ç u¹‫ ا‬a u¹‫ ا ا‬ç

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) ‫ﻡ‬ ‫رﺱ ا‬¹‫ ;ﺱ وا ل‬¹‫ا ل‬¹ ¹>¹‫ی‬

: ęnt‫א אد‬ccĭ‫ و‬,¾

,s ÷‫ ; א‬ę ¿ç ,s ç ¿ç c í
BSC ygçĭ 5çż÷c‫ و‬ẽc çę ‫س‬ccgg
,çęã ç ‫ אل*÷א‬ẽc çę5 ‫و‬çż÷c ,‫د‬
‫!א‬

1
 ‫‪ ẽzç÷ 0 c*zg ,ę*c‬אل*÷א‬
‫‪,*ę‬‬
‫‪MS‬‬
‫‪BTS‬‬
‫‪Antenna‬‬
‫‪BSC‬‬
‫‪BTS‬‬
‫‪MSC‬‬

‫‪MS‬‬

‫‪BSC‬‬
‫‪MS‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪CELL RF Channels‬‬ ‫‪Abis - 2 MBits/s‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺡ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ MS -‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ CELL -‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺝ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻹﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ BTS -‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺝ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Antenna -‬ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻭﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ‪) MS‬ﺃﻨﺘل( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ BSC -‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ‪ BTS‬ﻭﻝﻠـ ‪MS .‬‬
‫‪ - MSC‬ﻤﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ PSTN -‬ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ‪ PLMN ,‬ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ E1 -‬ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺍﺴل ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ‪ 2.048‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺕ ‪/‬ﺙ‬
‫‪(European digital transmission format standard 2.048 Mbps) .‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺸﺎﻫﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﺝ ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝـ ‪ ANTENNA‬ﻹﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ )ﺩﺵ( ‪ MICROWAVE‬ﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺝ‬
‫‪ BTS‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻝـ ‪ BSC‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺸﻭﺵ ﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻴﻼﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻭﺍﺯل ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒـ ‪SITE OF LINE‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻝﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻭﺴﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺝ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻺﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺇﻝﻲ ﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻭﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪120‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS‬ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺴل ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﺄﻝﻑ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﺭﺴﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS‬ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝـ ‪ BSC‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺨﺩﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS's‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﻴﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻭﻜل ‪ BTS‬ﻴﺨﺩﻡ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺍﺒﻌﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻐﻁﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ‪ 8‬ﻜﻡ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺯﺩﺤﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS‬ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻲ ﻴﻐﻁﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 120‬ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ) ‪ (BTS's 3‬ﻝﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 360‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ‪:‬‬
‫ﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﻤﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭ ‪،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻭﺇﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ‪،‬ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺭﺴﺎﻝﻬﺎ ‪،‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ‪،‬ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﻝﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ) ﺍﻝﻭﻫﻤﻴﺔ ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺍ ﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ‪ ,‬ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺴﺩﺍﺴﻲ ﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺤل ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻡ ﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺏ ‪ F‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﻜل‬
‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻝﺞ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ‪ 4‬ﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﺞ ‪ 32‬ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺤﻁﺔ ) ‪Transceiver Base‬‬
‫‪ ، (Station BTS‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪،WPAN Network) Area Personal (Wireless‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻻﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) ﺤﺎﺴﺏ ‪ PC‬ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺸﺨﺼﻲ ‪..‬ﺍﻝﺦ ( ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ) ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ ( ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺘﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ‪،‬ﻻﻥ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻭﺘﻭﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻀﻴﻕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭﺍ ‪،‬ﻝﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪ Network Area Local Wireless WLAN‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻜل ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻤﻐﻁﻲ ﺒﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪ WLAN‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﻌل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ‪ K‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ 100‬ﻤﺘﺭ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻴﺔ ‪: Telephones) Mobile & (Cellular‬‬

‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺭﺴﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻼﺴﻠﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺴﺎل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻭﺤﺎﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺄﺨﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻌﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺄﺨﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻨﻀﻭﺝ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻝﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻝﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻴﺔ ‪ cellular( )telephone‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﻓﻜﺭﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ (‪ )cells‬ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻑ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻋﺩﺓ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻝﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﻐﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ‪ base( )station‬ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻝﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺤﻤﺎﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻠﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ )50‬ﻤﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺭﺘﺯ( ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﻲ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻭﻝﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﺘﺼﺎل ﻻﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻘﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺨﻼﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻘﻭﺩ (‪ )cluster‬ﻭﺒﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﻴﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺒﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺒﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻀﺎﺀل ﻗﻭﺓ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﺫﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺸﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻝﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ‪ MSC‬ﻭﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻴﺔ ‪ BSC‬ﻝﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﻲ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪..‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ )ﺨﻼﻴﺎ(‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻤﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﺭﺴﺎل‬
‫ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎل ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﻤﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﺝ ﻭ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﻀﻡ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭﻴﺔ ‪,‬ﻭﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺒﻠﻜﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻭ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﺴﺩﺱ ﻜﺎﻤل ( ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﻤﻠﻙ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻀﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻴ ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ‪ ,‬ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻠﻙ ﺤﺎﻤل ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ‪ 832‬ﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫)ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺩﻭﺒﻠﻜﺱ( ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪395‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﺤﺎﻤل ‪42 ,‬ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻭ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻠﻙ ‪ 56‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝـ ‪ 56‬ﺸﺨﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺜﻭﺍ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻹﺭﺴﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰﻼ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪ TDMA‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ‬
‫ﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﻤﻠﻙ ﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪ 168‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺝ ﺘﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻭ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜل ﺤﺎﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻘﺴﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ " ﻤﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل‬
‫" ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎل‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺩ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻫﺎﺘﻑ ﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﻴﻤﻠﻙ ﻜﻭﺩ ﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﻭ ﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻤﺯﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻨﻙ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻫﺎﺘﻑ ﻨﻘﺎل ﻭﺍﺘﺼل ﺒﻙ‬
‫ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻙ ﺇﻝﻴﻙ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺤﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﺼﻐﺎﺀ ﻝﺭﻤﺯ ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﺍﻝـ ‪System‬‬
‫‪ SID Code) (Identification‬ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﻠﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﻭل ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺒﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ ‪ ,‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻝﻭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺘﻠﻘﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ‪ SID‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝـ ‪SID‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺭﻤﺠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻴﺭﺴل ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺴﻡ ‪ MSC‬ﺒﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ‪ ,‬ﻁﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﻹﺭﺴﺎل ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﻝﻙ ﻤﺜ ﹰﻼ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝـ‪ BSC‬ﺒﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻝﻙ ﻭ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻙ ﺯﻭﺠﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﺘﻙ ﻝﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺘﻙ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ ﻭ ﺒﺭﺝ ﺍﻹﺭﺴﺎل ﺒﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﻝﻺﺭﺴﺎل ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻠﻴﻡ ) ‪or handoff‬‬
‫(‪ handover‬ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻴﺤﻤل ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﺨﻭﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻀﻌﻑ ﻭ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﻙ‬
‫ﻝﻬﺎ)ﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺢ ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﻝﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ﺴﺒﻌﺔ( ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻤﺴﺢ ﺸﺎﻤل ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻙ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻔﻙ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝـ‬
‫‪BSC‬ﺒﺈﻋﻼﻡ ﻫﺎﺘﻔﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻨﻙ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻁﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﺝ ﺇﻝﻲ ﺒﺭﺝ ﺃﺨﺭ ‪: Handover‬‬

‫‪BTS-1 – BSC-1 – MSC – PSTN‬‬

‫‪BTS-1‬‬ ‫‪PSTN‬‬
‫‪BSC-1‬‬

‫‪BTS-2‬‬

‫‪MSC‬‬
‫‪VLR‬‬
‫‪BTS-3‬‬
‫‪HLR‬‬

‫‪BTS-4‬‬ ‫‪BSC-2‬‬

‫‪BTS-5‬‬ ‫‪Handover‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 BTS-2 – BSC-1 – MSC – PSTN

BTS-1 PSTN
BSC-1

BTS-2

MSC
VLR
BTS-3
HLR

BTS-4 BSC-2

BTS-5 Handover

BTS-3 – BSC-2 – MSC – PSTN

BTS-1 PSTN
BSC-1

BTS-2

MSC
VLR
BTS-3
HLR

BTS-4 BSC-2

BTS-5 Handover

9
 ‫‪BTS-4 – BSC-2 – MSC – PSTN‬‬

‫‪BTS-1‬‬ ‫‪PSTN‬‬
‫‪BSC-1‬‬

‫‪BTS-2‬‬

‫‪MSC‬‬
‫‪VLR‬‬
‫‪BTS-3‬‬
‫‪HLR‬‬

‫‪BTS-4‬‬ ‫‪BSC-2‬‬

‫‪BTS-5‬‬ ‫‪Handover‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻭﺍل ‪: ROAMING‬‬
‫‪ SID‬ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺯﻨﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻔﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻙ ﺘﺘﺠﻭل ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻋﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻨﺕ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝـ ‪ MSC‬ﻝﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻭ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺒﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻝـ ‪ MSC‬ﻝﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻨﺕ ﻤﺴﺠل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻝﻙ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ )ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ( ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺨﺩﻤﺘﻙ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻼل ﺜﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﻴﹰﺎ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺘﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ – ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل )ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺤﺎﻤل(‬
‫‪Time division multiple access (TDMA)‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻲ – ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل )ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ‪(.‬‬
‫‪Code division multiple access (CDMA)‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯﻱ – ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ) ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﺭﻤﺯﹰﺍ ً ﻤﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺘﻌﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ( ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪FDMA‬‬
‫ﺘﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻁﻌﹰﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤ ﺘ ﺴ ﺎ ﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺴل ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻝﻺﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻝﻺﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪TDMA‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﻝﻴﹰﺎ ﻫﻭ ‪ IS-54‬ﻭ‪-IS‬‬
‫‪136‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﻀﻴﻕ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ‪ (30‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻫﺭﺘﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 6.7‬ﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺔ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﻴﻭ ﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﹰﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﺩﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺯﻤﻨﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ‬

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‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺴﺎل ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪TDMA‬‬
‫ﺒﻨﻅﻴﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ‪ IS-54‬ﺘﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ ‪ 800‬ﻤﻴﻐﺎ ﻫﺭﺘﺯ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ‪ IS-136‬ﻓﺘﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ ‪ 1900‬ﻤﻴﻐﺎ ﻫﺭﺘﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ‪ GSM‬ﻭ ﻝﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴل ‪ TDMA‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻐﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ‪ IS-136‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ‪ GSM‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻔﻴﺭ ﻝﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺃﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ ﻭﺃﺴﻴﺎ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﻭ ‪ 900‬ﻭ ‪ 1800‬ﻤﻴﻐﺎ ﻫﺭﺘﺯ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫‪ 1900‬ﻤﻴﻐﺎ ﻫﺭﺘﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ‪ GSM‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﻝﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻐﻁﺎﺓ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﺘﻔﹰﺎ ﻨﻘﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺃﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺤل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻀﺒﻁ ﻜﺭﺕ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ‪SIM‬‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻴﺴﻙ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺨﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﺯﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪CDMA‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝـ ‪ TDMA‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻜﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺭﻤﺯ ﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﻲ ﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺜﻭﺭ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﺴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻗﻁﻊ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻝﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﺴﻠﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺘﻨﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺭﻤﺯ ﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺩ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴل ﻭﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ ‪CDMA‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝـ‬
‫‪GPS‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﻥ ‪ 8‬ﺤﺘﻰ ‪ 10‬ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﻤﺯﺓ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ‪ IS-95‬ﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺨﻼل ﻜ ﹰﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﺔ ‪800‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪ 1900‬ﻤﻴﻐﺎﻫﺭﺘﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ CDMA‬ﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﻜل ﻝﻶﺨﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜ ﹰﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﻥ ‪TDMA‬‬
‫ﺯ ﻴ ﺎﺩ ﺓ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺔ ‪ CDMA‬ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺠﻴﺞ ﻝﻠـ ‪ TDMA‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝـ‬
‫‪TDMA‬ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﻤل ﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﻭ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ‪. CDMA‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
‫;‪o‬ز ‪ s‬ل‪ ¹‬ر ا >‪ y¹‬اﻝ÷‪u‬ا;‪ s‬اﻝ ‪:# ¹ 01‬اﻝ أو‪-.a‬اﻝ ت‪: (configuration) ¹>¹ ¹‬‬ ‫÷‪u‬ح ‪u‬‬

‫ﻡ ‪7¹‬ﻝ‪D: ¹>¹5 -.‬م‪o; ¹‬ز ‪. s‬وﺡ <‪=#‬اﻝ >‪;?-‬اﻝ ت‪¹‬ه‪;:¹‬ا د‪a:¹‬ا ‪7¹‬ﻝ ‪ F¹:;¹9‬ﺡ‪ JG‬ﻡ ا‪4‬وه ﺝ‪.¹‬اﻝ‪yaG ¹‬‬
‫‪L‬ﻝ‪ O o¹;¹‬و ‪u‬ﻡ‪ N‬ﻝﮫ ‪L‬ـ ‪ configuration‬و ‪o¹‬ن >‪÷ y¹‬م‪¹5‬أر ‪:>L 7aS 7¹‬اﻝ ﻡ‪;¹ + )6+5+6(N¹9 >#‬ا‬
‫وا‪:;X‬ة‪o;¹ >¹> Y¹- ¹‬ر )‪ (sector‬و ‪=a‬ا ‪ F¹:;7‬اﻝ‪o9‬اﻝـ أو ‪;0‬ا ‪ Antenna‬ص‪:¹‬اﻝ ‪L‬ﻝ‪. -.a¹‬‬
‫وآ‪ ¹a ¹:¹5‬إن ا‪^;:¹‬ه‪¹‬ت <‪ <#‬إذا ‪1`¹‬د اﻝ‪o;¹G‬ر <‪ <#‬و ‪ Y¹- ¹9>¹> A‬و ‪ B‬و ‪ C‬أو أﻝ‪ ¹S‬و ‪ L>;¹‬و ﺝ‪¹‬ﻡ‪. ¹‬‬
‫وأ‪>:T: ¹‬ﻡ‪ ;:uD ¹‬إﻝ‪ y‬اﻝ‪ub‬ج اﻝ‪:¹‬ص ‪¹L‬ﻝ‪:o‬ال ‪ ;:¹‬ه‪:¹‬ﻝ‪ d‬اﻝـ ‪ Antenna‬و ‪ ;:¹‬آ‪ 7‬ﻡ‪ :¹9‬ﻡ‪;:9‬ﮫ إﻝ‪ y‬ﺝ‪: 9‬‬

‫وآ‪>o;¹ 7‬رأو )آ‪ 7‬ا(‪F¹:; eb;u ¹`L‬د ﻡ‪ `>O‬ﻡ‪ O‬اﻝـ ‪ TX‬ﺡ‪ JG‬ﻡ‪ u:¹ ¹‬وﺡ‪ JG‬ﺡ‪¹‬ﺝ آ‪ 7‬ا‪ ;:F¹‬وه‪4‬ا ﻡ‪yaG ¹‬‬
‫‪L‬ﻝ‪ configuration O÷ u:S:o¹¹‬و;‪ F¹:‬ﻡ‪o;¹‬ب >‪ y¹‬اﻝ‪ -.a‬ﻡ ‪ 01‬أو‪ f¹‬ا‪X‬آ‪G‬ص‪:¹‬اﻝ ‪L 7‬ﻝ‪oa¹‬ا‪s5‬‬
‫وﻡ‪o‬اﺹ‪¹S‬ت آ‪ 7‬ﻡ‪ , s5o‬و ‪ d>->j‬ﻡ‪=¹‬ل آ‪¹‬ﻝ‪;¹‬ﻝ‪: 0‬‬

‫س ‪ /‬ﻡ‪ .-‬اﻝ‪ ÷u:S:o¹ O‬اﻝ‪:¹‬ص ‪ ¹9L‬ه‪ o 6+6+6‬؟ ﻡ‪¹‬ذا ‪ `:0‬ذﻝ‪ d‬؟‬

‫ه ‪ /‬ج‪ F4‬ا‪X‬م‪¹5‬ر ;‪=a‬اﻝـ د‪ TX 7 >¹‬ﻝ‪o;¹> 7¹‬و ر; ‪u‬ﻡ ا‪ O‬اﻝ>‪G‬ر‪o;¹> ¹‬ر ‪o;. A‬ي >‪> y¹‬د‪6 (TX) ¹‬‬
‫و‪L‬ـ ‪o;. B‬ي >‪ (TX) y¹‬و ‪o;. C 6‬ي >‪. 6 (TX) y¹‬‬

‫ﻡ‪=¹‬ل أﺥ‪: u‬‬

‫س ‪ /‬ﻡ‪ .-‬اﻝ‪ ÷u:S:o¹ O‬اﻝ‪:¹‬ص ‪ ¹9L‬ه‪ o 6+5+0‬؟ ﻡ‪¹‬ذا ‪ `:0‬ذﻝ‪ d‬؟‬

‫ج ‪o;¹> /‬ر ‪o;. A‬ي >‪> y¹‬د‪ (TX) ¹‬و ‪L6‬ـ ‪o;. B‬ي >‪ 5 (TX) y¹‬و ‪ ^ C‬وﺝ‪o‬د ﻝﮫ ‪X:‬ﮫ ‪ .7a‬اﻝ‪ç5u‬‬
‫ﺹ‪ uS‬وه‪4‬ا ‪ `:0‬أن ه‪4‬ا اﻝ‪.s5oa o‬ي ‪ e 1‬ا‪O>:< o;¹‬ر واﻝ‪=¹‬ﻝ÷ ^ ﺡ‪¹‬ﺝ ﻝﮫ وﻝ‪^ ¹:‬زم ‪ J;¹‬و ‪u‬ﻡ‪ N‬ﻝﮫ ‪uSaL.‬‬

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BTS and Signal Propagation
Cell Configuration : d‫ ذﻝ‬7‫` آ‬:0 ‫ذا‬¹‫ وﻡ‬s ‫;ز‬o‫ اﻝ‬O‫ة ﻡ‬¹S;¹‫اﻝ‬
e 1 ‫ت‬¹a‫ﻝ‬¹¹‫ ﻡ‬8 ‫ل‬¹b ; ‫ﮫ ا‬TX :¹a 7‫ وآ‬TX ‫ اﻝـ‬O‫>` ﻡ‬O‫>د ﻡ‬y¹> ¹ ‫;ي‬.;BTS o ‫ﮫ‬b>:‫ آ‬7‫آ‬
TX 5 ¹‫ >د‬y¹> ‫ي‬o;. A ‫ر‬o;¹> ‫ن‬jL d¹ ‫ذﻝ‬:`a1 5+5+5 o‫ ه‬O÷ u:>S:o¹‫آ ذا‬¹‫اﻝ ن‬s1
: 0‫ ه‬A ‫ر‬o;¹ )Capacity( ` ‫ت إذا‬¹a‫ﻝ‬¹¹‫ ﻡ‬8 ‫ل‬¹b ; ‫> ا‬y¹ ‫رة‬¹ ‫ ﻝﮫ اﻝ‬:Ga‫ اﻝ‬O‫ ﻡ‬TX 7‫وآ‬

(( ',40 ‫ﻡ‬$¹#"2 01 ‫و‬/÷ ‫ = وا‬TX 5 ('‫ا د‬#‫ ) * ـ‬8 ('‫ا د‬#"$¹#"¹‫)ت‬

. LM‫ی‬#$3KiI:p‫ا ا‬#F: ‫رات‬p6‫آ‬#~¹‫> ا‬2i‫ا ﺏ‬$:‫ وه‬$¹#"2‫ ﻡ‬40 ‫~ل '(د‬¹A>6‫رة ;<( ا‬#>'‫ﻪ ا‬# A ‫~ر‬p6$ ‫أي أن‬

Down link T
R
Omni
935-960 MHZ
Radiation
R

To
BS 10
Uplink
890-915 MHZ

3 sectored
3 sectored BTS 1 sector Radiation
Radiation

15
 ‫)‪(BTS‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ‪Station Transceiver Base‬‬

‫÷رﺝ‪:¹‬اﻝ ‪: 0¹9¹¹‬‬

‫ﻡ ‪:¹ 01‬ی'‪#‬و‪>R:‬ا ‪ Li(p: PiQ>#2‬ﻡ‪ L‬ـ‪#‬ا‬

‫‪ BTS‬ﻡ‪ L‬ﺹ‪ W:‬آ‪3‬ﺵ‪ U:"i~ 2‬وأ‪3T‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ L‬ﺹ‪ :W‬ﺵ‪3‬آ‪ 2‬ه‪p‬اوي ‪.‬‬
‫وا‪#:p‬ع ا‪ 3TZ‬ی;"~ ‪ RBS‬وه‪:p p‬ع‬
‫ﻡ‪ L‬ا‪#‬ـ ‪ BTS‬ﺹ‪ :W‬ﺵ‪3‬آ‪ 2‬اری‪$~p‬ن ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪BTS Base Transceiver Station‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ ‪ Antenna‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻴﺘﺼل ﻤﻊ ﻜﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻔل ﻋﺒﺭ ﻜﻭﺍﺒل‬
‫ﻨﺤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻜﻭﺍ ﻜﺴﻴل ) ‪Cables ,(Coaxial‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ‪LDF5‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‪. LDF7‬‬

‫ﻭﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻝﻙ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻜل‬
‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻁﻭﺍل ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻠﻜل ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻜﻴﺒل ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺘﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻭﺒﻠﻴﻜﺴﺭ )ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﻤﻔﻜﻙ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ( ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻜﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝـ ‪ ) BTS‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺴﻴﻤﻨﺯ ‪ FDUAMCO‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻫﻭﺍﻭﻱ (‪DDPU‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﺒﻠﻴﻜﺴﺭ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻜﺱ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪) TX‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺴﻴﻤﻨﺯ ‪ CU‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻫﻭﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ ( DTRU‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻤﺒﺎﻴﻨﺭ )ﻤﺠﻤﻊ (ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻨﺯﻤﻴﺸﻥ )ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺴل ‪(.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻭﻴﻔﻴﺔ )ﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل ﻻﺴﻠﻜﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻋﺎﻝﻲ ‪ GHz (7‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻴﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS‬ﺒﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻨﺤﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻝﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﺘﺭﺍﺴل ‪ ( )Transmission‬ﻝﺘﺭﺒﻁ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝـ ‪ BTS‬ﻭ ﺍﻝـ‪ MSC‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩ ‪ E1‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺎﻝـ ‪. Channel‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺴل ﺃﻭ ‪ Transmission‬ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﻭﻴﻑ ‪ GHz /23 15‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﺒﺭ ﺃﻭﺒﺘﻴﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
 : ‫ ﻭﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍل‬BTS ‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝـ‬

#AM$2‫ﻪ ا‬pa#‫ﻪ أو ﺕ‬# ~"_‫ أن ﺕ‬t‫ ;<( أﻡ‬AM#¹$2‫ ﺏ‬tQ6‫]ول أن ی‬¹‫ﻪ ی‬MS :^1 ‫ال‬#pK‫ ا‬:t\M ¹‫(ﻡ‬:'
‫ال‬pK‫ ﺕ‬,¹#2 01 :÷‫ إذا آ‬,6; ‫م أو‬Z‫ ا‬#2A~:#¹ d6$AM‫" أن ی']ث ﺏ‬$L‫ا ی‬:‫ وه‬¹‫ارده‬p‫~ام ﻡ‬a6'‫ ا‬L‫ﻡ‬
.‫م‬Z‫ ا‬d6$A3 ‫ﺵ‬i: ‫ﻪ‬$A‫ﻡ‬¹‫'ﺵ ت‬T ‫'م‬a6~‫ ﺕ و‬roaming
:mI 01 ‫دة‬p‫ﺝ‬#"p‫ ا‬BTS ‫ـ‬#‫ ا‬W‫ل ﻡ‬¹Q‫ﺕ‬j‫ل ا‬L kT‫ ﻡ‬#t"l‫ا ا‬F:‫>م ﺏ‬p‫ ی‬MS ‫ال‬#pK‫ز ا‬¹F‫إن ﺝ‬
. ‫ال‬#pK‫ا ا‬:‫ ه‬¹F‫اﺝ' ﺏ‬p6‫ ی‬#06‫ ا‬#":R>2‫\ ا‬0R‫ ﺕ‬#06‫ ا‬BTS‫ـ‬#‫ ا‬3T‫" أ‬l:;‫ن أو ﺏ‬#"$¹‫ا‬
‫ط‬#6>¹‫ ا‬L‫ ﻡ‬MS ‫ال‬#pK‫ ا‬d# Li$"6#‫ددات و ذ‬#36‫~ل ا‬¹‫ إر‬nA‫(دي ﺏ‬¹i6‫ ا‬t$M‫ ﺏ‬BTS's ‫ـ‬#‫>م ا‬p‫ﺕ‬
‫ى‬p/Z‫رة ا‬¹‫ﺵ‬p‫ا‬
‫ا‬:‫~ل ه‬¹‫م ﺏ^ر‬/p ¹Fi<( ¹‫ ه‬#06‫ ا‬L‫ ﻡ‬tA1‫رة أ‬¹‫ذا وﺝ' إﺵ‬1^ ‫رة‬¹‫ﺵ‬p‫ة ا‬/p ‫>س‬¹i‫ال ﺏ‬#pK‫>م ا‬p‫و ی‬
‫ى‬BTS's 3i1 ‫ـ‬#< /u‫ا‬3‫ ﻡ‬p‫ي ه‬#:‫ ا‬BSC ‫ـ‬#‫ ا‬#;‫ إ‬¹F<~3‫ ی‬α‫ ﺏ'ور‬BTS‫ـ‬#‫ و ا‬BTS ‫ـ‬#‫ ا‬#;‫س إ‬#>¹i‫ا‬
P6‫ ی‬#d‫( ذ‬:' '‫ی‬#K'‫ ا‬BTS ‫ـ‬#‫ ا‬#;‫ال إ‬#pK‫<~ ا‬P‫]ﻪ أو ی‬p#‫" ی‬$L‫ ﻡ‬BTS‫ـ‬#‫ ا‬3ii\6# 01‫ا ا‬:‫ن ه‬¹‫إذا آ‬
‫ـ‬#‫ ا‬WA6‫ ی‬j '‫ی‬#K'‫ ا‬BTS ‫ـ‬#‫ إذا ا‬#$L‫ و‬Handover 3‫>ی‬2 ‫ا ;"~ﺕ‬#‫ـ‬R#‫ ا‬α:‫'وه ة'ی‬K#2 ‫ا‬i<a<# Pi<~6#‫ا‬
'‫ی‬#K'‫ ا‬BSC ‫ـ‬¹#‫ل ﺏ‬¹Q‫ﺕ‬j‫ ا‬p‫ وه‬#":u~¹‫اء ا‬3‫ﺝ‬p‫ ا‬MSC :TZ #;‫ إ‬3‫ﻡ‬Z‫ ا‬W13‫ﻪ ی‬¹1: #]¹#0‫ا‬BSC
‫ـ‬#‫ن ا‬j '‫ی‬#K'‫ ا‬BTS ‫ـ‬#‫ ا‬#0‫ال إ‬#pK‫ ا‬Pi<~6‫>م ﺏ‬p‫ ی‬L Pw‫ی' وﻡ‬#K'‫ ا‬BTS 01 ‫ة‬/:UK] ¹‫>م ﺏ‬p‫ ی‬#$0
¹‫(ﻡ‬:' ]tQ‫(دة ﺕ‬α: ¹‫ و ه‬MSC, ‫ـ‬#‫ل ا‬L kT‫ ﻡ‬j‫ إ‬3T‫ أ‬BSC ‫ل ﺏـ‬¹Q‫ﺕ‬j‫~ ا‬WiR6‫ ی‬jBSC
.( BSC ‫ا و‬#‫ ـ‬BTS‫ا‬#‫ )ـ‬¹l‫ ﻡ‬Li:wj3 ‫ا‬i\:1 ¹‫رة‬i~#¹‫ آ‬t>:#‫ ا‬t;¹~‫ و‬L‫<ﻡ ﻪ‬i~‫ ن‬01 ‫و‬p$:
t"l# {l‫ ﺏ‬W‫ﻡ ن‬p<"l‫ ی‬BSC/MSC ‫ا و‬#‫ ـ‬MS ‫ال‬pK#¹1‫ ا ن‬Li6>‫ا‬#~¹‫ ﺏ‬Li6#¹]#‫و‬01 ‫<آ‬¹6 ‫ا‬
. W‫~و‬3‫ ی‬m<~ t$M‫ ﺏ‬Handover ‫ی;"~ ﺏـ‬¹‫ أو ﻡ‬Pi<~6#‫ا‬

Protocol Summary

MS–BTS–BSC–MSC Signalling Protocol Model

Um A-bis A

MS BTS MSC
BSC

CM
MS MM MM

BSSAP
RR BSSAP
RR

RR’ BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP

LAPDm LAPDm LAPDm LAPD
Ph ys. Ph ys. MTP MTP
Phys. Phys.

18
 ‫اﻝ‪ a>¹:‬وإزاﻝ ا ‪:4‬ارات ﻝ‪ b¹>:‬اﻝـ ‪: BTS‬‬

‫ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﻁﺎل ﻓﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﻭل ﻭﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ (‪ )LMT‬ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻤﻨﺯ ﻭﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪ ( Terminal) Maintenance Site‬ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻫﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻭﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ) (‪BTS‬‬
‫‪ Manager NOKIA‬ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻨﻭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻁﺎل ‪ Alarms‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺈﺯﺍﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻜل ﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺭ ﺒﺄﺫﻥ ﺍﷲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎﻝﻙ ﻓﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻤﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻴﻙ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺒﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﻪ (‪ )24/7‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ‪ , GNCC‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﻋﻁل ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻹﺒﻼﻍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅل ﻝﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ا‪X‬دوات اﻝ‪;.;¹ ;0‬ﺝ‪ ¹9‬ﻝ‪>¹ ¹‬م ‪¹L‬ﻝ‪ a>¹:‬وإزاﻝ ا ‪:4‬ارات ‪¹L‬ﺡ‪;u‬ا>‪ 1‬وﺝ‪o‬دة ‪>¹‬ﻝ> ‪:‬‬

‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﻭل )ﻻﺏ ﺘﻭﺏ ( ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬
‫ﻜﻴﺎﺒل ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﻭل ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬
‫ﺸﻨﻁﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻝﻔﻙ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻁﻼﻨﺔ ﻭﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻷﻨﺘﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ) ﺠﺎﺭﻤﻥ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪ 6.‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﻜﺴل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﺫ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻷﺴﻼﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺴل ﻭﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪7.‬‬
‫ﻝﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻝـ ‪ E1‬ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

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Local Maintenance Terminal LMT¹9;:¹>‫ وﺹ‬:>b¹‫ اﻝ‬y¹> ‫ل‬o‫واﻝ‬¹‫ ﺥ‬ę.S‫ اﻝ‬v¹‫ﻡ‬:uL *

BTS ‫ ( ﻝـ‬Site Maintenance Terminal)

>¹:;¹9‫ وﺹ‬b¹>:‫> اﻝ‬y¹ ‫ل‬o‫ﺥ‬¹‫ واﻝ‬ę.S‫ اﻝ‬v‫ﻡ‬uL:¹ *
: ‫اوي‬o‫ه‬

20
‫* ﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ‪ BTS‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ )ﺭﺍ ﻙ (‪ RACK‬ﻭﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻙ ﺇﻝﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻓﻭﻑ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ )ﺸﻠﻑ (‪ SHELF‬ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﻓﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪ BOARDS‬ﺃﻭ ‪ MODULE‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻝﻠـ ‪. BTS‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺒﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﻁل ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺫﻜﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻁل ﺃﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺕ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺘﺠﺩﻩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﻝﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫* ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ‪ BTS‬ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻊ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﻭﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺘﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺼﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫* ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ‪ BTS‬ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻊ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺴﻴﻤﻨﺯ ﺍﻷﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺘﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺼﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺭﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻁﻼﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻓﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻝﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺭﺴﺕ ‪ RESET‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻓﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻤﻀﻲﺀ ﻓﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﺎﺒل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺔ‬
‫(‪ )TX‬ﺒﺭﻓﻕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﻜﻴﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺴل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﺨﻀﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺘﺼل ﺒـ ‪ GNCC‬ﻝﺘﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺘﺫﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻁل ‪.‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
 : `¹9‫ ﻡ‬7‫`;ﻡ‬¹‫ق اﻝ‬u ‫ارات و‬:4 ‫اع ا‬:o‫أ‬

‫ات‬:-o‫;; اﻝ‬sb‫ت و‬1ua ¹‫ اﻝ‬s;1‫ا‬

N:a> -.‫ ﻡ‬Siemens BTS

7G¹G; ‫ﻝ‬CU ¹L ‫ة اﻝـ‬¹‫> وﺡ‬¹:‫ات ﺹ‬-o‫ﺥ‬
o ‫; ار‬0‫اوي د‬o‫ ه‬DTRU HUAWEI
N>L‫ار ن‬oG¹ ‫ ار‬Ericsson RBS
‫اوي‬o‫ﻡ‬.- ‫ ه‬HUAWEI BTS

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Office Excel

23
 (Transmission DDF Loop) ¹‫ك‬:> - : u01 ‫ أﺥ‬d uL ‫أو ب‬o7 ‫ﻝ‬a`L ‫م‬o ; f>‫* آ‬
:- d;N9‫ أﺝ‬O‫> ﻡ‬z‫) وﻝ‬TNOC( ‫ـ‬¹‫; ﻝ‬sb ‫ و‬0‫رﺝ‬¹‫` ﺥ‬-7‫ أن اﻝ‬O‫ ﻡ‬¹‫;;آ‬y; j‫ﺡ‬

‫ب ﻝﮫ‬o‫`; ﻝ‬7a 0¹‫ ﻝ‬yaG ADM ¹‫ب أو ﻡ‬o¹-a‫ اﻝ‬s5oa‫> اﻝ‬y¹ ‫ﻝﮫ‬#‫ ﺥ‬O‫; ﻡ‬.7a‫ ﻝ‬f¹ CWO‫ ﻡ‬J¹ ‫ا‬
¹b¹‫ “ﻝ‬d9‫اﺝ‬o; Transmission DDF ‫ اﻝـ‬O‫اع ﻡ‬:o‫< أ‬#< ¹‫ﺝ‬O GNCC , o‫ ﻡ‬s5oa‫ اﻝ‬4‫ اﺥ‬d:¹a ‫و‬
: 0‫وه‬0 ‫آ‬¹‫;ﻝ‬¹‫ ﻝ‬d¹a> 01

7¹÷49‫اﻝ ا‬L ‫ن‬o¹ ‫ف‬o ‫ و‬SIEMENS DDF N:a> ‫آ‬u÷L ‫اﻝ ع‬:¹‫ص‬o:1. ‫اﻝ‬
02 / 215.13 / 02.01 / 14 / 1-6
ç5‫ ك‬/ 14 ‫ر‬o¹b‫ اﻝ‬ç5‫ ر‬02.01 / ‫اك‬u‫ واﻝ‬fa‫ اﻝ‬ç5‫ ر‬215.13 / 0:¹=02 ‫اﻝ‬¹‫اﻝ ور‬
‫ول‬X‫ ا‬E1 ‫` اﻝـ‬:y ; 0‫ إﻝ‬¹‫ واﺡ‬O‫ ﻡ‬N:b‫ اﻝ‬yaG ¹‫ أو ﻡ‬d¹G‫ اﻝ‬ç5‫ ر‬fa / 1-6‫اﻝ‬
. y¹>X‫اﻝ‬4‫ ي‬01 ‫ا‬
02 / 215.13

01.01 1 16 01.02 1 16
1 1 1 1

12 12 12 12

02.01 1 14 16 02.02 1 16
1 1 1 1
2
3 ¹‫رغ‬
4
5
6
7

12 12 12 12

24
‫‪ 2.‬اﻝ‪:o‬ع اﻝ‪:¹‬ص ‪u÷L‬آ ﻝ‪ LUCENT ISM DDF :o T‬و ‪o‬ف ‪o¹‬ن‬
‫‪L‬اﻝ ا‪: 7¹÷49‬‬

‫‪01 / 104.07 / 06 / 03 / 12‬‬

‫‪ 01‬اﻝ‪¹‬ور ا‪X‬ول ‪ 104.07 ,‬ر‪ ç5‬اﻝ‪ fa‬واﻝ‪u‬اك ‪ 06 ,‬ر‪ ç5‬اﻝ‪ ÷f¹‬أو ﻡ‪yaG ¹‬‬
‫‪oL‬ز÷‪ 03 , PO06 O‬ر‪ ç5‬اﻝ‪o¹b‬اﻝ ‪ 01‬ك÷‪ 12 , f¹‬ر‪ ç5‬اﻝـ ‪ E1‬وآ‪01 ¹a‬‬
‫اﻝ‪oa‬رة ‪:‬‬

‫‪104.07‬‬

‫‪PO 01‬‬
‫‪01‬‬ ‫‪02‬‬ ‫‪03‬‬ ‫‪04‬‬ ‫‪05‬‬ ‫‪016‬‬

‫‪1-4‬‬ ‫‪5-8‬‬ ‫‪9-12 13-16 17-20‬‬ ‫‪61-64‬‬

‫‪PO 05‬‬
‫‪01‬‬ ‫‪02‬‬ ‫‪03‬‬ ‫‪04‬‬ ‫‪05‬‬ ‫‪016‬‬

‫‪1-4‬‬ ‫‪5-8‬‬ ‫‪9-12 13-16 17-20‬‬ ‫‪61-64‬‬

‫‪PO 06‬‬
‫‪01‬‬ ‫‪02‬‬ ‫‪03‬‬ ‫‪04‬‬ ‫‪05‬‬ ‫‪016‬‬

‫‪1-4‬‬ ‫‪5-8‬‬ ‫‪9-12 13-16 17-20‬‬ ‫‪61-64‬‬

‫ﻝ‪ `7a‬ﻝ‪o‬ب ادﺥ‪ 7‬أداة اﻝ‪o¹‬ب اﻝ‪uSa‬اء اﻝ‪:¹‬ﺹ ‪ o¹L T: 01‬اﻝ‪ s5oa‬وﻝ‪ 7a` uL d‬ادﺥ‪7‬‬
‫>زل‪ zS: 01 0¹>; #L ¹‬اﻝ‪. s5oa‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
: ÷7¹‫ا اﻝ‬49L ‫ن‬o¹ ‫ف‬o ‫ و‬HUAWEI ‫اوي‬o‫آ ه‬u÷L ‫ص‬:¹‫ع اﻝ‬:o‫ اﻝ‬3.

01 / 101.06 / 03 / 08 / 02-01 / 04
‫ك‬o¹b‫ اﻝ‬ç5‫ ر‬08 , f¹÷‫ اﻝ‬ç5‫ ر‬03 , ‫اك‬u‫ واﻝ‬fa‫ اﻝ‬ç5‫ ر‬101.06 , ‫ول‬X‫ور ا‬¹‫ اﻝ‬01
01 ¹a‫ وآ‬E1 Port ç5‫ ك‬, 04 ‫ر‬o¹b01 ‫ اﻝ‬fa‫ اﻝ‬ç5 02-01 , f¹÷01 ‫اﻝ‬
‫ر‬ : ‫رة‬oa‫اﻝ‬

: 5çgy ‫÷ א א‬,, ‫א‬ígç ‫ م‬ẽ‫ و‬,*ę 5 ‫وא‬çęac ç ‫*ع‬c ‫א א‬í9 ,,÷ç ęng <e,g
¿p ç ‫ א‬,a2 ẽcçcg ¿g Ayc2 ‫א‬
/‫س‬ccgg
,*cg
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ja i2 ï ‫ض‬z
Microsoft
PowerPoint

;<( W‫ﺽ‬p‫ ﺕ‬Li, ¹F:‫ أ‬ni, (LED ) 3‫ة‬i\Q#2 ‫ا‬A"<#2 ‫ا‬R~‫ا‬p‫ ﺏ‬RX ‫ـ‬#‫ وا‬TX 213 ‫ا‬#‫ـ‬l"# *
. ¹‫ل‬A>6~k# 2A~:#¹‫ ﺏ‬m$l#0‫وا ء‬A‫ﺕ ف‬p~ TX ‫~ر‬¹‫ل‬p‫ا ك‬k~‫أ‬
÷"/ ‫' أن‬l‫ ﺏ‬Pi<~ p‫ ه‬t‫ ه‬ti‫ﺹ‬p6#‫] ا‬I‫ ﺏ‬P/ P3‫ی‬I#‫ﺵ أي‬0‫ ء‬01 ‫ ا‬t"( L0 ‫ﻡ‬F6:‫(و‬:'‫ﻡ‬¹ ‫ﺕ‬
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. ‫م‬k~‫ا‬#"\¹‫ ﺏ درة‬d:$"‫ ی‬d#0‫( ء‬:' ‫ذ‬A61 ¹‫ل‬A>6~j‫ا‬

26
: (SIEMENS) BTS uS ç‫ص ﻝ‬:¹‫ اﻝ‬7b>¹‫;ام اﻝ‬:¹L ¹ ‫ب‬o¹‫> اﻝ‬S> 7a>‫ آ‬o; s ‫رة‬o‫ﺹ‬

: (SIEMENS) BTS ç uS‫ﺥ‬¹‫ ﻝ ص‬d uL ¹ ;:¹‫ام‬L d ub7 ‫اﻝ‬a> >S>‫ آ‬s o; ‫رة‬o‫ﺹ‬

27
‫ﺹ‪o‬رة ‪ o; s‬ﺡ‪¹‬ود ﻡ‪óG‬وﻝ> آ‪¹L 0:1 7‬ﻝ‪ :bG‬ﻝ‪u;¹‬ا ‪ ÷¹b 01 7‬اﻝ‪:o‬ال ‪¹1‬ﻝ‪o¹‬ن ا‪X‬ﺡ‪ ua‬ﻝ‪S:0‬‬
‫اﻝ‪:o‬ال ) ‪o‬اء آ‪¹‬ن ‪ 0:1‬ﻡ ‪ çG‬أو ‪ BSC‬أو ﻡ‪.-¹‬ت ( ‪ ,‬واﻝ‪o¹‬ن ا‪X‬زرق ﻝ‪ S:0‬اﻝ‪;u‬ا ‪: 7‬‬

‫ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻔﺤﺹ ﺃﻷﻨﺘﻨﺎ )‪ (ANTENNA‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻴﺎﺒل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ‬

‫)‪: (FEEDER‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ‪ MASTER) (SITE‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺤﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻴﺎﺒل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴﻼﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ‪:‬‬

‫ا ‪;:¹‬ام ه‪4‬ا اﻝ‪:¹9‬ز ‪¹L‬ﻝ‪: ;aS>7‬‬ ‫وه‪4‬ا ﻡ‪÷f¹ u‬ح ‪u‬‬

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‫‪28‬‬
 ẽżn ç 0 ant‫¿ א‬g cçyt ç FG,ç ‫و‬ĭ 5çc2c ‫و‬ĭ ẽe ę! ẽçc ¿g ‫ م‬c÷‫ א‬I
: Jns‫½א‬ne ẽçyçnL6‫א‬
Kjjasir@stc.com.sa
Khaled_jaser@hotmail.com
Rnc ,çęã ç ‫ אل*÷א‬ẽc çę5 ‫و‬çż÷c ,‫ !دא‬I Ncлg‫ ز‬,ç¾ ,z÷
5 ‫وא‬g2 ‫ א‬ẽ2nęg 5ççs I cgç ¿g ,gçc g 5s ‫ل‬íç‫ و‬Vç,cc‫ و‬N
,gccc sg
.‫وم אن‬c÷, cыĭ .‫ وم‬Jç,2 ‫ א‬ęs*ç .‫ م‬,sí ç gí‫ وא‬,gcлg‫ ز‬ẽ2nęg‫و‬
,% á‫^א ل‬s‫ وא‬n, 2t‫א‬yçy2 ‫א‬cçc .‫ وم‬Nnçã2 ‫ ; א‬ę .‫ وم‬Ayc2 ‫ א‬Ns,c
. , 1430/ 2009 2ç¾ ‫אد‬cs ‫< وא‬çe*c ‫א‬

29
Acronyms ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍﺕ‬
A3 Authentication algorithm
A5 Ciphering algorithm
A8 Ciphering key computation
AGCH Access Grant Channel
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service
AoC Advice of Charge
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request mechanism
AUC Authentication Center
BAIC Barring of All Incoming Calls
BAOC Barring of All Outgoing Calls
BOIC Barring of Outgoing International Calls
Barring of Outgoing International Calls except those directed toward
BOIC-exHC
the
Home PLMN
Country
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BER Bit Error
Rate bps bits per
second
BSC Base Station
Controller BSS Base Station
Subsystem BTS Base Transceiver
Station CC Call Control
CCCH Common Control Channel
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CEPT Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications CFB
Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Busy
CFNR Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Not Reachable
CFNR Call Forwarding on No
Reply CFU Call Forwarding
Unconditional CGI Cell Global Identity
C/I Carrier-to-Interference ratio
C/I Carrier-to-Interference ratio
CLIP Calling Line Identification
Presentation CLIR Calling Line Identification
Restriction CM Communication Management
CLP Connected Line identification
Presentation CLR Connected Line identification
Restriction CUG Closed User Group
CW Call Waiting
DCS Digital Cellular System
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

DTX Discontinuous transmission

EIR Equipment Identity Register

30
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FACCH Fast Associated Control
Channel FCCH Frequency-Correction
Channel FDMA Frequency Division Multiple
Access FEC Forward Error Correction
code
FER Frame Erasure Rate
GIWU GSM Interworking Unit
GMSC GSM Mobile services Switching Center
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GP Guard Period
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
HLR Home Location Register
IMEI International Mobile Equipment
Identity IMSI International Mobile Subscriber
Identity ISDN Integrated Services Digital
Network JDC Japanese Digital Cellular
LA Location Area
LAI Location Area Identity
LOS Line-Of-Sight

MM Mobility Management
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile services Switching
Center MSISDN Mobile Station ISDN
number MSRN Mobile Station Roaming
Number NADC North American Digital
Cellular NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
NSS Network and Switching Subsystem
OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance
OSS Operation and Support Subsystem
PAD Packet Assembler Dissembler
PCH Paging Channel
PCS Personal Communications Services
PDC Personal Digital Cellular
PIN Personal Identification Number
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data
Network PSTN Public Switched Telephone
Network RACH Random Access Channel RF
Radio Frequency
RPE-LTP Regular Pulse Excitation Long-Term Prediction RR
Radio Resources management
S Stealing flags

31
SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel
SCH Synchronization Channel
SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control
Channel SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control
Channel SIM Subscriber Identity Module SMS
Short Message Services
SMS-CB Short Message Services Cell Broadcast
SMS-MO/PP Short Message Services Mobile Originating/Point-to-
Point SMS-MT/PP Short Message Services Mobile Terminating/Point- to-Point
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SRES Signed Result
SS Supplementary Services
T Tail bits
TACS Total Access Communication System
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/F Traffic Channel/Full rate
TCH/H Traffic Channel/Half
rate TDMA Time Division Multiple
Access
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
VAD Voice Activity Detection
VLR Visitor Location Register

32