathin,fl
exi
blemembr anethatseparatestwochamber s.
Whenpr essureisappli
edt oonesideofthediaphragm,itdefl
ects,causinga
changeintheposi ti
onofamechani call
inkageorelect
ri
cal t
ransducer.The
amountofdef lecti
onisproport
ionalt
otheappl i
edpressure.

Devi
cesusedtocal
i
brat
epr
essur
emeasur
ingdev
ice:
Deadweightt
est
er

DIFFERENTI ALPRESSURETRANSMI TTER

Outputintermsofcurrent4-20ma
Twodi ff
erentpr
essurewilldef
lectt
hediaphr
agm basedont
hist
heout
put
ter
mi nal
swi l
lgi
veoutput.

SPEED
Uni
ts?
Km/hr

Dev
icesusedt
omeasur
e:
 Tachometer

FORCE
Uni
ts?
Newton

Dev
icesusedtomeasur
e:
 Loadcell
 Strai
ngauge

TORQUE
Whati
storque?
Rot
ati
onal
mot i
on

Uni
ts?
Newton-
met
erNm

Dev
icesusedtomeasure:
 Strai
ngauge
 Magnat oel
ast
ict
orquetr
ansducer
:
Markmadeont heel
ement
Sensorwil
lsensethecount
Torquecanbemeasur ed

DENSI
TY
Uni
ts?
Kg/
m^ 3

Devicesusedt omeasur e:
 Densi tomer t
er:
Radiati
onsour ceemitrays
Detectorwil
lreceivet
her ays
Amtofr aysreceivedi
spr oport
ional
todensi
ty

VI
SCOSI
TY
Uni
ts?
Kg/
m^ 3

Dev icesusedt omeasur e:

 Say boltviscomer ter:
Liquidf rom tanki slettof l
ow
Timet akentof i
llt
hej arisnoted
Whent<100secs, v=0. 226t–195/tCent istokes
Whent>100secs, v=0. 220t–135/ tCentistokes
HUMI DITY
Ty pes:
1. Rel ati
ve:
amountofmoi stureint heairatapart
iculartemper at
uretothemaximum
moi stureaircanwi thstandatt hesamet emper atur
e.
{Relativehumi di
ty(RH)i sameasur eoft heamountofwat ervaporpr
esentin
theai rcompar edtot heamountofwat erv aportheaircoul
dholdatagiven
temper atur
e.Itisexpr essedasaper centage. }
2. Absol ute:
thewat ercont entofai risusedtomeasur et heweightofwatervaporperuni
t
volumeofai r.

Devi
cesusedt omeasure:
 Psy chometer
Twothermomet ers-wetanddr y
Wetclothwil
lbewoundar oundwett hermomet
er
Tempdi f
fwil
lhelpinfi
ndinghumi dit
y .
 Hai rhygr
omet er
Hai
rexplandsashumi di
tyincreases
Thi
swi l
ldefl
ecttheneedl
ei nhumi di
tyscale

MOI
STURE
Whati
smoisture?
Amountofwatercont
entpr
esenti
nmat
eri
al

Dev
icet
omeasur
e:
 Moi
stur
emet
er

ht
tps:
//i
nst
rument
ati
ont
ool
s.com/
fiel
d-i
nst
rument
ati
on-
int
erv
iew/

ELECTRONDEVI
CESANDCI
RCUI
TS

Whatissensor?
Conver
tsphysi
calparameteri
ntoel
ect
ri
cal
out
put
Example:
Temperat
uresensor,
pirsensor
.

WhatisTransducer
?
Conver
tsonef or
m ofenergyi
ntoanotherfor
m.
Example:str
aingauge,
loudspeaker
,microphone.

Whati
sTransmi
tter?
Tr
ansf
ersdataf
rom onedev
icet
oanot
herdev
icei
nal
ongdi
stance.

Whati
sTransf
ormer?
Usedt
otr
ansferel
ect
rical
ener
gyf
rom oneci
rcui
ttoanot
herci
rcui
tbyei
ther
st
eppi
nguporsteppi
ngdownthevol
tage.

Whati
sTransist
or?
I
tisasemiconduct
ordev
iceusedt
oampl
i
fyel
ect
roni
csi
gnal
s.

WhatisActuator?
I
tconvertel
ectri
calsi
gnalsi
ntophysi
cal
acti
ons.
Example:pneumaticactuat
or,hy
dral
i
cactuat
or.

Whatisresi
stance?
Whichopposest hef
lowofel
ect
rons.
Uni
t:ohms
For
mul a:
R=V/ I
Whati sresi
stor
?
Devicetoproducer
esi
stance.usedt
oli
mitcur
rent
,di
vi
dev
olt
ageand
generateheat.

Whatiscapaci
tance?
Abi
li
tyofacomponenttost
oreanddi
schar
geel
ect
ri
cal
char
ge.
Uni
t:f
arad
For
mula:C=Q/V

Whati
scapaci
tor?
Component
sthatstor
eel
ect
ri
cal
char
ge

Whatisinductance?
Abil
it
ytost or
eenergyint
hefor
m ofmagnet
icf
iel
d.‘
(emfinducedbyv ar
yingt
hecur
rent
)
Unit
:henry
Formula:
C=Vl/

Whati
sinductor
?
Componentdesi
gnedt
ogener
atemagnet
icf
iel
d

Whati
sconduct
ivi
ty?

Diode?
Wor ksonlyinforwardbi as-unidi
recti
onal
Twol ay
ers-ptypeandnt ype
Pt ype:majorit
ycarrierwil
lbeholes
Nt ype:majori
tycarri
erwi l
lbeelectrons
Barrierpotenti
al:
layerbetweenpt ypeandntype(
hassomemini
mum v ol
tage)
Inrev er
sebiastheci rcui
twill
beinof fcondi
ti
on.
Forwar dbias-ptypeconnect edwi t
hanodeofbatter
y,nty
peconnect
edwi th
cathodeofbat tery.

Zenerdiode?
Wor ksinforwar dandr eversebias- bi
dir
ectional
Usedf orvolt
ager egul
ation
Twot erminal -anode, cathode(blackli
ne)
Forwardbias-v oltagerequired-0.3-0.
7v( below0.3di
odeact
sasi
nsul
ator
)
Zenerbreakdown-
Voltageafterwhi chthedi odewi l
lstar
ttoconduct
Avalanchebr eakdown-
Breakdownoccur saf t
er8v oltagesupply

LEDdiode?
Worksinforwar
dbiasonl
y
Convert
select
ri
cal
energyi
ntol
i
ghtener
gy

LDR?
Whenl
ightf
all
sont
hedi
odet
hee-get
sexci
tedandmov
esf
rom v
alanceband
t
oconduct
ionband

Tunneldi
ode?
Madeofgermani
um
Conductsi
nfb
Conductsi
nrbwhenr
ever
sebr
eakdownv
olt
agebecomeszer
o

Varactordiode?
Behav esasv ari
abl
ecapaci
tor
Wor ksinreversebi
asonly

Photodi
ode?
Worksinr
ever
sebiasonl
y9o
Conver
tsel
ectr
ical
ener
gyint
oli
ghtener
gy

schott
kydiode?
Metalisdopedwithnty pesemiconductingmat
eri
al
Metalhase-andmi nor
itycarr
ierpresentinnt
ype-bot
hwi
l
lat
tr
actandf
orm
abarri
er
Widthofbarri
erpotent
ialwil
lbeverysmal l
Lessvolt
agerequir
ed

SCR?
Seli
con/semi conductorcont r
oll
edrect
ifi
er
FourlayerPNPN
Threeterminal dev
ice(junct
ion)
P-anode
Q-N-cathode
P-Gate
Currentfl
owf rom anodet ocathode(
unidir
ect
iondev
ice)
Mov ementoft wocar r
iers-holesande-(bi
pol
ardevi
ce)

Recti
fi
er?
Actodc
Types:
1. Halfwave-conduct
sonlyinforwardbi
asand+vehal
fingr
aphwi
l
lbe
notedasiti
sconductedonlyinfb.
2. Fullwave-t
wodiodesd1&d2
D1conductsinfb,d2conduct
si nrb
Boththecycl
eswil
lbeshowni ngraphbutbot
hin+v
ehalf.

Typesofbridges?
 Ac-measur einductanceandcapaci
tance
1. Anderson-measur einduct
ancebyvaryi
ngresi
stance
2. Maxwell -measureinduct
anceinter
msofcapacitanceandr
esi
stance
3. Scher
ing-measur ecapacitance
4. Wien’
s-measur efrequency
 Dc-measur eresist
ance
1. Wheatst
onebridge-measur
emedi um r
esi
stance=1ohm
2. Kel
vi
nsbridge-measureresi
stancebel
ow1ohm
3. Megger-measurehighresi
stance