FLUID DYNAMICS Or HYDRODYNAMICS.

Fluid dynamics-
The branch of physics that deals with the
study of fluids in motion is called fluid
dynamics of hydrodynamics.
Question.( )-
(i) What is streamline flow ?

(ii) Define streamline.

(iii) Define tube of flow.

(iv) Write some important properties of

streamlines.
(v) Why two streamlines cannot cross each
other ?

(vi) What is turbulent flow?

Ans( ):
(i) When the flow of fluid is such that the
velocity of every particle of the fluid at
any point is constant, then the flow is
said to be steady or streamline flow.
Or( )
When the flow of fluid is such that each
particle of the fluid passing a given point
moves along the same path and has the
same velocity as its predecessor, the flow is
called steady of streamline flow.
(ii) The path followed by the particles of a fluid
in a stream-line flow is called stream-line.
(iii) The bundle of streamlines having the same
velocity of fluid element over any cross-
section perpendicular to the direction of flow
of tube is called tube flow.
(iv) Properties of streamlines(
)-
(a). In a steady flow, no two streamlines can
cross each other.

(b). The tangent at any point on the streamline

gives the direction of the velocity of fluid-
particles at that point.
(c). Greater the number of streamlines passing
normally through a section of the fluid then
the larger is the fluid velocity at that section.

(d). Fluid velocity remains constant at any point

of a streamline, but it may be different at
different points of the same streamline.
(V)
If they intersect, then at the point of intersection,
the particle of the fluid will have two directions of
motion. This is not possible. Hence, two
streamlines cannot cross each other.
(Vi)
A flow of fluid in which velocity of all particles
crossing a given point is not the same and the
motion of the fluid becomes irregular or
disordered is called turbulent flow.
Q. What is laminar flow of a liquid ?

Ans( ):
In steady flow, the liquid flows over a horizontal
surface in the form of layers of different velocities,
then the flow of the liquid is called laminar flow.
Note:-
In general, laminar flow is a streamline flow.
Q. What is viscosity ?

Ans( ):
The property of a moving fluid(liquid of gas) to
oppose the relative motion between its layers is
called viscosity of the fluid or fluid friction.
Question.( )-
What is velocity gradient?

Ans.( )-
The rate of change of velocity with distance
is called velocity gradient.
That is,( ),
dv
velocity gradient( ) =
dx
Question.( )-
(a) Define coefficient of viscosity. Give its
dimensions, CGS and SI units.
CGS
CGS
(b) Give relationship between poise and
decapoise.
Ans( ):
Consider the flow of a liquid over the horizontal
solid surface, as shown in the figure.
Let, two layers AB and CD moving with velocities
v and (v + dv) at a distance x and (x + dx)
respectively from the fixed solid surface.

AB CD v (v +dv)
x (x +dx)
According to Newton’s, the viscous drag or the
backward force(F) between these layers depends-

(F)
(i) directly proportional to the area(A) of the
layer and
(A)
(ii) directly proportional to the velocity
gradient(dv/dx) between the layer and
(dv/dx)
Here h is called co-efficient of viscosity. It
depends on the nature of the liquid. Negative sign
shows that the viscous force acts in a direction
opposite to the direction of motion of the liquid.
h
If( ) A = 1 and( ) dv/dx = 1 then( )
h=F
Hence the tangential viscous force required to
maintain a unit velocity gradient between its two
parallel layers each of unit area.
(b) Units of coefficient of viscosity(
)-
(i) The CGS unit of h is dyne s cm-2 or g cm-1s-1
and is called poise.
h CGS dyne s cm-2 g cm-1s-1

1dyne s x 1cm
1poise = -2 -1 = dyne s cm-2
1cm 1cm s
If tangential force of 1 dyne and 1cm2 of the
surface is required to maintain a relative velocity
of 1 cm/s between two layers of the liquid 1 cm
apart is called 1 poise.
1 cm 1 cm/s
1cm2 1 dyne
1
(ii) The SI unit of h is N s m-2 or kg m-1s-1 and is
called decapoise or poiseuille.
h SI N s m-2 kg m-1s-1

1N s x 1m -2
1decapoise = = N s m
1m-2 1m s-1
If tangential force of 1 N and 1 m2 of the surface is
required to maintain a relative velocity of 1 m/s
between two layers of the liquid 1 m apart is called
1 decapoise or poiseuille.
1 m 1 m/s
1m2 1N
1
1decapoise = 10 poise
Question.( )-
How does the viscosity of (a) a liquid and (b)
a gas, vary with temperature ?
a b
Ans( ):
(i) The viscosity of liquids decreases with
increase in temperature and increases with the
decrease in temperature.

That is ( ), h  1/T
(ii) The viscosity of gases increases with an
increase in temperature and decreases with
the decrease in temperature.

That is ( ), h  T
Question.( )-
Distinguish between the velocity profiles of
non-viscous and viscous liquids.
Ans( ):
The surface obtained by joining the heads of the
velocity vectors for the particles in a section of a
flowing liquid is called a velocity profile.
(i) Velocity profile for non-viscous
liquid( )-
In the case of a non-viscous liquid, the
velocity of all the particles at any section of a
pipe is the same. Hence the velocity profile
for a non-viscous liquid is plane.
(i) Velocity profile for viscous liquid (
)-
In the case of a viscous liquid, the velocity of
the layer at the axis is maximum, the velocity
decreases as we go towards the wall of the pipe
and becomes zero for the layer in contact with the
pipe. Hence the velocity profile for a viscous
liquid is parabolic.
Question.( )-
What is meant by the critical velocity of a
liquid? On what factors does it depend?
Ans( ):
The maximum velocity of the liquid or fluid upto
which its flow is streamline is called critical
velocity.

Note:
The flow of fluid becomes turbulent if velocity of
flow is more than the critical velocity.
The critical velocity vc of a liquid flowing through
a tube is-
vc

kh
vc =
rD
Where k is a dimensionless constant. Thus the
critical velocity of a liquid depends on-
k

(i) Coefficient of viscosity of the liquid(h)

(ii) density of the liquid (r)
(iii) diameter of the tube(D).
(i) (h)
(ii) r
(iii) (D)
Question.( )-
What is Reynold’s number ? What is its
importance ?
Ans( ):
It is a dimensionless number which determines
the nature of the flow of the liquid through a pipe.
According to Reynold’s the critical velocity(vc) of
a liquid flowing through along narrow tube is-

vc
(i) directly proportional to the co-efficient of
viscosity(h) of the liquid,
(h)

(ii) inversely proportional to the density(r) of the

liquid, and
(r)
(iii) inversely proportional to the diameter of the
tube.
(D)
That is ( ),
vc  h
rD
Or( ),
vc = Rh
rD
Or( ),
vcrD
R =
h
Where R is Reynold number.
R
(i) If R < 2000, then flow is laminar.
R < 2000,
(ii) If R > 3000, then flow is turbulent.
R > 3000,
(iii) If 2000 < R < 3000, the flow is unstable. It
may change from laminar to turbulent and
vice-versa.
2000 < R < 3000,
Question.( )-
What is an ideal fluid?
Ans( ):
A fluid that is non-viscous, incompressible and
has a steady and irrotational flow is called an ideal
liquid.
Question.( )-
State and derive equation of continuity.
Ans( ):
Consider a non-viscous and incompressible liquid
flowing steadily between the X and Y of a pipe of
varying cross-section.
x y
Let a1 be the area of cross-section, v1 fluid
velocity, r1 fluid density at section A; and the
values of corresponding quantities at section B be
a2, v2 and r2.
A a 1, v 1,
r1 ; B a2, v2 r2
 As( ), m = Volume( ) x density( )

Or( ), m = Area of cross-section (

) x length( ) x density( )
Hence( ),
Mass of fluid that flows through section A in time Dt,
A D
Dt
m1 = a1 v1 Dt r1
Mass of fluid that flows through section B in time Dt,
B Dt
m2 = a2 v2 Dt r2
By conservation of mass,

m1 = m2
Or( ), a1 v1 Dt r1 = a2 v2 Dt r2
By conservation of mass,

m1 = m2
Or( ), a1 v1 Dt r1 = a2 v2 Dt r2
As the fluid is incompressible, so r1 = r2
r1 = r2
and hence( )
a1 v1 = a2 v2
Or( ), a 1 v1 = constant( )
Note:-
The equation of continuity expresses the law
of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics.
Question.( )-
Why does deep water run slow?
Ans( ):
As the depth of water in a river or a stream
increases, the area of cross-section available to
the flowing water increases. Consequently,
velocity decreases in accordance with the
equation of continuity. Thus deep water runs
slowly.
Question.( )-
State Stokes’ law. Deduce this law by the
method of dimensions.
Ans( ):
Stokes’ law( )-
When a body falls through a viscous fluid, it
produces relative motion between different layers
of the fluid. As a result, the body experiences a
viscous force that tends to retard its motion. This
retarding force increases with the increase in
velocity of the body.
According to Stokes’ law, the backward viscous
force acting on a small spherical body of radius r
moving with uniform velocity v through the fluid
of viscosity h is given by
h
v r

F = 6p h r v
Derivation of Stokes’ law.
( )
The viscous force F acting on a sphere
moving through a fluid may depend on

F
(i) coefficient of viscosity h of the fluid

(ii) Radius r of the spherical body

r
(iii) velocity v of the body
v
Let( ), F =k h r v -------- (i)
where k is a dimensionless constant. The
dimensions of various quantities are
k
[F] = [MLT-2], [h] = [ML-1T-1]
[r] = [L], [v] = [LT-1]
Substituting these dimensions in equations (i), we
get
(i)
[MLT-2] [ML-1T-1]a[L]b[LT-1]c
Equating the powers M, L and T on both sides, we
get

a = 1, - a + b +c = 1
-a - c = -2
On solving( ), a = b = c =1
F = khrv
For small sphere, k is found to be equal to 6p.
k, 6p
Hence( ),
F = 6p h r v
This is Stokes’ law.
Conditions under which Stokes’ law valid.

(i) The body is small, smooth, rigid and moves

slowly.

(ii) The medium is homogeneous and has

infinite extension.

(iii) There is no slip between the body and the

fluid.
Question.( )-
Explain how does a body attain a terminal
velocity when it is dropped from rest in a
viscous medium.

Ans( ):
When a body falls through a viscous fluid, it
accelerates initially due to gravity. As the velocity
increases, the retarding viscous force acting on it
also increases. A stage is reached, when the
weight of the body becomes just equal to the sum
of the upthrust and viscous force. Then no net
force acts on the body and it begins to move with
a constant velocity.
Question.( )-
(a) Define terminal velocity. Derive an
expression for it.

(b) Why air bubbles in a medium move in

upward direction?

Or( ):
Define terminal velocity. Show that the terminal
velocity v of a sphere of radius r, density r falling
vertically through a viscous fluid of density s and
coefficient of viscosity h is given by
r r
v s
h

2 (r – s)r2g
v =
9 h
Use this formula to explain the observed rise of air
bubble in a liquid.

Ans( ):
The maximum constant velocity acquired by a
body while falling through a viscous medium is
called terminal velocity.
Expression( )-
Consider a small sphere of radius r falling
freely through a viscous fluid.
Let( )-
s = Density of the material of the sphere

r = Density of the fluid

h = coefficient of viscosity of the fluid

Weight of sphere( ),
4
W = mg = ( p r3 r)g
3
4 3
Th = p r sg
3
At terminal velocity v( v ),
F = 6p h r v
We know that at the terminal velocity,(
),

W = Th + F
Rise of air bubbles in a liquid(
)-
The density of air bubbles is less than the
density of liquid i.e, r < s or (r – s) is
negative. Hence the terminal velocity is
negative or the bubble rises through the
liquid.

r< s r s
Question.( )-
What are different forms of energy possessed by a
flowing liquid ? Write expressions for them.

Ans( ):
A liquid in motion processes following three types
of energy :
(i) Kinetic energy( )-
The energy present in a fluid due to its
motion is called kinetic energy.

K.E = 1 mv2
2
K.E. per unit mass of the liquid(
1 mv2
) = 2 = 1 v2
m 2
Velocity head( )-
The kinetic energy per unit weight of the
liquid is known as the velocity head.

Velocity head( ) = 1 mv2 = v2

2 mg 2g
K.E. per unit volume( )

= 1 mv2 = 1 rv2
2 V 2
(ii) Potential energy( )-
The energy present in a fluid due to its
position is called potential energy.

P.E = mgh
P.E. per unit mass of the liquid(

mgh
)= m = gh
Potential head( )-
The potential energy per unit weight of the
liquid is known as the potential head.

mgh
Potential head( ) = = h
mg

P.E. per unit volume( )

= mgh = rgh
V
(ii) Pressure energy( )-
The energy present in a fluid due to pressure
of fluid is called pressure energy.

Pressure energy of volume V(V

) = PV
Pressure energy per unit mass(

PV P
) = =
m r
Pressure head( )-
The pressure energy per unit weight of the
liquid is known as the pressure head.

P
Pressure head( ) =
rg
P.E. per unit volume( )

PV
= = P
V
Question.( )-
State and prove Bernoulli’s theorem.
 Or( )
A liquid is in a streamline flow through a pipe of
non-uniform cross-section. Prove that the sum of
its kinetic energy, pressure energy and potential
energy per unit volume remains constant.

Ans( ):
According to this theorem the sum of pressure
energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per
unit volume for the streamline flow of an ideal
liquid remains constant throughout the flow.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as :

1
P + rv2 + rgh = constant( )
2
Note( ):
Bernoulli’s theorem is simply a statement of law of
conservation of energy applied to a liquid or gas
in motion.
Proof( ):
Consider an ideal fluid having stream-line flow
through a pipe of varying area of cross-section as
shown in figure.
Let P1 , A1 , h1 , v1 and P2 , A2 , h2 , v2 be the
pressure, area of cross-section, height and
velocity of flow at points A and B respectively.
P1 , A1 , h1 , v1 P2 , A2 , h2 , v2
From conservation of mechanical energy-

W = DU + DK
1 2 2
(P1 - P2)DV = Dmg(h1 - h2) + Dm(v1 - v2)
2