Team ID: 342144

VARTIX AEROSPACE PRIVATE LIMITED

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SUTHAR HITESH KARSHANBHAI

210610119516

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE PALANPUR

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

August,2023
COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

2
 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
PALANPUR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project entitled Vartix
Aerospace Private Ltd. has been carried out by Suthar Hitesh Karshanbhai under my
guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering, 7th Semester of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the
academic year 2023-24.

PROF. K.S BANKER

Internal Guide Head of Department

3
COMPANY CERTIFICATE

4
 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERIGN COLLAGE
PALANPUR

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Internship report submitted along with the Internship Vartix
Aerospace Private Ltd. entitled submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering to Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of original project work carried out by me at Vartix
Aerospace under the supervision of MR. Umang Sudani and that no part of this report
has been directly copied from any students’ reports or taken from any other source, without
providing due reference

Name of Student Signature

Suthar Hitesh Karshanbhai

5
 ACKNOWLEDGDMENT

I/We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our External guide Mr. UMANG SUDANI for con-
tinuously guiding me at the company and answering all my doubts with patience.

We also thank our parents, friends and all the members of the family for their precioussupport and
encouragement which they had provided in completion of our work. In addition to that, we would
also like to mention the company personals who gave us the permission to use and experience the
valuable resources required for the internship.

Thus, In conclusion to the above said, we once again thank the staff members of
VARTIX AEROSPACE. For their valuable support in completion of the project.

Thank You

6
 ABSTRACT

internship covers a comprehensive range of topics related to rocketry and aerospace

engineering. It spans over several weeks and involves hands-on learning, software
utilization, and practical applications. The schedule encompasses principles of rocket
history, stability, and propulsion, while also delving into avionics and design software like
Open Rocket and SolidWorks. Additionally, you'll explore technologies like 3D printing
for rocket components and recovery systems. The internship culminates in team formation,
design creation, part printing, system testing, and finally, assembling and launching model
rockets. Throughout the program, you'll not only gain knowledge but also showcase your
progress to the Vartix Aerospace team.

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 List of Figures

Sr.No. Figure Name Page No.

1 Fig 2.1: HERO’S ENGINE 13
TH
2 Fig 2.2: 13 CENTURY CHINESE FIRE ARROWS 14
3 Fig 2.3: Tsiolkovsky Rocket Designs 15
4 Fig 2.4: Dr. Robert H. Goddard with his First Rocket and Its Design 16
5 Fig 2.5: Dr. Robert H. Goddard makes adjustments on the upper end 17
of a rocket combustion chamber in this 1940 picture taken in
Roswell, New Mexico
6 Fig 2.6: German V-2 (A-4) Missile Layout 18
7 Fig 3.1: Rocket Stability 22
8 Fig 5.1: Interface Of OpenRocket 28
9 Fig 5.2 Design of model Rocket in Open Rocket 29
10 Fig 5.3 Design and simulation of High Power Rocket 29
11 Fig 5.4: Interface of SolidWorks 30
12 Fig 6.1 Parachute with its types 31
13 Fig 6.2: Streamer Recovery 32
14 Fig 6.3: Tumble Recovery 32
15 Fig 6.4: Drogue Chute and Main Chute 32
16 Fig 6.5: Soft Landing Engines 33
17 Fig 6.6 Recovery system. 33
18 Fig 7.1 SG90 Servo motor 34
19 Fig 7.2 Arduino Nano 36
20 Fig 7.3 Accelerometer 37
21 Fig 7.4 Lithium ion cell 37
22 Fig 8.1 Testing of Motor 37
23 Fig 8.2 show the thrust vs time 41
24 Fig 9.1 Nose cone 41
25 Fig 9.2 Motor mount with fins 43
26 Fig 9.3 Recovery system 44
27 Fig 10.1 Model Rocket Launch 45
28 Fig 10.2 HPR Rocket launch 46
29 Fig 10.3 Effect Due to back fire of motor 47

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 List of Table

Sr.No. Table Name Page

No.
1 Table. 4.3.1. No of Component 25
2 Table 8.2.1 Component And its material 40
3 Table 8.2.2 Component And its Weight and dimension 40

9
 Table of Contents

VARTIX AEROSPACE PRIVATE LIMITED ..................................................................... 1

COMPLETION CERTIFICATE .......................................................................................... 2
CERTIFICATE ..................................................................................................................... 3
COMPANY CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................ 4
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................. 5
ACKNOWLEDGDMENT ................................................................................................... 6
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... 7
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 8
List of Table ......................................................................................................................... 9
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 10
Contents ............................................................................................................................. 10
Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 12
1.1 Overview of Organization ........................................................................................ 12
1.2 Vision and Mission ................................................................................................... 12
1.3 Different departments of the organization................................................................ 12
Chapter 2: Rocket History ................................................................................................. 13
2.1: 1st Century: .............................................................................................................. 13
2.2: 9th Century: .............................................................................................................. 14
2.3: 13th Century: ............................................................................................................ 14
2.4 19th Century: ............................................................................................................. 15
2.5 20th Century: ............................................................................................................. 16
2.6 Space Age and Beyond:............................................................................................ 20
2.7 Modern Era and Beyond: ......................................................................................... 20
2.8 Summary of History: ................................................................................................ 20
Chapter 3: Introduction to Rocketry: Principal and Stability ............................................ 21
3.1 Introduction to Rocket:............................................................................................. 21
3.2 Rocket Principal: ...................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Rocket Stability: ....................................................................................................... 22
3.3.1 Factors affecting rocket stability: ...................................................................... 23
Chapter 4: Design of Rocket .............................................................................................. 24
4.1 Introduction to Design:............................................................................................. 24
4.2 Design of Rocket: ..................................................................................................... 24
4.2.1 Steps for Designing of Rocket: .......................................................................... 24
4.2.2 Design Criteria of Rocket .................................................................................. 25

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 4.2.3 Why Design Criteria is Provided: ..................................................................... 26
4.2.4 Given Task for Designing .................................................................................. 26
4.3 No of Components : ................................................................................................ 27
Chapter 5: Software ........................................................................................................... 28
5.1 OpenRocket: ............................................................................................................. 28
5.1.1 Key features of OpenRocket include: ................................................................ 28
5.2 SolidWorks: .............................................................................................................. 30
5.2.1 key features and aspects of SolidWorks software: ............................................ 30
Chapter 6: Recovery .......................................................................................................... 31
6.1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................. 31
6.2 Types of Recovery System: ...................................................................................... 31
6.3 Our design in recovery system : ............................................................................... 34
Chapter 7 : Avionics .......................................................................................................... 35
7.1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................. 35
7.2 Types of Avionics for Rockets: ................................................................................ 35
7.3 Component used in Avionics : .................................................................................. 36
Chapter 8: Propulsion ........................................................................................................ 38
8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 38
8.2 Types of Propulsion system:..................................................................................... 39
TASK – ........................................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 9: Manufacturing of Rocket ................................................................................. 43
9.1 Manufactured parts of rocket : ................................................................................. 43
1. Nose cone : ............................................................................................................. 43
2 . Motor mount and fins : .......................................................................................... 44
2. Recovery system : ................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 10: Launching of Rocket ...................................................................................... 46
10.1 Model rocket Launch : ........................................................................................... 46
10.2 HPR rocket Launch : .............................................................................................. 47
Chapter 11: Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 12 : References ..................................................................................................... 50
ATTENDANCE SHEET .................................................................................................... 51
INTERNSHIP REVIEW .................................................................................................... 52

11
Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Overview of Organization

Vartix Aerospace Private Limited (VAPL) is a registered startup operating as a

Private Limited Indian Non-Government Company incorporated in India on 20 July 2022.
Its registered office is in Anand, Gujarat, India.
Directors of Vartix Aerospace Private Limited are UmangKumar Jayantibhai
Sudani, Keyur Rameshbhai Devganiya and Nayan Chandulal Sandpa
Vartix Aerospace is Defence and Space Manufacturing company. Current
employees working at Vartix aerospace is 11 to 50. Headquarter of Vartix aerospace is at
Anand, Gujarat.
Specialise in Rocket manufacturing, Propulsion, In house manufacturing, and Space
education.

1.2 Vision and Mission

➢ We are determined to provide with space transportation of next generation

technology with our mission to make space easy to access. Inspired by Make in
India campaign, we thrive to build Rocket manufacturing industry from base in
India.
➢ Along our journey we wish to inspire more space enthusiast like us with our space
education program.

1.3 Different departments of the organization

1. Design Department
2. Avionics Department
3. Propulsion Department
4. Manufacturing Department
5. Assembly Department

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Chapter 2: Rocket History

2.1: 1st Century:

Greek engineer Hero of Alexandria creates the "aeolipile," a steam-powered device

that exhibits a basic principle of rocket propulsion. It, too, used steam as a propulsive gas.
Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water
into steam, and the gas travelled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on op-
posite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, and in doing so gave a thrust to the
sphere that caused it to rotate.
.

Fig 2.1: HERO’S ENGINE

2.2: 9th Century:

Ancient Chinese invent gunpowder and develop early forms of gunpowder-pow-

ered rockets used for military and fireworks. Chinese reportedly had a simple form of gun-
powder made from saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal dust. They used the gunpowder mostly
for fireworks in religious and other festive celebrations. To create explosions during reli-
gious festivals, they filled bamboo tubes with the mixture and tossed them into fires. Per-
haps some of those tubes failed to explode and instead skittered out of the fires, propelled

13
by the gases and sparks produced from the burning gunpowder. The Chinese began exper-
imenting with the gunpowder-filled tubes. At some point, they attached bamboo tubes to
arrows and launched them with bows. Soon they discovered that these gunpowder tubes
could launch themselves just by the power produced from the escaping gas. The true rocket
was born.

2.3: 13th Century:

The date reporting the first use of true rockets was in 1232. At this time, the Chinese
and the Mongols were at war with each other. During the battle of Kai-Keng, the Chinese
repelled the Mongol invaders by a barrage of “arrows of flying fire.” These fire-arrows
were a simple form of a solid-propellant rocket. A tube, capped at one end, contained gun-
powder. The other end was left open and the tube was attached to a long stick. When the
powder ignited, the rapid burning of the powder produced fire, smoke, and gas that escaped
out the open end and produced a thrust.

Following the battle of Kai-Keng, the Mongols produced rockets of their own and
may have been responsible for the spread of rockets to Europe.

Fig 2.2: 13TH CENTURY CHINESE FIRE ARROWS

14
2.4 19th Century:

In 1804 British inventor Sir William Congreve develops military rockets used by
the British army in various conflicts.

In 1898 Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky publishes his work on rocket

equations and the concept of space travel using rockets. a Russian schoolteacher, Konstan-
tin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935), proposed the idea of space exploration by rocket. In a report
he published in 1903, Tsiolkovsky suggested the use of liquid propellants for rockets in
order to achieve greater range. Tsiolkovsky stated that only the exhaust velocity of escaping
gases limited the speed and range of a rocket. For his ideas, careful research, and great
vision, Tsiolkovsky has been called the father of modern astronautics.

Fig 2.3: Tsiolkovsky Rocket Designs

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2.5 20th Century:

Early in the 20th century, an American, Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945), con-

ducted practical experiments in rocketry. Goddard’s earliest experiments were with solid-
propellant rockets. In 1915, he began to try various types of solid fuels and to measure the
exhaust velocities of the burning gases. While working on solid-propellant rockets, God-
dard became convinced that a rocket could be propelled better by liquid fuel. No one had
ever built a successful liquid-propellant rocket before

Goddard achieved the first successful flight with a liquid propellant rocket on
March 16, 1926. Fuelled by liquid oxygen and gasoline, the rocket flew for only two and a
half seconds, climbed 12.5 meters, and landed 56 meters away in a cabbage patch.

Fig 2.4: Dr. Robert H. Goddard with his First Rocket and Its Design

16
 FIG 2.5: Dr. Robert H. Goddard makes adjustments on the upper end of a rocket
combustion chamber in this 1940 picture taken in Roswell, New Mexico

In 1942-1945 World War II sees the German development and deployment of the
V-2 rocket, the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. The V-2 rocket was small
by comparison to today’s rockets. It achieved its great thrust by burning a mixture of liquid
oxygen and alcohol at a rate of about one ton every seven seconds.

17
Fig 2.6: German V-2 (A-4) Missile Layout

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2.6 Space Age and Beyond:

➢ 1957: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, initiating the
space race and the modern era of space exploration.
➢ 1961: Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to orbit the Earth aboard Vostok 1,
marking a major milestone in human spaceflight.
➢ 1969: NASA's Apollo 11 mission successfully lands astronauts Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, a monumental achievement.
➢ 1971: The Soviet Union launches the world's first space station, Salyut 1, laying the
groundwork for long-duration space habitation.
➢ 1981: NASA introduces the Space Shuttle program, enabling reusable spacecraft for
various missions.
➢ 1998: The International Space Station (ISS) project begins, involving multiple
nations in the construction and operation of a habitable space station.

2.7 Modern Era and Beyond:

➢ 2000s: Private companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and others enter the space
industry, leading to advancements in rocket reusability and cost reduction.
➢ 2012: SpaceX's Falcon 9 delivers cargo to the ISS, marking the first commercial
spacecraft to do so.
➢ 2015: SpaceX achieves the first successful vertical landing of a Falcon 9 first stage,
a crucial step toward reusable rockets.
➢ 2020s: Continued exploration of Mars with rovers and landers, as well as ongoing
advancements in satellite technology, space tourism, and interplanetary missions.

2.8 Summary of History:

Throughout history, rockets have evolved from simple gunpowder-driven devices

to powerful vehicles capable of reaching space and exploring other celestial bodies. The
progression of rocketry has paved the way for the modern space age and has revolutionized
our understanding of the universe.

19
Chapter 3: Introduction to Rocketry: Principal and Stability

3.1 Introduction to Rocket:

A rocket is a remarkable vehicle designed for space exploration and transportation,

utilizing the principle of Newton's Third Law of Motion “every action has an equal and
opposite reaction”. Rockets have played a pivotal role throughout history, propelling
humanity beyond Earth's confines and enabling us to study distant celestial bodies,
communicate globally, and aspire to colonize other planets. Rockets are used for a wide
range of purposes, including space exploration, satellite deployment, scientific research,
and military applications.

➢ Rockets consist of several key components, including

1. Propellant: This is the material that undergoes combustion to produce the gases
expelled out of the rocket's engine. Propellants can be either liquid or solid, each
with its own advantages and disadvantages.
2. Engine: The rocket engine is responsible for igniting and burning the propellant,
generating a high-speed jet of exhaust gases. Rocket engines can be simple or
complex, with various designs based on the type of propellant used.
3. Combustion Chamber: This is where the propellant is ignited and burned. The
combustion process releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat and gases,
creating a high-pressure environment that forces the exhaust gases out of the rocket
nozzle.
4. Nozzle: The rocket nozzle is designed to accelerate the exhaust gases to an
extremely high speed, in accordance with the principles of fluid dynamics. This
high-speed exhaust generates thrust in the opposite direction, propelling the rocket
forward.
5. Payload: The payload is the cargo or equipment that the rocket is designed to carry.
It could be satellites, scientific instruments, astronauts, or other materials depending
on the mission's objectives.
3.2 Rocket Principal:

Rockets operate on the principle of Newton's third law of motion, which states that
"for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." This law explains how rockets
are able to generate thrust and move through the vacuum of space.

20
 • Here's how it works:
1. Expelling Propellant: Rockets carry propellant (a combination of fuel and
oxidizer) in their tanks. When the propellant is burned, it creates high-speed exhaust
gases.
2. Action-Reaction: As the propellant is expelled out of the rocket's engine nozzle at
high speed, it creates an action (exhaust gases moving in one direction). According
to Newton's third law, there is an equal and opposite reaction, which in this case is
the rocket being pushed forward in the opposite direction.
3. Conservation of Momentum: The rocket's acceleration is a result of the
conservation of momentum. By expelling mass (the exhaust gases) at high velocity,
the rocket gains an equal and opposite momentum, propelling it forward.
4. Continuous Process: Rockets continue to burn propellant and expel exhaust gases
at high speeds. This ongoing action-reaction cycle allows the rocket to achieve
higher and higher velocities, enabling it to reach escape velocity and overcome
Earth's gravity.

It's important to note that rockets can work in space because they don't require a
medium (like air) to push against, as they generate their own thrust through the expulsion
of propellant. This is in contrast to some other forms of propulsion, such as jet engines,
which rely on intake of air to mix with fuel for combustion and subsequent propulsion.
Rockets have been crucial for space exploration and satellite launches because they
are the most effective way to overcome Earth's gravity and reach the high speeds necessary
to enter and manoeuvre in space.

3.3 Rocket Stability:

Stability is a critical factor in rocket design to ensure that the rocket travels on a
predictable and controlled trajectory. A stable rocket is one that returns to its original
position after being disturbed from its equilibrium. There are two main types of stability:
static stability and dynamic stability.
1. Static Stability: Static stability refers to the rocket's ability to return to its original
position after being slightly tilted or disturbed. This is achieved through the placement
of fins at the rocket's tail, which create drag and help keep the rocket's centre of pressure
(CP) behind its centre of gravity (CG). If the CP is ahead of the CG, the rocket can
become unstable and wobble in flight.
2. Dynamic Stability: Dynamic stability involves the rocket's behaviour as it travels
through the air. Rockets are designed to dampen out any oscillations or wobbling that
might occur during flight. Proper aerodynamic design, along with the correct placement
of fins and other stabilizing elements, ensures dynamic stability.
3. Neutral Stability: A neutrally stable rocket is one in which the CG and CP are at
roughly the same point. A neutrally stable rocket can have a very strange flight. It won't

21
 necessarily flop around in flight, but neither will it necessarily fly straight. In fact, it
will go in any direction it is pointing

Fig 3.1: Rocket Stability

3.3.1 Factors affecting rocket stability:

1. Fin Design: Fins play a significant role in rocket stability. They increase drag at the
rear of the rocket, ensuring that the rocket aligns itself with its velocity vector.
2. Center of Gravity (CG): The CG should be placed ahead of the CP to ensure static
stability. If the CG is too far forward, the rocket might be overly stable, which can
result in oscillations. If it's too far back, the rocket might become unstable.
3. Aerodynamic Shape: The rocket's overall shape can influence stability. A well-
streamlined shape reduces the chances of unstable aerodynamic effects.
4. Mass Distribution: The distribution of mass along the length of the rocket affects
stability. Concentrating too much mass in one section can lead to instability.
5. Nose Cone: The shape and size of the nose cone impact the rocket's aerodynamics
and stability. A properly designed nose cone helps reduce air resistance and
maintain stability.
6. Payload Placement: If the payload is significantly heavy and placed too far forward
or backward, it can affect the rocket's balance and stability.

Rocket stability is a complex balance of design, engineering, and physics principles.

Achieving the right combination of static and dynamic stability ensures that a rocket can
fly safely and accurately, making it an essential consideration for anyone involved in
rocketry, from hobbyists to professionals.

22
Chapter 4: Design of Rocket

4.1 Introduction to Design:

Design is the process of creating a plan or blueprint for a product, system,

or structure that meets specific requirements and objectives. It involves a systematic
approach of problem-solving, creativity, and technical knowledge to come up with an
effective and efficient solution.
4.2 Design of Rocket:

The design of a rocket involves the creation of a complex system that can
carry payloads into space. Rockets are designed to achieve specific mission requirements,
such as placing satellites into orbit, exploring outer space, or conducting scientific
experiments. The design process involves various steps and considerations to ensure the
rocket's performance, reliability, safety, and efficiency.
4.2.1 Steps for Designing of Rocket:

1. Problem Identification:

• Clearly define the problem that needs to be solved or the objective that needs
to be achieved through the design.
2. Research and Analysis:

• Gather relevant information, data, and research to understand the problem, its
context, and potential solutions.
• Analyse existing products or systems to identify strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats.
3. Concept Development:

• Evaluate and refine the generated ideas to select the most promising
concepts.
• Develop detailed sketches, diagrams, or prototypes to visualize and
communicate the concepts.
4. Preliminary Design:

• Create a preliminary design that outlines the overall structure,

components, and functionality of the product or system.
• Consider factors such as materials, dimensions, and interfaces.
5. Detailed Design:

• Develop a detailed design that specifies the exact dimensions, materials,

components, and mechanisms required.

23
 • Use computer-aided design (CAD) tools to create detailed drawings and
models.
6. Prototyping:

• Build a physical or virtual prototype of the design to test and validate its
functionality, performance, and usability.
• Iterate on the design based on prototype testing and feedback.
7. Testing and Validation:

• Conduct thorough testing of the prototype to ensure that it meets the

defined requirements and objectives.
• Identify and address any issues or shortcomings through testing and
analysis.
8. Iteration and Refinement:

• Based on testing results and feedback, make necessary design

modifications and improvements to enhance performance and usability.
9. Final Design:

• Incorporate all the refinements and improvements into the design to create
the final version.
• Ensure that the final design meets all requirements and objectives.
10. Documentation:

• Prepare detailed documentation that includes design specifications,

drawings, materials, assembly instructions, and user manuals.
11. Quality Control:

• Implement quality control measures to ensure that the manufactured

product or system meets the intended specifications and standards
Design is an iterative process that involves multiple rounds of analysis, testing,
refinement, and improvement. It requires collaboration, creativity, and a systematic
approach to ensure that the final design effectively solves the problem and meets the desired
objectives.

4.2.2 Design Criteria of Rocket

1. Performance: The rocket must meet mission requirements in terms of altitude,

velocity, payload capacity, and trajectory.
2. Safety: Safety features should be integrated into the design to minimize risks of
accidents during launch, flight, and recovery.

24
 3. Structural Integrity: The rocket's structure and components should be able to
withstand the forces and environmental conditions experienced during launch and
space travel.
4. Payload Protection: The design should ensure secure attachment and protection of
the payload from vibrations, shocks, and extreme temperatures.
5. Cost-effectiveness: The design should strive to minimize costs while meeting all
mission requirements and objectives.
6. Environmental Impact: Consider the environmental impact of the rocket's launch
and flight, including minimizing pollution and debris generation.
7. Compatibility: The rocket's design should be compatible with available launch
platforms, facilities, and infrastructure.
8. Scalability: The design should allow for future modifications and improvements
based on evolving mission requirements and technological advancements.
9. Aerodynamics and Stability: The rocket's design should incorporate aerodynamic
features like nose cone shape, fins, and stabilizers to minimize drag and ensure
stable flight.
10. Noise and Vibrations: Minimize noise and vibrations that could affect the payload
or crew (if applicable) during launch and flight.
11. Recovery and Reusability: If the rocket is designed for recovery and reuse, ensure
that the design allows for safe and effective recovery mechanisms.
12. Mission Flexibility: Design the rocket to accommodate different types of missions
and payloads with minimal modifications.

4.2.3 Why Design Criteria is Provided:

Design criteria provide a framework for creating a rocket that meets all functional,
safety, and operational requirements while achieving mission success and efficiency. These
criteria guide the design process and ensure that the final product is both effective and
reliable.

4.2.4 Given Task for Designing

1. Stability should be in between 3.8 to 4.6 cal

2. Slenderness ratio should be in between 12 to 17
3. Select low weight material
4. Component should be work proper during flight
5. All components are reusable

25
4.3 No of Components :

No Part Name Material

1. Nose cone PLA
2. Body Tube Card Board
3. Recovery System PLA
4. Motor PVC
5. Motor Mount PLA
6. Fins PLA

Table. 4.3.1. No of Component

26
Chapter 5: Software

For Designing of Rocket, we learn two software’s OpenRocket and SolidWorks.

5.1 OpenRocket:

OpenRocket is an open-source software application primarily used for the design,

simulation, and analysis of model rockets. It provides a virtual platform for hobbyists,
students, and enthusiasts to design and simulate the performance of model rockets before
physically building and launching them.

5.1.1 Key features of OpenRocket include:

1. Rocket Design: Users can create rocket designs by specifying various parameters
such as dimensions, materials, fins, nose cones, and more.
2. Simulation: OpenRocket uses physics-based simulation to predict the flight
behavior of the designed rocket. This includes estimating factors like altitude,
speed, stability, and drag during both ascent and descent phases of the flight.
3. Motor Selection: The software allows users to select rocket motors based on their
specifications and characteristics, and then simulates the rocket’s performance
using the selected motor
4. Stability Analysis: Open Rocket can evaluate the stability of the rocket during
flight, ensuring that the design will have a stable trajectory rather than veering off
course or experiencing unstable behavior.
5. Graphs and Reports: The software generates graphical representations and reports
based on the simulation results, providing users with insights into the rocket’s
performance.

Fig 5.1: Interface Of Open Rocket

Software tools like Open Rocket are designed for educational and hobby purposes.
They are not intended for professional engineering and aerospace design. If you’re

27
interested in more advanced simulations for professional or research purposes, you might
need to look into specialized commercial software or tools used by the aerospace industry.

Fig 5.2 Design of model Rocket in Open Rocket

In open rocket we calculated the stability of rocket and also weight of rocket. In open
rocket we can easily calculate the stability of rocket and also we analyse the motor and the
flight of the rocket.

Fig 5.3 Design and simulation of High Power Rocket

In this software we calculated our both rockets stability and also simulate and
calculation of weight. Selecting rocket dimension is in this software after this the next step
is to create cad model in cad software.

28
5.2 SolidWorks:

SolidWorks is a popular computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided

engineering (CAE) software developed by Dassault Systems. It is widely used by engineers
and designers to create 3D models, simulate real-world physics and behaviours, and
generate detailed drawings for manufacturing and production processes.

5.2.1 key features and aspects of SolidWorks software:

1. 3D Modelling
2. Assembly Design
3. Simulation and Analysis
4. Drawings and Documentation
5. Sheet Metal Design
6. Surface Modelling
7. Integration with Other Software
8. Large Material Library
9. Industry Applications

Fig 5.4: Interface of SolidWorks

29
Chapter 6: Recovery

6.1 Introduction:

The Recovery system of a rocket is a crucial component that ensure the safe return
of the rocket to the ground after it completer its mission or reached a certain altitude. The
primary purpose of recovery system is to slow down and control the decent of rocket,
preventing it from crashing and sustaining damage upon landing.

6.2 Types of Recovery System:

There are several types of recovery system used in rockets:

1. Parachute Recovery: Parachute are one of the most common and reliable recovery
system for rockets. They work by deploying a parachute or a series of parachutes at
a predetermined altitude. The drag generated by the parachute slow down the decent
of rocket, allowing it to land gently. Parachute recovery system are often used in
model rockets and some high-power rocket

Fig 6.1 Parachute with its types

2. Streamer Recovery: Streamer recovery involves deploying a long, ribbon-like
streamer at a apogee. The streamer creates a drag and slows the rocket's descent,
enabling a safe landing. Streamers are often used in small model rockets.

30
 Fig 6.2: Streamer Recovery
3. Tumble Recovery: In tumble recovery, the rocket is designed to tumble or spin
during descent. This tumbling motion creates aerodynamic drag, slowing down the
rocket's fall. Tumble recovery systems are relatively simple and are used in some
model rockets.

Fig 6.3: Tumble Recovery

4. Drogue Chute and Main Chute: Some high-power rockets and larger vehicles use a
two-stage parachute system. A smaller drogue chute is deployed at apogee to
stabilize the rocket and slow it down. Then, at a lower altitude, the main parachute
is deployed to further slow the descent and ensure a gentle landing.

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 Fig 6.4: Drogue Chute and Main Chute

5. Soft Landing Engines: In some advanced rockets, especially those designed for
vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), soft landing engines are used to provide a
controlled descent and landing. These engines can throttle or vector their thrust to
achieve precise landings.

Fig 6.5: Soft Landing Engines

The choice of recovery system depends on factors such as the rocket's size, weight,
altitude, payload, and mission objectives. It's important to carefully design and test the
recovery system to ensure that it functions reliably and safely. Failure of the recovery
system can lead to damage to the rocket or payload and pose safety risks to people and
property on the ground.

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6.3 Our design in recovery system :
in our recovery system we designed a tube with
square cut section. And designed a one type cover with hinges and in lock and unlock
system in there is a servo will be operate. When the rocket is in zero acceleration the
parachute will be detached.

Fig 6.6 Recovery system.

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Chapter 7 : Avionics

7.1 Introduction:

Avionics, a portmanteau of "aviation" and "electronics," refers to the electronic

systems and devices used in the field of aviation and aerospace. In the context of rockets,
avionics encompasses a wide range of electronic components and systems that are essential
for the control, guidance, navigation, communication, and monitoring of the rocket
throughout its mission. These systems play a critical role in ensuring the success and safety
of rocket launches and space missions.

7.2 Types of Avionics for Rockets:

1. Guidance and Navigation Systems: These systems determine the rocket's position,
orientation, and trajectory. They use sensors like gyroscopes, accelerometers, GPS
(Global Positioning System), and star trackers to provide accurate information to
control the rocket's flight path.
2. Flight Control Systems: These systems use the data from the guidance and
navigation systems to control the rocket's movements. They adjust the rocket's fins,
engine gimbal, or thrust vectoring mechanisms to ensure it follows the desired
trajectory.
3. Communication Systems: Communication avionics enable the rocket to send and
receive data, commands, and telemetry with ground control stations and other
spacecraft. This includes radio transmitters and receivers, antennas, and data
processing units.
4. Telemetry Systems: Telemetry avionics collect and transmit real-time data from
various sensors on the rocket back to ground control. This data can include
information about temperature, pressure, engine performance, and more, allowing
engineers to monitor the rocket's health and performance during flight.
5. Onboard Computers: Rockets are equipped with onboard computers that process
data from various sensors and systems, execute flight algorithms, and make real-
time decisions to ensure the rocket follows its intended trajectory and responds to
changing conditions.
6. Payload Control and Data Acquisition: If the rocket carries scientific instruments,
satellites, or payloads, avionics systems are responsible for controlling and
collecting data from these payloads during the mission
7. Power and Electrical Systems: Avionics also include power distribution systems,
batteries, and electrical components that provide and manage electrical power to all
the onboard systems.

34
 8. Safety and Redundancy Systems: Avionics systems incorporate redundancy and
safety features to ensure that critical functions can continue even in the event of
system failures or malfunctions.
9. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): IMUs are used to measure and report the
rocket's velocity, orientation, and acceleration. They play a vital role in navigation
and control systems.
10. Environmental Sensors: Avionics systems may include sensors to monitor
environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and radiation, to ensure
the rocket and its payloads operate within specified limits.

7.3 Component used in Avionics :

Generally four component used in avionics in our rocket:

Fig 7.1 SG90 Servo motor

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Fig 7.2 Arduino Nano

Fig 7.3 Accelerometer

Fig 7.4 Lithium ion cell

36
Chapter 8: Propulsion

8.1 Introduction

Propulsion in rocketry refers to the mechanism or system that generates the force
necessary to propel a rocket into space or through the Earth's atmosphere. It's the process
of expelling mass (propellant) from the rocket at high velocities, creating an equal and
opposite reaction force that propels the rocket forward according to Newton's third law of
motion.

Key components and principles of rocket propulsion include:

1. Propellant: Rockets carry propellants, which are chemical substances used as fuel
and oxidizer. The propellant is burned or otherwise expelled to produce thrust.
2. Combustion: In most rocket propulsion systems, combustion occurs in a
combustion chamber. The fuel and oxidizer are mixed and ignited, releasing energy
in the form of high-temperature and high-pressure gases.
3. Nozzle: The nozzle is a critical component that accelerates the high-pressure gases
produced in the combustion chamber to supersonic or even hypersonic speeds. This
acceleration generates thrust.
4. Thrust Vector Control: Rockets need to control the direction of thrust to achieve
stable flight. Thrust vector control systems adjust the angle at which the exhaust
gases exit the nozzle to steer the rocket.
5. Types of Propulsion: Rocket propulsion systems can vary widely, from chemical
rockets (liquid and solid) to more advanced technologies like electric propulsion,
nuclear thermal propulsion, and even theoretical concepts like antimatter
propulsion.

Rocket propulsion is a field of constant innovation, driven by the quest for greater
efficiency, speed, and payload capacity. It is a foundational technology for space
exploration, satellite deployment, space science missions, and even interplanetary travel.
Propulsion engineers and scientists work tirelessly to develop and improve propulsion
systems to enable humanity to reach new frontiers in the cosmos.

37
8.2 Types of Propulsion system:

There are several types of rocket propulsion systems, each with its own principles
and applications:

1. Chemical Rocket Propulsion: Chemical rockets are the most common type of rocket
propulsion. They work by combining and igniting chemical propellants. There are
two main types:
• Liquid Rocket Engines: These use liquid propellants (liquid fuel and oxidizer)
that are stored in separate tanks and mixed and burned in a combustion chamber.
Liquid rockets offer precise thrust control and are commonly used in launch
vehicles and spacecraft.
• Solid Rocket Motors: Solid rockets use a solid propellant mixture that's
preloaded into the rocket motor. When ignited, the propellant burns from the
inside out. They are simple, reliable, and often used as boosters for launching
payloads into space.
2. Hybrid Rocket Propulsion: Hybrid rockets combine elements of both liquid and
solid propulsion. Typically, they use a solid fuel grain and a liquid oxidizer,
allowing for more control than solid rockets but with some of the simplicity of solid
motors.
3. Nuclear Thermal Propulsion: This theoretical propulsion method uses a nuclear
reactor to heat a propellant (usually hydrogen) to extremely high temperatures. The
hot gas is expelled through a nozzle to generate thrust. While highly efficient,
nuclear thermal propulsion is still in the experimental stage and has not been widely
used.
4. Electric Propulsion (Ion and Hall Effect Thrusters): Electric propulsion systems use
electricity (usually from solar panels or a nuclear power source) to ionize a
propellant (such as xenon) and accelerate the ions using electromagnetic fields.
While they provide low thrust, electric propulsion systems are highly efficient and
are commonly used for deep space missions and station-keeping for satellites
5. Air-Breathing Rocket Engines: These engines are designed to work in the Earth's
atmosphere, where they can use atmospheric oxygen as the oxidizer. Examples
include scramjets and air-augmented rockets. They are most often used for
launching payloads into orbit from Earth's surface.
6. Pulse Detonation Engines (PDEs): PDEs are an experimental type of propulsion
that uses detonations (controlled explosions) to generate thrust. They have the
potential to be highly efficient but are still in the research and development stage.
Each type of propulsion system has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of
which to use depends on factors like mission objectives, payload size, destination, and the
environment in which the rocket will operate. Rocket propulsion is a critical component of
space exploration and plays a fundamental role in enabling humans to reach space and
explore other celestial bodies

38
TASK –
The task was given to us was to produced the thrust between the 75 to 85 n thrust within
2 chance of trial but we the thrust within one chance we produce the 80 n thrust

39
 Fig 8.1 Testing of Motor

Fig 8.2 show the thrust vs time

40
COMPOENENTS MATERIAL
FUEL Sugar + kno3+ sulphur
Body Polyvinyl chloride
Nozzle M- seal

Table 8.2.1 Component And its material

Components Weight and Dimensions

Body 17 cm length
Fuel Amount in gm
• Kno3 • 110 gram

• Sugar • 60 gram

• Sulphur • 2 gram

M seal Top side of motor 32 gram

Bottom side 22 gram

Nozzle 6mm diameter

Total weight of motor 265 gm

Table 8.2.2 Component And its Weight and dimension

41
Chapter 9: Manufacturing of Rocket

9.1 Manufactured parts of rocket :

1. Nose cone :

Fig 9.1 Nose cone

As shown in fig 9.1 the nose cone is generally made using rapid prototyping the
process is known as 3d printing. The material used in nose cone is PLA.

42
2 . Motor mount and fins :

Fig 9.2 Motor mount with fins

The motor mount is made out of PLA material and same as nose cone manufactured
process. The motor mount has multiple use like holding the motor, also to attach a fins and
also a bulk head built in.

43
2. Recovery system :

Fig 9.3 Recovery system

A recovery system is part of the rocket that allows the rocket to safely return to earth
after launch.

44
Chapter 10: Launching of Rocket

10.1 Model rocket Launch :

This date 04/08/2023 we launched our model rocket the launch was successful
and it was our first launch in internship.

Fig 10.1 Model Rocket Launch

45
10.2 HPR rocket Launch :

This date 19/08/2023 we launched our HPR rocket the launch was unsuccessful
because the motor is back fired and rocket fly at some altitude but the launch was not 100%
successful. After the motor got backfire the rocket does not go in vertical direction its
slowly downward fall and crashed. In rocket the other system worked properly like
recovery and avionics.

Fig 10.2 HPR Rocket launch

Fig 10.3 Effect Due to back fire of motor

46
Chapter 11: Conclusion

In conclusion, my aerospace internship has been a remarkable and invaluable experience

that has allowed me to gain a deeper understanding of the aerospace industry and its inner
workings. Over the course of my internship, I have had the opportunity to work on exciting
projects, collaborate with a team of passionate professionals, and apply the theoretical
knowledge I've gained during my academic studies to real-world challenges.

One of the most significant takeaways from this internship is the exposure to cutting-edge
technologies and innovative solutions that are driving the aerospace sector forward. From
working on aircraft design and optimization to contributing to the development of
propulsion systems and avionics, I've witnessed firsthand the incredible progress being
made in this field.

Moreover, the internship has provided me with insights into the intricate regulatory and
safety standards that govern aerospace operations. Understanding the importance of safety
and compliance in an industry as complex as aerospace has been a crucial aspect of my
learning journey.

Additionally, the experience has allowed me to develop essential soft skills, including
effective communication, teamwork, time management, and problem-solving. These skills
are not only beneficial for a successful career in aerospace but also transferable to various
other areas of life.

In conclusion, my aerospace internship has been a transformative experience that has

enriched my knowledge, expanded my skill set, and provided me with a glimpse into the
exciting and challenging world of aerospace. I am grateful for the opportunity to have been
part of this dynamic and forward-looking industry, and I look forward to applying the
lessons and experiences gained during my internship to future endeavors in the aerospace
field. This internship has reaffirmed my passion for aerospace and has solidified my
determination to pursue a career in this captivating and ever-evolving industry.

In this comprehensive document, we have delved into the multifaceted world of rocketry
and the dynamics of an internship experience with [Company Name]. Chapter 1 introduced
us to the company, providing a foundation for the internship summary, its purpose,
objectives, scope, and the meticulous planning involved in the process. Moreover, we
explored the various departments within the organization, setting the stage for a deep dive
into the aerospace industry.

Chapter 2 unveiled the rich history of rocketry, spanning from ancient times to the modern
era. We uncovered how this technology has evolved over the centuries, ultimately leading
us to the present state of rocket science.

47
Chapter 3 delved into the fundamental principles of rocketry, exploring the core concepts
of rocket propulsion and stability. This section provided a vital understanding of the
underlying principles that drive rockets into the sky and beyond.

Chapter 4 brought us into the realm of rocket design, outlining the crucial steps and criteria
involved in creating efficient and effective rocket systems. We also explored the software
tools, such as Open Rocket and SolidWorks, that play a pivotal role in the design process.

Chapter 6 delved into the intricate world of rocket recovery systems, shedding light on the
various types and detailing our own design in this crucial aspect of rocketry.

Chapter 7 ventured into avionics, elucidating the different types of avionics used in rockets
and the specific components that facilitate their operation.

Chapter 8 unveiled the propulsion systems, showcasing the different types of propulsion
methods employed in rocketry, essential for launching these incredible machines into the
cosmos.

Chapter 9 explored the manufacturing process of rockets, highlighting key components like
the nose cone, motor mount, fins, and recovery system. These elements come together to
create a functional and efficient rocket.

Finally, Chapter 10 offered insights into the climax of the rocketry process: the launch. It
detailed the differences between model rocket launches and high-powered rocket launches,
emphasizing the precision and safety measures involved in such endeavors.

Throughout this document, we have embarked on a fascinating journey through the world
of rocketry, from its historical roots to its modern-day applications. This journey has also
been a reflection of the valuable knowledge and experiences gained during the internship
with [Company Name]. As the chapters unfolded, the complexity and interplay of various
components became evident, highlighting the collaborative nature of this field. The
internship experience has not only broadened horizons but has also provided a practical
understanding of the aerospace industry.

This document stands as a testament to the dedication and hard work put into this
internship, providing a well-rounded overview of the diverse aspects of rocketry and how
they converge within the aerospace industry. It serves as a valuable resource for those
seeking to explore the world of rockets, from history to design, manufacturing, and launch,
while also offering a glimpse into the innovative software and technologies that drive
this field forward.

48
Chapter 12 : References

1. Smith, J. (2019). Aerospace Engineering Principles. Publisher.

2. Johnson, M. R. (2018). Rocket Propulsion and Space Exploration. Academic Press.

3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2020). NASA's Contribution to

Aeronautics. https://www.nasa.gov/

4. Open Rocket. (2021). Open Rocket Software Documentation. https://open-

rocket.github.io/

5. SolidWorks Corporation. (2019). SolidWorks User Guide. Publisher.

6. Rocketry Forum. (2020). Online Community for Rocketry Enthusiasts.

https://www.rocketryforum.com/

7. Federal Aviation Administration. (2022). Regulations and Guidelines for Launch-

ing Rockets. https://www.faa.gov/

8. Aerospace Industries Association. (2017). Aerospace Industry Trends and Statis-

tics. https://www.aia-aerospace.org/

9. Doe, J. (2021). Internship Experience in Aerospace Engineering. Unpublished re-

port, [Your University Name].

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ATTENDANCE SHEET

50
INTERNSHIP REVIEW

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