CASES OF NOUNS

At one time in the English language, both nouns and pronouns changed form according to their use in a sentence.
CASE – is the form of a noun or pronoun that indicates its use in a sentence.
 Cases of Nouns
o Nominative
 Subject
 Predicate Nominative
o Objective
 Direct Object
 Indirect Object
 Object of the Preposition
o Possessive

NOMINATIVE CASE
 SUBJECT
o a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with.
o the center of thought in the sentence.
o can be usually found at the beginning of the sentence.
o the only part of speech that can function as subjects are NOUN and PRONOUN.
Examples:
1. People in stressful situation will often show symptoms of fatigue.

2. The shoppers and the salespersons felt the tension of the holidays and snapped at one another.

3. New York is the setting for many pieces of American Literature.

 PREDICATE NOMINATIVE
o a noun or pronoun that comes after the linking verb and renames the subject.

BE VERBS
 Am  Can be
 Is  Could be  Have been
 Are  May be  Has been
 Was  Might be  Had been
 Were  Must be  Could/should
 Am being  Shall be have been
 Are being  Should be  May/might/
 Is being  Will be must have been
 Was being  Would be  Will/would
 Were being have been

Examples:

1. Curt's favorite toy is his big truck.

2. An honest man should have been the leader of the country.

3. Liza’s favorite food are pizza and pasta.

OBJECTIVE CASE
 DIRECT OBJECT
o a noun or pronoun that is the recipient of the action of a transitive verb
o answers the question that starts with what or who.

Examples:

1. Dennis and Susan ate omelets for breakfast. (What did Dennis and Susan eat for breakfast?)

2. The chauffeur accidentally locked his keys in his limousine. (What did the chauffeur accidentally lock in his
limousine?)
 3. I called Agnes last night. (Who did I call last night?)

 INDIRECT OBJECT
o a noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive
verb.
o is the recipient of the direct object.
o It tells to whom or for whom the action is done.

Examples:

1. The man built his family a house.

2. Anne bought her son a new car.

3. The counselor sent your parents a letter about the seminar.

 OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION

o is a noun or pronoun that appears after a preposition.

Examples:

1. She lost her ring at the beach.

2. The book belongs to Anthony.

3. There is some milk in the fridge.

4. We located the key for the door.

5. I got a package from a friend.

 APPOSITIVE-
Is a noun or pronoun placed to another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain it.
Examples:
1. She did not care for his hobby, running.

2. My friend, Marilyn, broke her collarbone.

3. They gave my cousin, Susan, an award for her performance.

POSSESSIVE CASE
o shows possession or ownership.
o add ‘s or ‘ to the noun

Examples:
Student Student’s ID
Mike Mike’s apartment
Parents Parents’ Conference
Woman Woman’s accessory
Employee Employee’s salary
Jess Jess’ scholarship

1. Atomic Mass (Atomic Weight):

The atomic mass of an isotope is the sum of protons (atomic number) and neutrons in its nucleus.

Atomic Mass = Atomic Number (Protons) + Number of Neutrons

2. Number of Neutrons:
To find the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number (protons) from the atomic mass (rounded to the nearest whole
number).

Number of Neutrons = Atomic Mass (rounded) - Atomic Number (Protons)

The periodic table is organized into several families or groups of elements based on their similar chemical properties and
electron configurations. Here are some of the main families or groups in the periodic table:

1. **Alkali Metals (Group 1)**:

- Elements in this group include hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and
francium (Fr). They are highly reactive and tend to form +1 ions.

2. **Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)**:

- Elements in this group include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium
(Ra). They are less reactive than alkali metals and tend to form +2 ions.

3. **Transition Metals**:
- These elements are found in groups 3 to 12 and include metals like iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and gold (Au). They
have a wide range of properties and can form ions with various charges.

4. **Halogens (Group 17)**:

- Elements in this group include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). They are highly
reactive nonmetals and tend to form -1 ions.
5. **Noble Gases (Group 18)**:
- Elements in this group include helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). They are
colorless, odorless, and generally inert gases with full electron shells.

6. **Chalcogens (Group 16)**:

- Elements in this group include oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po). They exhibit a
wide range of properties and often form -2 ions.

7. **Lanthanides and Actinides (Inner Transition Metals)**:

- These are the two rows of elements at the bottom of the periodic table, often separated from the main table. The
lanthanides include elements from cerium (Ce) to lutetium (Lu), while the actinides include elements from thorium (Th) to
lawrencium (Lr).

These are some of the main families or groups in the periodic table, but there are more specific groups and categories based
on electron configuration and chemical behavior. The organization of elements into groups helps in understanding their
properties and chemical relationships.