Introduction to CIT-University & Civil Engineering Department

Vision
A top academic institution continuously developing Values-driven, highly
Competent, and Innovative Technologians.
Mission
To ensure quality instruction, research, and community extension for the total
development of Technologians committed in practicing professionalism and in meeting
the demands of local, national, and global communities.
CORE VALUES
SPIRIT OF ALTRUISM
PASSION FOR EXCELLENCE
INTEGRITY
RESPONSIBILITY
INNOVATIVENESS
TEAMWORK
TENACITY
INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES

• Ethical and values-driven

• Competent and Technology-oriented
• Critical thinker and problem solver
• Innovative
• Effective communicator
• Team player and manager
• Lifelong learner
• Well-rounded citizen
Six Colleges in CIT-University
CEA - College of Engineering and Architecture
CMBA - College of Management, Business, and Accountancy
CASE - College of Arts, Sciences, and Education
CCS - College of Computer Studies
CNAHS - College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences
CCJ - College of Criminal Justice
THE CIT – UNIVERSITY SEAL

• The spur gear - manifests the institution’s never-ending quest for excellence.
• The twelve teeth - represent the original ten department heads and the two
very dynamic and strong personalities who gave life to the institute – Dr.Nicolas
G. Escario, Sr., Founder and First President and Don Simplicio A. Lizares, First
Chairman of the Board.
 • The three sides of the equilateral triangle stand for the three engineers who laid
the groundwork for the establishment of the school namely: Engr. Fidel C.
Dagani, Engr. Amancio A. Alcordo and Engr. Jose A. Cavan.
• The six icons inside the equilateral triangle represent the six original programs
envisioned by the founding fathers in 1946.
• Medieval castle - Civil Engineering
• Kinetic gear - Mechanical Engineering
• Lightning bolt - Electrical Engineering
• Retort - Chemical Engineering
• Volute - Architecture
• Bowl of Hygieia - Pharmacy
• The perpetually lit lamp resting on top of the triangle symbolizes wisdom and
knowledge. This eventually symbolized the Education program which started
three years after the founding of the school.
THE CIT – UNIVERSITY MOTTO
VIRTUS IN SCIENTIA ET TECNOLOGIA (Virtue in Science and Technology)
THE CIT – UNIVERSITY MOTTO
"develop to become values driven individuals in their pursuit for knowledge and social
advancement"
"Imbued with the spirit of a virtuous person while equipped with a scientific mind and
technical know-how"
A leading center for civil engineering education renowned for its excellent
undergraduate education that continuously develop values driven, highly competent
and innovative civil engineering graduates.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT VISION
To produce graduates equipped with competence for professional civil
engineering careers utilizing the knowledge in the arts, sciences, and engineering in
meeting the demands of the local, national, and global communities.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MISSION
• Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering • Master of Engineering major in Civil
Engineering
PROGRAMS OFFERED

• Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

• Master of Engineering major in Civil Engineering

"And let us not grow weary of doing good, for in due season we will reap, if we do not
give up." Galatians 6:9
What is engineering?
Engineering is a scientific field and job that involves taking our scientific understanding
of the natural world and using it to invent, design, and build things to solve problems
and achieve practical goals. This would include the development of roads bridges, cars
planes, machines, tools, processes and computers. In other words, we can say
engineering is acknowledged as a discipline that opens up opportunities and creates
technology and products that help make our lives easier. Engineering are shaping the
future by applying their skills to almost everything you can think of from medicine to
renewable energy and food technologies to sustainable mining. There is no limit to what
engineers can do.
History of engineering
The concept of engineering existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental
inventions such as the pulley lever and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent
with the modern definition of engineering. The word engineer has its root word “engine”
which comes from the Latin word “ingenium”, which means “innate quality particularly
of metal power”. Ang thus, engineer emerged as a person who creates nifty and practical
inventions.
Branches of Engineering
Past

• Chemical
• Mechanical
• Civil
• Electrical
Modern additions

• Computer
• Sofetware
• Nanotechnology
• Mechatronics and many more
What engineers do?
The field of engineering is so vast that is very hard to define exactly what an engineer
does. Yes, engineers still build skyscrapers, design machinery, develop software and
oversee public works but that’s only the beginning. They also address society’s needs
and problems on a number of other scales with a unique blend of technology and
science. At the atomic level material, Engineers developing data storage techniques
focusing on the spin of electrons in atoms. At the molecular level, chemical and bio
engineers are working on drug delivery systems that works inside cells. At the macro
level, environmental engineers are quantifying the particle flow of pollutions through
soil to better understand how to clean up abandoned industrial sites, oil spills, and bio
hazards. And at the galactic level, astronomical engineers are designing spacecraft for
other world explorations.
Work Environment
The workplace of engineer depends on the type of engineer, their actual job description,
and the company they work for. Many engineers work in office environment, some work
in industrial plants, others spend time outdoors at construction sites, and some
engineers travel extensively to plants or work sites here and abroad. Many engineers
work a standard 40hr/week. At times deadlines or design standards may bring extra
pressure to a job.
Skills Required in Engineering.
Soft skills

• knowledge of the core subjects,

• application of knowledge,
• analytical and critical thinking,
• familiarity with industry standards in order to get and keep a good job.
Pros of engineering

• Dominate the best college degrees list

• Its is a bit easier to get a job in an engineering degree with a humanities degree.
• Engineering jobs pay well and are more stable than most other careers
• Have a wide variety of job opportunities
• Knowing how things work in real life
• Know the since or engineering behind all machines
• You can design and implement your own creations
• Engineers often escalate to management positions and earn excellent money over
the life of their careers.
• Engineering can pave the way to further study
• Understand high-level math gives you a greater understanding of the world
around you and application of this in real problems can be very satisfying
• Abundant job opportunities worldwide.
• The world would always get mor technically advanced and will need more
engineers.
Cons of Engineering

• Engineering coursework can be quite difficult

• If you don’t have the aptitude for it then you might not be able to get through it
• Cost for college will be relatively high
• The amount of stuff you learn at universities is negligible to what you do in the
industry
• You need to keep learning new stuffs to stay current in your field.
• The work can be stressful especially when equipment or structure has a potential
to impact to human life.
• Long working hours
 • Its hard to maintain a good work/life balance in the initial phase of an
engineering career.
• Work load can be unpredictable and at times very high
• Need to do a lot of hard work during studies and also after studies until you get
settled in a good job. Even after that, you need to keep up with the latest
technology
• Studying never stops
Some of the best engineering marvels

• Millau Viaduct
• International space station
• Three gorges dam
• Palm islands
• Large hadron collider
• Burj khalifa
• Golden gate bridge
• Hoover dam
• NASA space shuttle
• National stadium Beijing
• Eiffel tower
• USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)
• Grand Canyon sky walk
• Selfdriving car

“SCIENCE is about knowing while ENGINEEIRNG is about doing”

“SCIENCE can amuse and fascinate us all but it is ENGINEERING that changed the world”
 CIVIL ENGINEERING
HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil
engineering, however, the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human
beings on this earth. Man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of weather
and harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which being the
demonstration of ancient age civil engineering.” –Michael Crichton–
Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human
existence. The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000
and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started
to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter.
During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the
development of the wheel and sailing.
Civil engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human
existence. The earliest practices of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000
and 2000 BC in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. That is in ancient Iraq, when humans
started to abandon the nomadic existence thus causing a need for the construction of
shelters. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the
development of wheel ad sailing. The construction of Pyramids in Egypt during the 2700
to 2500 BC were some of the instances of large structure constructions. Engineering
and architecture often refer to the same person until the 18 century. In the 18 century,
the term “civil engineering” came into use to describe engineering work that was
performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes. The First proclaimed civil engineer was
John Smeaston who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. The first private college to
teach Civil engineering in the United States was Norwich University, Vermont. Civil
Engineers have saved more lives than all doctors in history. The first degree in Civil
Engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in
1835.John Wesley Gunn of Lexington received first Civil Engineering degree from A&M
College (UK) in 1890. The first civil engineering degree to be awarded to a woman was
granted to Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905. The Institute of Civil
Engineering (ICE) was founded in a coffee shop in London in 1818 by eight young civil
engineers, the youngest was 19. The Ameerican Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) was
founded in 1852. It is the oldest national engineering society in the United States.

STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER

The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered
the first instances of large structure constructions. Around 2550 BC, Imhotep, the first
documented engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid for King Djoser located at
Saqqara Necropolis. With simple tools and mathematics Imhotep created a monument
that stands to this day. His greatest contribution to engineering was his discovery of the
art of building with shaped stones. Those who followed him carried engineering to
remarkable heights using skill and imagination.
 Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water
management system (the oldest, older than 3000 years and longer than 71km), the
Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman
engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T’ien under orders from
Ch’in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri
Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura.
The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including
especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads. Other remarkable
historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan built in 691 BC; Li Ping's
irrigation projects in China (around 220 BC); Julius Caesar's Bridge over the Rhine
River built in 55 BC, numerous bridges built by other Romans in and around Rome (e.g.
the pons Fabricius);
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France) built in 19 BC; the extensive
system of highways the Romans built to facilitate trading and (more importantly) fast
maneuvering of legions; extensive irrigation system constructed by the Hohokam
Indians, Salt River, AZ around 600 AD; first dykes defending against high water in
Friesland, The Netherlands around 1000 AD; El Camino Real - The Royal Road, Eastern
Branch, TX and Western Branch, NM (1500s AD).
MACHU PICCHU
Machu Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at the height of the Inca Empire is
considered an engineering marvel. It was built in the Andes Mountains assisted by some
of history’s most ingenious water resource engineers. The people of Machu Picchu built
a mountain top city with running water, drainage systems, food production and stone
structures so advanced that they endured for over 500years.

A treatise on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De Archiectura, was published

at 1AD in Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient times.
It was probably written around 15 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated
to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and
construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising
to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted
by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and
increases in scale were incremental.
One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and
mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the
3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding
of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw.
Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD,
based on Hindu Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.
EDUCATIONAL & INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
❖ In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things
civilian as opposed to military engineering.
❖ The first engineering school, The National School of Bridges and Highways,
France, was opened in 1747.
❖ The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the
Eddystone Lighthouse.
❖ In 1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of
Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over
dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more
than a social society.
❖ In 1818, world’s first engineering society, the Institution of Civil Engineers was
founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became
its first president. The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally
recognizing civil engineering as a profession.
Trust in the Lord with all your heart, And lean not on your own understanding; In all
your ways acknowledge Him, And He shall direct your paths. –Proverbs 3:5-6–
INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS CHARTER
“Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history
is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics
throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide-ranging profession, including
several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of
structures, material science, geography, geology, soil, hydrology, environment,
mechanics and other fields.”
❖ The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was
Norwich University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge.
❖ The first degree in Civil Engineering in the United States was awarded by
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835.
❖ The first such degree to be awarded to a woman as granted by Cornell University
to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905.

7MOST IMPORTANT SKILLS FOR A CIVIL ENGINEER

Technical skills
- Good civil engineers should have advanced understanding of mathematics and
physics which allows first the identification of issues and then help us love
these engineering problems.
- Should be skilled in design techniques, able to work with maps, drawings,
models, computer aided drafting (CAD) software.
- They should be able to predict future problems and find potential solutions for
them
Project Management
- It is critical that a engineer is able to step up to the plate and manage a diverse
team of professionals while maintaining the confidence f clients and
stakeholders
- Civil engineers also need to evaluate the efforts of others and ensure their work
is in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and standards.
- They must also ensure they work within their allocated budget and schedule
Leadership skills
- Carry a great deal of responsibility as they are ultimately in charge of the entire
project design and implementation
- They must lead a diverse team of professionals including surveyors,
construction managers, technicians, contractors, architects, urban planners,
and transportation engineers among others while retaining the confidence of
government planning authorities.
- The effectiveness of a civil engineers’ leadership is a significant factor in keeping
the project on time and on budget
Communication Skills
- Civil engineers more than the other engineering fields, the ability to
communicate effectively is highly desired
- Whether dealing with managers or a client, civil engineers communicate ideas,
give direction and leave no ambiguity
- They must also be able to listen and benefit from the ideas of their team
members
Creativity
- It is said that the role of engineers is to apply engineering principles to develop
solutions within an infrastructure environment
- This requires a high level of creativity
- Engineers must innovate and improve existing solutions
Visualization
- Visualization is the ability to envision what something would look like upon
completion and mentally establish the unification of its components is one of
the most important skills a civil engineer can have
- Visualization skills
- Must be flexible and dynamic in order to identify and resolve issues before they
become problems
- Because there are so many components in large-scale projects, civil engineers
must see the interrelationship when one or more individual aspects are
changed.
Critical Thinking
- Civil engineers often face complex problems and must discover effective
solutions for them
- They need to asses the pros and cons of all possible problems and decisively
choose the best one

FACTS ABOUT CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. Concrete is second most consumed material on the planet by humans. On an
average, three metric tonnes per person is produced annually (btw, first is water).
2. The Empire State Building is designed to be a lighting rod. In fact, it is struck by
lighting about 100 times each year.
3. The Burgj Khalifa can apparently be seen from around 90km away.
4. Hongkong is the city with the highest number of skyscrapers. It has about 308
skyscrapers taller than 150m.
5. The Panama Canal was one of the most difficult engineering projects ever. I is
estimated that over 25000 workers lost their lives during the long and dangerous
project, with the most dying disease and landslides.
6. Rumors that astronauts can see the great wall of china from the moo with the
naked eye are not true. It is the longest structure ever built by humans.
7. Sagrada Familia – a large Roman Catholic Church located in Barcelona, Spain.
Construction started in 1882 and it is still unfinished. The construction is half
done and its expected to be finished in 2026.
8. The Empire State Building was the first building to have over 100 floors and was
the tallest building in the worlds from 1931 until 1972.
9. The tallest Wind Turbine in the world has rotor tips that reach over 200 meters
(656 feet) above ground
10. The Hoover Dam is made of enough concrete to make a two-lane highway from
New York to San Francisco, that’s around 4000 miles (2500km)
11. Nearly a third of Germany is powered by Renewable Energy
12. The Millau Viaduct is the highest bridge around the world (343 meters high). At
the highest point, the viaduct is even higher than the Eiffel Tower.
13. The Pan-American Highway is the longest highway in the world. It has a total of
47, 958 km (29,800 miles). Travels through 14 countries.
14. The Eiffel Tower is made of Iron weighs around 10000 tonnes.
15. The Petronas Tower are a tower with the world’s deepest foundation
16. Highway 1 is Australia’s greatest highway of total length of approximately 14,500
kms (9000 miles). It is one of the longest National Highways in the world,
17. The Delaware Aqueduct in New York, is the longest tunnel in the world 137 km
(85 miles) in length.
18. The Zhaozhou Bridge is the oldest standing bridge in China and the world’s oldest
stone segmental arch bridge. Built in 605 AD. It is still standing strong today,
over 1400 years later.
7 WORLD FAMOUS CIVIL ENGINEERS IN HISTORY
John Smeaton (June 8, 1724 – October 28, 1792)
- Father of Civil Engineering
- Structures:
o Coldstream Bridge
o Eddystone Lighthouse
- Award: Copley Medal
Thomas Telford (August 1757 – September 2, 1834)
- Was a Scottish civil engineer, architect, and stonemason, and noted road, bridge,
and canal builder.
- Significant projects:
o Caledonian Canal
o Gota Cana
o Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
o More
Gustave Eiffel (December 15, 1832 – December 27, 1923)
- Was a French civil engineer and architect
- Structures:
o Eiffel Tower
o Statue of Liberty
o Garabit Viaduct
o More
Joseph Bazalgette (March 28, 1819 – March 15, 1891)
- Was a 19th century English civil engineer
- Structures:
o Crossness Pumping Station
o Abbey Mills Pumping Station
o Shaftesbury Theatre
o Hammersmith Bridge
o and more
John Rennie the Elder (June 7, 1761 – October 1821)
- was a Scottish civil engineer who designed many bridges, canals, and docks.
- Structures:
o London Bridge
o Waterloo Bridge
o Lune Aqueduct
o And more
Fazlur Rahman Khan (April 3, 1929 – March 27, 1982)
- Was a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect who initiated
important structural systems for skyscrapers.
- Structures:
o Willis Tower
o The Plaza on Dewitt
o John Hancock Center
o and more

Isambard Kingdom Brunel (April 9, 1806 – September 15, 1859)

- was an English mechanical and civil engineer who is considered as one of the
most igneous and prolific figures in engineering history, one of the 19th century
engineering giants.
- Structures:
o Clifton Suspension Bridge
o Gatehampton Railway Bridge
o Wharncliffe Viaduct
o Royal Albert Bridge
o London Paddington Station
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
What is Structural Engineering?
Structural engineering — a specialty within the field of civil engineering — focuses on
the framework of structures, and on designing those structures to withstand the
stresses and pressures of their environment and remain safe, stable and secure
throughout their use. They are highly-trained professionals that work with architects
and surveyors to ensure that whatever they’re building can sustain the load and stresses
it will have to bear as well as improving the places where we live. They are the guardians
of safe constructions. The challenges they face are diverse and require both creativity
and problem-solving skills. They are specialist to account for extreme conditions such
as heavy snow or coastal storms. There are seismic structural engineers who meet
challenges of construction within earthquake zones. There are those who focus on
disaster relief, helping to rebuild shattered communities and restore normal life. There
are engineers who specialize in renovating old buildings for continued use whilst
preserving heritage and meeting modern standards. And then, there are forensic experts
who investigate the reason why some structures fail. Today’s structural engineers must
also face issues like climate change which will make structures need to endure more
challenging environments overtime. Sustainability is an increasingly important goal.
New regulations require materials and construction techniques to create green buildings
that are still strong and secure. Structural engineers are responsible for one of the most
innovative concepts, projects, and designs. They are developing new technologies and
techniques to create extraordinary structures that are quite literally changing the world.
But the work of structural engineers isn’t just focused on groundbreaking schemes, they
are also making a difference to people’s lives. Buying or improving a home can be a
major expense but you could save money by consulting a qualified engineer. They
identify problems early on, provide cost-effective solutions and ensure that regulations
are properly met. They can also check that a property is structurally safe and secure
with no nasty surprises to come later on. With 20,000 members in over 100 countries,
the Institute of Structural Engineers upholds and supports the highest standards of
profession as a whole. Members have to pass some of the msts stringest exams that
exits. TIStuctE (Technician member), AMIStructE (Associate-member) MIStructE
(chartered member), and FIStructE (Fellow member).
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. The process of calculating and determining the effects of
loads and internal forces on a structure, building or object.
What do Structural Engineers do? What do Structural Engineers do?
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and
structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users
or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic and
environmental concerns.
"In a nutshell, if a structure was a human body, then the architect would be concerned
with the body shape and appearance, and the structural engineer would be concerned
with the skeleton and sinews." –Institution of Structural Engineers–
EDUCATION

• Civil Engineering Bachelor's Degree

• Master's Degree specializing in Structural Engineering
FUNDAMENTAL CORE SUBJECTS

• Strength of Materials/Solid Mechanics

• Structural Analysis - Static & Dynamic
• Structural Design
• Material Science
• Numerical Analysis
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

• Reinforced concrete
• Composite Structure
• Timber
• Masonry
• Structural steel
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

• Structural Mechanics Analysis

• Structural Dynamic Analysis
• Structural Failure Analysis

What is Structural Design?

Set of methods or tools that are used to determine safe and economical specifications
for a structure, and to ensure that a planned structure will be sufficiently strong to
carry its intended load.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCESS

• Load Calculation
• Structural Analysis
• Design
OBJETIVES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

• Produce a structure which is capable to resist all applied loads without failure
during its service life.
• Obtain the economical dimensions of structural members.
• Investigate the strength, stability and rigidity of structures.
• Ensure structural safety.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

• Civil Engineers Use Structural Analysis to Understand How Forces Impact

Structures
- Civil engineers investigate three properties of forces when conducting a
structural analysis:
o Magnitude: The size of the force being applied to the structure.
o Direction: The direction of the force. A strong wind would be acting
against the side of the building, while the weight of a heavy snowfall
would act downwards, in the direction of gravity.
o Position: The position on which the force acts. Structural engineers
must assess the effects of anticipated forces on each area of the
building, not just on the building as a whole.
• Structural Elements Must Remain Stationary
o Effective structural design requires civil engineers to ensure that a
building can absorb applications of external force, maintaining its own
equilibrium. Just like a tree branch that doesn’t bend will break in the
wind, a structure that can’t absorb external forces is vulnerable to damage
and instability.
• Structural Designers Must Choose Appropriate Materials
o The selection of appropriate building materials is one of the key
responsibilities of structural design. The ability of a structure to withstand
external and internal forces and maintain its own state of equilibrium and
stability depends on the properties of the materials from which it is
constructed.
o Structural engineers choose materials based on a number of measured
properties that predict their performance in construction applications:
o Strength - a measure of how well a material can resist an applied
stress or load. The opposite of strong is weak.
o Toughness - a measure of how much energy will cause a given
material to crack. The opposite of tough is brittle.
o Elasticity is a measure of how much a material can be stretched
and still return to its shape.
o Plasticity measures the capacity of a material for plastic
deformation. Plastic deformation occurs when a material is
stretched beyond its capacity to return to its normal shape. Metals
exhibit plastic deformation as they crack, making them tougher
than other materials that shatter such as glass.

"And let us not grow weary of doing good, for in due season we will reap, if we do not
give up." Galatians 6:9
ELEMENTS OF A STRUCTURE
Foundation. It is the element of a structure which is in direct contact with the soil and
transfers loads from the structure to the soil Generally, the foundation can be classified
into two: shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Column. Columns can be of two types: Architectural columns (Pillars) are constructed
to improve the building’s aesthetics. Structural column a structural element that
transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural
elements below.
Beams. These are horizontal structural elements that withstand vertical loads, shear
forces, and bending moments. Beams transfer loads imposed along their length to their
support elements such as girders, walls, columns, foundations, etc.
Slab. Slab It is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and
useful surfaces such as floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural
component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so. Commonly, slabs are
supported by beams, columns, walls, or the ground.
Trusses. Truss is a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts,
supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.
Shell. A shell is a type of structural element which is characterized by its geometry,
being a three-dimensional solid whose thickness is very small when compared with
other dimensions, and in structural terms, by the stress resultants calculated in the
middle plane displaying components which are both coplanar and normal to the surface.
Arch. An arch is a curved structural form that carries loads around an opening,
transferring them around the profile of the arch to abutments, jambs or piers on either
side.

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS THAT ARE COMMONLY USED

Steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2% carbon and 1%
manganese and small amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen.
Concrete. Concrete is a structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert
particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded
together by cement and water.
Timber. Timber denotes wood which is suitable for building or carpentry and for various
engineering purposes.
Masonry. Masonry is the word used for construction with mortar as a binding material
with individual units of bricks, stones, marbles, granites, concrete blocks, tiles etc.

"Take delight in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart." Psalm 37:4
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Water-resources engineering is commonly regarded as a subdiscipline of civil
engineering, and several other specialty areas are encompassed within the field of water-
resources engineering.
WATERSHED. A water shed is a physical area that collects the precipitation.
What is Water Resources Engineering?
Water resources engineering is the study and management of equipment,
facilities and techniques that are used to manage and preserve life’s most plentiful
resource. In addition to assessing how and the best ways in which to control water as it
pertains to water-related activities – such as irrigation, waste disposal and canal
development – water resource engineers are also frequently involved in water
management to ensure that it’s safe to drink both for humans, plants and animal usage.
Why is water resources engineering important?
Resources, by their very nature, are finite. There are only a small handful that
are naturally renewable – such as wind, solar, hydro and biomass. While water may be
renewable in terms of the many different ways it can be used and reused, it’s not as
abundant as it once was, which many earth scientists and climatologists point to as a
function of climate change.
Why is water resources engineering important?
Water-resources engineers design systems to control the quantity, quality,
timing, and distribution of water to support human habitation and the needs of the
environment. Water-supply and flood-control systems are commonly regarded as
essential infrastructure for developed areas, and as such water-resources engineering
is a core specialty area in civil engineering.
EDUCATION
Civil Engineering Bachelor's Degree Master's Degree specializing in Water Resources
Engineering
FUNDAMENTAL CORE SUBJECTS
Fluid Mechanics Hydrology Hydraulics
FIELDS OF WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Control of Water Utilization of Water Water Quality

• Flood Mitigation • Water Supply Irrigation • Management
• Storm Drainage • Hydroelectric power • Pollution control
• Sewerage Highway Culvert development • Wastewater Treatment
Design • Navigation Improvements

WHAT DOES A WATER RESOURCES ENGINEER DO?

• Design new systems and equipment that help manage human water resources
(e.g. water treatment facilities, underground wells, and natural springs)
 • Must consider budgetary constraints, government regulations, and other factors
when designing these systems
• Oversee the construction and implementation of these systems to ensure that
they are properly assembled
• Manage the maintenance of these systems
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS
1. Quantity of Water
- How much water is needed?
How much water can be expected?
Who may use this water?
2. Water Quality
- Problems of water quality are encountered in planning water supply and
irrigation projects and disposal of wastewater
• Chemical and bacteriologic tests - Amount and character of
impurities in water
• Plant and human physiologists - Evaluate the effects of the
impurities in water on crops or human consumers and set standard
of acceptable quality
• Engineers - Provide the necessary facilities for removing impurities
from the water by physical, chemical, or biologic methods
3. Hydraulic Structures
- Application of the principles of fluid mechanics in designing hydraulic
structures.
- Involve complex curved and warped surfaces and sometimes intricate
detail for gates, valves, control systems, etc.
- Geologic investigations are done to select the best of the otherwise suitable
sites, predicting the structural problems that will result from the
particular conditions at the site and locating sources of native material
suitable for use.
4. Economics in Water Resources Engineering
- The projects should serve their intended purpose at a cost commensurate
with the benefits (value engineering)
- Economic analysis is dependent on hydrologic analysis of occurrence of
extreme floods or droughts
- The project design is gaged against a scale of probability so that the
probability of failing to serve its purpose is small.
5. Social Aspects of Water Resources Engineering
- Many projects become controversial political issues and are debated at
length by people whose understanding of the basic engineering aspects of
the problem is limited.
- Throughout any negotiations concerning a project, the engineer should
adhere carefully to the code of ethics of the professional society that
represents the civil engineering profession in his or her country.
"Be joyful in hope, patient in affliction, faithful in prayer." Romans 12:12