PRONOUN

I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns are used instead of repeating the
name of the people:
  Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun Pronoun Adjective pronoun Pronoun
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its - Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourselves
They Them Their Theirs themselves
  John waved to Rita
(He waved to her)
 Mr. White and his children are burning the rubbish
(They are burning the rubbish)
 John saw Betty buying 3 rings this morning
(he saw her buying them this morning)
 I bought a novel yesterday. It is interesting
 The novel is interesting. I am reading it now

 I saw the novels last night. They were on the table

 The novels are interesting, but I have no time to read
them
Masculine nouns are replaced by “HE” and “HIM”
Feminine nouns are replaced by “SHE” and “HER”
Neuter nouns replaces “IT”
The pronoun ‘It’ is used for things and animals. The plural form

is “They”
Example: The policemen explained the law to the ladies
(He explained it to her)
Countries, cars, ships, and institutions are often referred to
in the feminine, using “she” and “her”

Example: - Japan gets most of her food supply from the sea
-The ship” Sea Star” sank at this spot. She was
carrying a cargo of coal
 II. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Mine My
Yours Your
His His
Hers Her
-- Its
Ours Our
Yours Your
Theirs their

Adjective Pronoun (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their) is
followed by noun
This is my house= that is mine
That is your bike= that is yours
 Possessive Pronoun can’t be followed by noun
Example: this is your ruler and that is mine
this is our uniform and that is hers
III. REFLEXIVE NOUNS
1.Indicates that the action is done by and to the same person
Subject Reflexive Pronoun
I Myself
You Yourself/ Yourselves
He Himself
She Herself
It Itself
They Themselves
We Ourselves
One Oneself
2.These pronouns are used to stress that the action
was performed without help from others
example: don’t worry. She can do it by herself
Simon prepares the breakfast himself

3. The meaning of doing the action alone is further

emphasized by using “by” with the emphasizing
pronoun
example: They built the house by themselves
 Example:
1. My mother cut herself when she was cooking
2. Be cool and control yourself
3. His birthday party was great. We enjoyed
ourselves
4. I can live by myself
5. He often goes the mountain by himself
6. We ourselves don’t know about the accident
{emphatic pronoun}
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Someone Somebody Something
Everyone Everybody Everything
Anyone Anybody Anything
No one Nobody Nothing

 “Some” and “something” refer to things.

 “Someone” and “ somebody” have the same meaning and
refer to persons.
 “None” is the pronoun form of “no”. “Nothing” means
“not any”, “no one” and “ nobody” refer to people
 “everything” and ”everybody” are pronouns which refer
to all things or persons
 THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLE
“THE”, “A” /”AN” are called Article.
 “THE” is the Definite Article.
 “A”/ “AN” is the Indefinite Article
The definite article is used :
1. referring to a particular person, thing, or group.
2. singular and plural, countable and uncountable noun
3. referring a noun which has been mentioned earlier
4. the noun mentioned indicates a certain group, a particular species or
thing
5. When there is only one of something
6. ‘The’ is usually used with canals, deserts, forests, oceans, rivers, seas, and
plural islands, lakes, and mountains.
7. Is usually used when the name of a country or state include the word
“OF” the type of goverment or a plural form
A”/ “AN” is the Indefinite Article
The Indefinite Art “a” become “an” when used before
words with vowel sound or a silent “h”
Example: a room an eagle a university
a train an hour an umbrella
a house/ a horse
“A” is used with singular countable nouns. It is used in
a general sense or to indicate “one”
Example: He gave me a ring as a gift
we live in an apartment
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
The demontrative adjective a nd pronoun are:
1. for objects nearby the spaker :
“This” (singular) “These” (plural)

2. For objects far away from the speaker:

“That” (singular) “Those”(Plural)
Demontrative are the only adjectives that agree in
number with their nouns
Example: that hat is nice / this house is big
those hats are nice/ these houses are solds
 VERB
Every sentence has at least one subject and one verb.
The verb is usually placed after subject.
The verb :
1. To be (is, am, are); was, were
2. Modal Auxiliary Verb (may, can, could, might,
will, would, shall, should, ought to);
3. Auxiliary Verb and Full Verb (do, does, did, have,
has, had);
4. Verb Word (eat, drink, come, study, etc).
Verbs indicate the person and number of the subject
and tense and voice (active and passive) of the action.
Verb is an action word

Subject and Verb as “Tobe” Subject and Verb as “Main Verb”

  SUBJECT VERB
PRESENT PAST
SUBJECT I go
You go
I am was
He goes
You are were
She goes
She is was
He is was It goes
It is was We go
You is were You go
We are were They go
They are were
Example:
The novel is on the table now
The novel was in my bag last night
The students are in the room now
The students were at home yesterday

Robert and Diana are from London

My brother always watches television on Sunday
My brother and my sister always watch television on Sunday
Either Charles or Steven likes oranges
Either Jane or Kimberly is pretty
Neither my sisters nor brothers live in Jakarta