TOPIC:

ADVERB
1. Verb 6. Comprehension 11. Unseen Passage
2. Tenses 7. Fill in the blanks 12. Vocabulary
3. Voice 8. Adverb 13. Antonyms/Synonyms
4. Subject-Verb Agreement 9. Error Correction 14. Grammar
5. Articles 10. Sentence 15. Idioms and Phrases etc.
Rearrangement
1. Verb 6. Comprehension 11. Tenses
2. English Grammar 7. Unseen Passage 12. Vocabulary
3. Articles 8. Adverb 13. Antonyms/Synonyms
4. Sentence Rearrangement 9. Error Correction 14. Subject-Verb
Agreement
5. Idioms and Phrases 10. Fill in the blanks 15. Voice
 POSITION OF ADVERBS

It is very essential to use Adverb near the word which it modifies. If it is used
at the wrong place, the meaning of the sentence may change.
Examples:
1) Only, She saw my new dress. (के वल उसने ककसी और ने नहीं |)
2) She only saw my new dress. (के वल देखा, और कुछ नहीं ककया |)
3) She saw only my new dress. (के वल मेरी dress, ककसी और की नहीं |)
4) She saw my only new dress. (एकमात्र dress जो मेरे पास थी |)
5) She saw my new dress only. (के वल dress, पुस्तक या कुछ और नहीं |)
 POSITION OF ADVERBS

A. Subject + Verb (intransitive) + Adverb of Manner

Examples: 1) He fluently speaks. (×)
2) He speaks fluently. (√)

B. Subject + Verb (transitive) + Object + Adverb of Manner

Example: 1) They wrote it carefully. (√)
 POSITION OF ADVERBS
NOTE: Generally, Adverb of Manner is not used before Object but
in some cases when after the Object “who/which/that” Clause is
given or it may also be possible that Object is given in an extended
form in that case Adverb of Manner must be used before the
Object.
Example:
1) He rewarded all those who had worked for him liberally. (×)
He rewarded liberally all those who had worked for him. (√)
 POSITION OF ADVERBS

(C) Adverb of Place/ Time is also written at the end of the sentence.
Examples:
1) He went there. (Adverb of Place)
2) He came yesterday. (Adverb of Time)
 POSITION OF ADVERBS
(D)
(i) If in a sentence Adverbs of (Manner + Place + Time) are given together.
Its right sequence of writing is Manner + Place + Time
1) He sang in the town hall well last night. (×)
He sang well in the town hall last night. (√)
Manner Place Time
NOTE:- Error is asked in the question by changing the right order of Adverb.
 POSITION OF ADVERBS

(ii) Come/ Go/ Arrive are Verbs of Movement with which

following structure is used:-
Come/ go/ Arrive + Adverb of Place + Adverb of Manner + Time
Example: 1) The students went quickly home. (×)
The students went home quickly. (√)
Go (V2) + Adverb of Place + Manner
 POSITION OF ADVERBS
(E) Hardly, Rarely, Scarcely, Always, Seldom, Never, Often etc.
When the above Adverbs are used in a sentence they are written after ‘to be’
form Verb and before Main Verb.
Examples: 1) She is always praised for her sweet voice.
‘to be’ + Adverb + Main Verb
2) You are always right.
‘to be’ + Adverb
3) He never listens to the radio.
Adverb + Main Verb
 POSITION OF ADVERBS
Error of Split Infinitive
If in a sentence Infinitive is splitted into two parts and Adverb is
written in between them, it is called ERROR OF SPLIT
INFINITIVE and we should avoid using it.
Example: 1) He asked me to carefully do it.
to + Adverb + V1
In the above sentence ‘Carefully’ is used in between the Infinitive ‘to
do’ which is wrong.
 POSITION OF ADVERBS

Error of Split Infinitive:

In Modern English Grammar mainly in Spoken English if an Adverb
(not more than one) is used by splitting an Infinitive (to + Adverb + V1)
is generally acceptable.
But from exam point of view students must remember that this kind of
sentence where Split Infinitive is used is considered as an error.
This type of error is called ERROR OF SPLIT INFINITIVE.
 LAW OF INVERSION
Inversion means putting the Verb before the Subject.
There are 2 types of Inversion.
1) Partial Inversion 2) Complete Inversion

1) Partial Inversion:-
Adverb + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb

2) Complete Inversion:-
Adverb + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Subject
 LAW OF INVERSION
1) Partial Inversion:-
Adverb + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb
Example:
1) No sooner did the thief see the police than he ran away.
Adverb + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb
2) Seldom does he visit his parents.
3) Hardly/ Scarcely had she reached the station when the train arrived.
 LAW OF INVERSION

2) Complete Inversion:-
Adverb + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Subject
Example:
1) Under a tree was lying a tired old man.
Adverb + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Subject
2) Here comes John!
3) Just outside the gate was standing a girl.
 LAW OF INVERSION
USES OF INVERSION
1) When a sentence starts with Adverbs “Seldom, never, hardly, scarcely,
rarely”, we use Partial Inversion in the sentence.
Example:
1) Seldom have I seen such a beautiful sight.
Adverb + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb
 LAW OF INVERSION

2) When a sentence starts with ‘No sooner’, Partial Inversion is used in it.
Example:
1) No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.
No sooner + Helping Verb (Had) + Subject + V3

2) No sooner did the thief see the police than he ran away.
No sooner + Helping Verb (Did) + Subject + V1
 LAW OF INVERSION
3) If a sentence starts with “Only” and after it there is use of any
Adverb or Adverbial Expression (Only yesterday, only the day
before yesterday, only last month, only after a year, only in a few
countries, only in this way, only then etc.), we use Partial Inversion
after it.
➢ Only + Adverb / Adverbial Expression + Partial Inversion
Example:
1) Only by working hard did he get success.
Only + Adv. Expression + Helping Verb + Sub. + Main Verb
2) Only yesterday did he come.
 LAW OF INVERSION

4) When a sentence starts with the following expression “…….No……” which is

mainly used to show emphasis, we use Partial Inversion after it.

Some of these expressions are :

At no time, under no circumstances, In no way, On no account, On condition etc.
Example:
1) At no time was the P.M. aware of what was happening.
“…...No…..” + Verb + Subject
 LAW OF INVERSION
5) In case a sentence starts with Adverbial Expression showing “Place” there also
Inversion will be used.
Some “Place” related expressions are as follows:
On a hill, In the valley, Round the corner, Under the table, Outside the gate,
Along the northern or southern frontier, Ten miles beyond the school/ under a
tree, nowhere else etc.
When after these expressions come, walk, lie, stand, go etc. Verbs are written, in this
case (a) COMPLETE INVERSION will be used.
(b) Do/ Does/ Did will not be used.
 LAW OF INVERSION
Example:
1) Under a tree was lying a tired old man.
Adverb + H.V. + M.V. + Subject
2) Round the corner went John.
Adverb + M.V. + Subject
[Do not write: Round the corner did John go.]
3) Under a tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
4) On the grass sat an enormous frog.
5) Along the road came a strange procession.
 LAW OF INVERSION
6) Sentences showing Unfulfilled wish, condition, desire, in their Conditional
Clause incase “if” is not used, Partial Inversion will be used.
Example:
1) If I were a bird, I would fly. [Simple structure]
In the above sentence ‘If I were’ could be replaced by using ‘were I’
Were I a bird, I would fly. [Inversion structure]
2) If I were the Prime Minister of India, I would reduce taxes. [Simple]
Were I the Prime Minister of India, I would reduce taxes. [Inversion]
 LAW OF INVERSION
Similarly, 1) If he had driven the car properly, he would have avoided the
accident. [Simple structure]
In place of “ if he had driven”, “Had he driven” could also be used.
Had he driven the car properly, he would have avoided the accident.
[Inversion structure]
2) If he had worked hard, he would have passed. [Simple]
Had he worked hard, he would have passed. [Inversion]
3) If she had won the lottery, she would have bought a car. [Simple]
Had he won the lottery, she would have bought a car. [Inversion]
 LAW OF INVERSION
7) When a sentence starts with these Adverbs:
Here/ There/ Away/ Out/ Up/ Indoors/ Outdoors, Inversion will be used.
It has 2 conditions:
1) In these type of sentence when the Subject is Noun, Complete Inversion is
used.
Examples:
1) Away went Priya.
Adverb + M.V. + Sub.
2) There goes Riya!
Adverb + M.V. + Sub.
 LAW OF INVERSION
In these type of sentences when the Subject is Pronoun, No Inversion
is used.
Example:
1) Away she went.
Adverb + Sub. (Pronoun) + Verb
2) There she goes!
Adverb + Sub. (Pronoun) + Verb
 LAW OF INVERSION

8) When a sentence starts with “So + Adverb of Manner”, Partial Inversion is

used.
Examples:
1) So rudely did she behave that every body was offended.
So + Adv. of Manner + H.V. + Sub. + M.V.
2) So well did she sing that everyone started clapping.
So + Adv. of Manner + H.V. + Sub. + M.V.
 LAW OF INVERSION
9) When a sentence starts with these expressions “Such” or
“To such……..” (For example: to such an extent/ to such lengths/ to such a point/ to
such a degree etc.) Partial Inversion is used.
Example:
1) To such an extent has he analysed the poem that no problem is left.
“To such……..” + H.V. + Sub. + M.V.
 LAW OF INVERSION
➢ Error could be asked in the exam based on above rule.
Example:
1) To such a degree/ he made a noise/that people/ rebuked him./ No Error
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(In the above sentence, Error is in the Part (B) , instead of using “he made a noise”
“did he make a noise” should be used.)
 LAW OF INVERSION

10) When two Verbs are joined by using Not only and but
also and the sentence starts with Not only.
In this case after Not only, Partial Inversion is used.
Example:
1) Not only did she read but she also wrote.
Not only + H.V. + Sub. + M.V.
 LAW OF INVERSION
11) Generally in Direct Narration, First of all Reporting Verb
is given and then Reported Speech is given.
But in case Reported Speech is written first and then Reporting Verb,
the Subject of the Reporting Verb is Noun then in this case in “Reporting
Verb” Inversion is used.
Example:
1) “Let us go to the movies” said Mohan. (Inversion is used)
In the same situation when the Reporting Verb is Pronoun, no inversion is used.
1) ‘Let us go to the movies’ He said, (No Inversion is used)
 LAW OF INVERSION
11) Generally in Direct Narration, First of all Reporting Verb
is given and then Reported Speech is given.
But in case Reported Speech is written first and then Reporting Verb,
the Subject of the Reporting Verb is Noun then in this case in “Reporting
Verb” Inversion is used.
Example:
1) “Let us go to the movies”, Mohan said. (×)
“Let us go to the movies”, said Mohan. (√)
Verb Sub. (Noun)
 LAW OF INVERSION

➢ In the same situation when the Reporting Verb is Pronoun,

No Inversion is used.
Examples:
1) “Let us go to the movies”, said he. (×)
“Let us go to the movies”, he said. (√)
Sub. (Pronoun) Verb
2) “Do you know her name?”, said he. (×)
“Do you know her name?”, he said. (√)
 LAW OF INVERSION

12) In Conversational English, small sentences are started with

Neither, Nor and So.
Mainly to tell, that the situation which was discussed earlier, the another
situation is also similar to that.
Here in these sentences starting with Neither, Nor, So, Inversion is used.
Examples:
1) He went there. So did I.
[So did I = I went there too = मैं भी वहााँ गया ।]
2) (a) He did not go there. Neither did I.
(b) He did not go there. Nor did I.
[Neither did I = Nor did I = I did not go either = मैं भी नहीं गया ।]
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
RULE 1: After “Else” we use “But” and after
“Rather”, “Other” and “Otherwise” we use “Than”.
We use following pairs:
➢ Else ....... but
➢ Rather/ Other/ Otherwise ...... than
Examples:
1) I would rather take tea than coffee.
2) He would rather die than beg.
3) It is nothing else than sheer foolishness. (×)
It is nothing else but sheer foolishness. (√)
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
4) Rahul had no other alternative but to work hard. (×)
Rahul had no other alternative than to work hard. (√)
5) The journey by road to Wolverhampton is not recommended to anyone
other than the most experienced cyclist.
6) A partnership cannot be ended otherwise than by mutual agreement.
NOTE: You use other than after a negative statement to say that the
person, item, or thing that follows is the only exception to the statement.
(यकद वाक्य में "other" का प्रयोग negative statement में ककया गया हो तो उसके बाद प्रयुक्त
"than" का अथथ "कसवाय" होता है |)
[In short, Than = Except]
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB

RULE 2: No other negative word is used after Negative Adverbs (No,

Never, Not, nowhere, nothing, neither) and
Semi-Negative (Hardly, Scarcely, rarely, barely and Seldom)
Examples:
1) He rarely went to meet nobody. (×)
He rarely went to meet anybody. (√)
2) He hardly know somebody in the city. (×)
He hardly know anybody in the city. (√)
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB

3) They do not seldom come here. (×)

They seldom come here. (√)
4) They will not help him, nothing never does. (×)
They will not help him, nothing ever does. (√)
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB

Rule 3 When these words are used in a sentence

Deny Prohibit
Forbid Prevent
Unless Dissuade
Until Refuse
Lest
too ........... to
both
“Not” or “Never” should not be used with these words.
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
Examples:
1) She denied that she had not given him books. (×)
She denied that she had given him books. ()
2) Both of us are not going there. (×)
Neither of us is going there. ()
3) Unless she will not come, I will not go. (×)
Unless she comes, I will not go. ()
4) He forbade his younger brother not to go out in Corona. (×)
He forbade his younger brother to go out in Corona. ()
5) He did not deny that he was present at the scene of crime. ()
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB

Rule 4: (A) With following Verbs, we use Adverb ‘As’.

Regard
Describe
Define
Treat
View
Know
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
Examples:
1) I regard him my brother. (×)
I regard him as my brother. ()
2) Biology has been defined the study of organism. (×)
Biology has been defined as the study of organism. ()
3) He described his attacker a tall dark man with a beard. (×)
He described his attacker as a tall dark man with a beard. ()
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB

(B) With following Verbs, we do not use Adverb ‘As’.

Name
Elect
Think
Consider
Call
Appoint
Make
Choose
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
Examples:
1) The principal appointed him as lecturer. (×)
The principal appointed him lecturer. ()
2) She is considered as the best student of my class. (×)
She is considered the best student of my class. ()
3) They called him as stupid. (×)
They called him stupid. ()
4) He was elected as the secretary of our college. (×)
He was elected the secretary of our college. ()
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
Rule 5: When a sentence starts with Adverb, after that “Helping Verb” is used
and after Helping verb “Subject” is used. It means Partial Inversion is used.
➢ Adverb + Helping Verb + Subject
Examples: 1) Seldom he comes to Delhi. (×)
Seldom does he come to Delhi. ()
2) No sooner she reached the station than the train left. (×)
No sooner did she reach the station than the train left. ()
3) So quickly she ran that she overtook her friends. (×)
So quickly did she run that she overlook her friends. ()
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
Rule 6: “Too, as well, also”, are used in the sense of “besides”, “in addition
to” in Affirmative sentences. But “also” cannot be used at end position.
In other words, we can say that
In place of “Besides, in addition to, also”, “too/ as well” can be used
but the sentence should be Affirmative Sentence.
‘Also’ is not used at the end of a sentence.
Example:
1) She found her bag and money too/ as well.
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
Rule 7: Seldom or never = बहुत कम या कभी नहीं
Seldom, if ever = बहुत कम यकद कभी
little or nothing = बहुत कम या कुछ भी नहीं
little if anything = बहुत कम यकद कुछ
are used in the sentence. But in the exam error is asked by using “Seldom or
ever” or “little or anything” which is wrong.
Example:
1) We seldom or ever meet our relatives these days. (×)
We seldom or never (seldom, if ever) meet our relatives these days. ()
Seldom or (1)/ ever have I tried my (2)/ best to defend my
friends, who are after (3)/ all guilty to some extent. (4)/ No
error. (5)
Error: (1) Seldom or (×)
Seldom if (√)
Explanation- “or” के बदले “if” का प्रयोग होगा क्योंकक “Seldom, if ever” और
“Seldom or never” का प्रयोग होता है |
“Seldom or never” का अथथ होता है “बहुत कम या कभी नहीं” और “Seldom, if ever” का
अथथ होता है “बहुत कम यकद कभी” | वाक्य के भाव के अनुसार हम देखते हैं कक उपयथुक्त दोनों में से
ककसका प्रयोग करेंगे |
इस वाक्य के भाव से पता चलता कक "ever" को "never" में बदलने की आवश्यकता नहीं है,
बककक "or" को "if" में बदलने की आवश्यकता है |
Seldom or (1)/ ever have I turned (2)/ a beggar away
without (3)/ giving him some alms. (4)/ No error (5)
Error: (2) ever have I turned (×)
never have I turned (√)
Explanation- “ever” को “never” में बदलने की आवश्यकता है क्योंकक
वाक्य का अथथ है कक
“मैंने ककसी कभखारी को कबना कभक्षा कदए न के बराबर
या कभी नहीं वाकपस ककया है |”
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB

Rule 8: Generally, to modify a Verb, we use Adverb.

1) He speaks fluently. (√)
2) He works sincerely. (√)
But when the Verb is related to 5 human senses (Verb of sensation: look,
seem, appear, feel, sound, smell, taste) with these Verbs we use Adjective
not Adverb.
1) He speaks politely. (√)
2) He sounds politely. (×)
He sounds polite. (√)
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
1) He speaks politely. (√)
2) He sounds politely. (×)
He sounds polite. (√)
3) Her voice sounds harsh. (√)
4) She appears happy. (√)
Similarly, there are some other Verbs with which Adverb is not used,
Adjective is used.
These Verbs are: Be Make
Become Prove
Turn
Get
Grow
Keep
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
Example:
1) Her voice sounds harsh.
2) She appears happy.
3) He got angry.
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB

Rule 9: Generally, an “Adverb” ends with “ly”. But there are

some words at the end of which ‘ly’ is used but they are not
treated as Adverb, they are treated as Adjectives.

Examples:
1) He behaved miserly. (×)
He behaved in a miserly manner. (√)
 SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF ADVERB
These words are:
Noun Adjective Adverb
Miser Miserly in a miserly manner
Niggard Niggardly in a niggardly manner
Coward Cowardly
Order Orderly
Friend Friendly
Gentleman Gentlemanly
Man Manly
Sick Sickly
Week Weekly
Sloven Slovenly
Month Monthly