JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CHEMICAL REACTION LABORATORY
(CHEG-4127)
Experiment one
Title: - isothermal saponification reaction in batch reactor
Group members
No Name Id no
1 Abel neberga Ru 2116/12
2 Eyob bezu Ru 0360/12
3 Yilma wendayehu Ru 0060/12
4 Yonas tarekegn Ru 1540/12
5 Yona getachew Ru 1591/12
6 Yoseph alemayehu Ru 1602/12
7 Yoseph sisay Ru 03

April 2023
instructor: -Defre
date of experiment 16 April 2023
date of submission
Table of Contents
Experiment 1 ......................................................................................................... 1
Title ................................................................................................................... 1
Objective ........................................................................................................... 1
Theory and literature review ............................................................................. 1
Experimental procedure .................................................................................... 5
Data collected .................................................................................................... 6
Graph Analysis .................................................................................................. 8
Experiment 2 ..................................................................................................... 16
Title ................................................................................................................. 16
Objective ......................................................................................................... 16
Theory ............................................................................................................. 16
Design equation of CSTR ........................................................................... 16
Reagent preparation ........................................................................................ 17
Procedure ........................................................................................................ 18
Data/Result ...................................................................................................... 19
Graphical analysis ........................................................................................... 20
Experiment 3 ....................................................................................................... 24
Title ................................................................................................................. 24
Objective ......................................................................................................... 24
Theory and literature review ........................................................................... 24
Material and chemical ..................................................................................... 27
Procedure ........................................................................................................ 27
Data or result ................................................................................................... 28
Graphical analysis ........................................................................................... 29
Experiment-4 ....................................................................................................... 39
Title ................................................................................................................. 39
Objective: - ..................................................................................................... 39
Theory ............................................................................................................. 39
Design equation for PFR ............................................................................. 39
Procedure ........................................................................................................ 42
Result/Data ...................................................................................................... 43
Graph Analysis ................................................................................................ 44
Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 49
Experiment 1
Title isothermal saponification reaction in batch reactor
Objective
To determine the order and value of the rate constant for the liquid
reaction of caustic soda and ethyl acetate in a batch reactor:

Theory and literature review

The reaction selected in this experiment is the saponification of ethyl acetate.

This reaction is elementary and second-order reaction and to report the value of
the reaction rate constant. The reaction equation is

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH

(Ethyl acetate) (Sodium hydroxide) (Sodium acetate)
(Ethanol)
The design of a chemical reactor calls for prior

information regarding:

 The reaction rate equation and

 The value of the reaction rate constant.

This information is to be obtained invariably through laboratory-scale

experiments conducted at constant temperature.

The equipment used is generally of batch type in case of homogenous

reactions and of flow type in case of heterogeneous/catalytic reactions.
The present experiment is very typical of the kinetic method that is
normally used for simple homogenous reactions. A batch reactor is in
general designed as a vacuum sleeve and is closed. It cannot be used
continuously. Due to its properties, a reaction in the batch reactor can
either be adiabatic or isothermal using external temperature
regulation. In the case of heavily exothermic reactions, there is a risk of
uncontrolled acceleration or uncontrolled inhibition of the reaction and
thus an unstable reaction. By combining the possible methods of

1
operating the batch reactor, the correct stability conditions can be
found for each reaction and thus a runaway of the reaction on the
operation of a continuous reactor can be avoided. Batch reactor is
normally used in small scale industry set-ups to study the kinetics of
chemical reaction.

A batch reactor is used for small-scale operation, for testing new

processes that have not been fully developed, for the manufacture of
expensive products, and for processes that are difficult to convert to
continuous operations. The reactor can be charged (i.e., filled) through
the holes at the top. The batch reactor has the advantage and also has the
disadvantages.
The advantages of a batch reactor are:

 Simple in construction.
 Small instrumentation and cost.
 Flexibility of operation.

 High conversion, yield and selectivity

The disadvantage of a batch reactor is

 the labor cost per unit of production, includes;

 the time it takes to fill the reactor,

 heat it to reaction temperature,

 cool it after completion of the reaction,

 discharge the reactor contents, and

 Clean the reactor for the next batch.

 difficulty in obtaining large scale production

the difficulty to control heat transfer and product quality

For any given reaction in a constant volume system, the rate of the
2
reaction can be represented by:
rA = kf(CA) = − dCA ............ (1)
dt

Where: rA is the rate of disappearance of reactant A among

the reacting species for a bimolecular second order reaction,

the rate equation is: -

r = kCACB..............................(2)
The stoichiometric equations in terms of fractional conversion X are: -

CA = CA,o − CA,oXA = CA,o(1 − XA) ............... (3)

CB = CB,o − CB,oXB, .................................. (4)

But when CA,o = CB,o and CA,oXA, = CB,oXB,o, then CB is also equal
to CA,o(1 − XA) and the rate equation become:

r = KC2A, o (1 − XA)2............... (5)

For constant volume isothermal batch reactor the component mass balance is:
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= = −𝑟𝑟………………………(6)
𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Equating the equation (5) and (6) becomes:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝐾𝐾 C2A, o (1 − XA)2 …………………(7)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 …………………(8)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Equating equation (7) and (8) becomes:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= KCA, o(1 − XA)2 ………………(9)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Integrating equation (9) will yield:

𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
= KtCA,0……………………………… ..(10)
1−𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋

This equation can easily used to determine the value of K.

The concentration is determined as:

3
4
From the conductivity values the percentage conversion of the reactant S can be calculated as:

For a second order reaction rate with equimolar concentration:

The temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant could be correlated by the Arrhenius
equation: -

Material and chemical

Apparatus (Equipment) used
 Beaker
 Disperse water
 Conical flask
 Measuring cylinder
 Volumetric flask
 Funnel
 Analytical balance
 Pipette
 Reactor system unit(trainer)
 Stirrer
Chemical used
 Ethyl acetate,
 pure NaOH pellet
 Distilled water

Experimental procedure
 The batch reactor was attached to the trainer above the collecting tray and then opened.
 It was ensured that all lower-level switches on the CE 310 main unit are switched off.
 The Switch was switched on the unit CE 310 only at the master was switched on.
 In a glass beaker a solution containing 400ml of distilled water and 1.6g 0.1M Sodium Hydroxide was
prepared. We Measured by using the measuring sensor, the conductivity and temperature of the solution.
 Again, in another glass beaker a solution containing 400ml of distilled water and 4ml 0.1M Ethyl
Acetate was prepared and then measured by using the measuring sensor, the conduction and temperature
of the solution.
5
  The conductivity measuring sensor in the measuring opening on the lid was inserted and connected to
the stirrer
 The stirrer to a medium speed was adjusted.
 The rubber bung of the lid was removed.
 Both solutions were quickly poured into the reaction tank with the help of the funnel
through the hole.
 The hole in the lid with rubber was closed and switched on the stirrer.
 Continuously the conductivity and temperature values were taken until the steady
condition was reached within the gap of 3 minutes.
 The data was recorded in the table form.
Data collected
time con tem 1/T XA CA K lnK rA lnCA CA^2 1/CA
(sec d p
) (Z) (0C)
0 20. 30 0.0333 0 0.1 #DIV/ #DIV/ #DIV/ - 0.01 10
1 33 0! 0! 0! 2.302
59
30 9.1 24.9 0.0401 0.7236 0.0276 0.8730 - 0.0006 - 0.0007 36.190
61 84 32 16 0.1358 67 3.588 64 48
8
60 8.5 25.7 0.0389 0.7631 0.0236 0.5370 - 0.0003 - 0.0005 42.222
11 58 84 37 0.6216 01 3.742 61 22
9 95
90 8 26.6 0.0375 0.7960 0.0203 0.4336 - 0.0001 - 0.0004 49.032
94 53 95 92 0.8354 8 3.892 16 26
2 48
120 7.5 27.4 0.0364 0.8289 0.0171 0.4038 - 0.0001 - 0.0002 58.461
96 47 05 46 0.9067 18 4.068 93 54
2 37
150 7.1 28.1 0.0355 0.8552 0.0144 0.3939 - 8.25E- - 0.0002 69.090
87 63 74 39 0.9315 05 4.235 09 91
6 42
180 6.8 28.6 0.0349 0.875 0.0125 0.3888 - 6.08E- - 0.0001 80
65 89 0.9444 05 4.382 56
6 03
210 6.5 29 0.0344 0.8947 0.0105 0.4047 - 4.48E- - 0.0001 95
83 37 26 62 0.9044 05 4.553 11
6 88
240 6.3 29.3 0.0341 0.9078 0.0092 0.4107 - 3.48E- - 8.48E- 108.57
3 95 11 14 0.8898 05 4.687 05 14
6
 6 41
270 6.1 29.6 0.0337 0.9210 0.0078 0.4320 - 2.69E- - 6.23E- 126.66
84 53 95 99 0.8391 05 4.841 05 67
56
300 6 29.8 0.0335 0.9276 0.0072 0.4272 - 2.24E- - 5.24E- 138.18
57 32 37 73 0.8503 05 4.928 05 18
3 57
330 5.8 30 0.0333 0.9407 0.0059 0.4814 - 1.69E- - 3.51E- 168.88
33 89 21 81 0.7308 05 5.129 05 89
9 24
360 5.7 30.1 0.0332 0.9473 0.0052 0.5 - 1.39E- - 2.77E- 190
23 68 63 0.6931 05 5.247 05
5 02
390 5.6 30.2 0.0331 0.9539 0.0046 0.5311 - 1.13E- - 2.12E- 217.14
13 47 05 36 0.6327 05 5.380 05 29
4 56
420 5.5 30.3 0.0330 0.9605 0.0039 0.5793 - 9.03E- - 1.56E- 253.33
03 26 47 65 0.5458 06 5.534 05 33
2 71
450 5.4 30.4 0.0328 0.9671 0.0032 0.6533 - 7.07E- - 1.08E- 304
95 05 89 33 0.4256 06 5.717 05
7 03
480 5.3 30.5 0.0327 0.9736 0.0026 0.7708 - 5.34E- - 6.93E- 380
87 84 32 33 0.2602 06 5.940 06
8 17
510 5.2 30.5 0.0327 0.9802 0.0019 0.9738 - 3.79E- - 3.9E- 506.66
87 63 74 56 0.0264 06 6.227 06 67
9 85
540 5.2 30.6 0.0326 0.9802 0.0019 0.9197 - 3.58E- - 3.9E- 506.66
8 63 74 53 0.0836 06 6.227 06 67
5 85
570 5.1 30.6 0.0326 0.9868 0.0013 1.3157 0.2744 2.28E- - 1.73E- 760
8 42 16 89 37 06 6.633 06
32
600 5 30.7 0.0325 0.9934 0.0006 2.5166 0.9229 1.09E- - 4.33E- 1520
73 21 58 67 35 06 7.326 07
47
630 5 30.7 0.0325 0.9934 0.0006 2.3968 0.8741 1.04E- - 4.33E- 1520
73 21 58 25 45 06 7.326 07
47
660 4.9 30.7 0.0325 1 -2.2E- - #NU -3.4E- #NU 4.93E- -
73 17 6.8E+ M! 20 M! 34 4.5E+
7
 13 16
690 4.9 30.7 0.0325 1 -2.2E- - #NU -3.2E- #NU 4.93E- -
73 17 6.5E+ M! 20 M! 34 4.5E+
13 16
720 4.9 30.8 0.0324 1 -2.2E- - #NU -3.1E- #NU 4.93E- -
68 17 6.3E+ M! 20 M! 34 4.5E+
13 16

Graph Analysis
The following graph shows the analysis of the data obtained for the batch reactor. The graphs
are taken randomly from the calculated data.

time vs concentration
0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.02

Figure 1 time vs. concentration

Looking from the graph we can simply say at initial time the concentration suddenly increases
but as time goes the concentration gradually decreases. this may happen due to some technique
error while conducting experiment

8
 Time Vs conductivity
25

20

15
conductivity

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time

Figure 2time vs. conductivity

The above graph shows that as the time increases the conductivity decreases rapidly for a
certain time due to the increment of conversion when the time increases constantly the
molecules of reactant will convert to product becomes less (low) and the conductivity becomes
constant.

Time Vs convertion
1.2

0.8
conductivity

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.2
time

Figure 3times vs. conversion

As we can see from the graph when the time increases the reactant will react very fast in reactor
until it reaches as the maximum amount of reaction rate. So, this results high conversion and
then it will be constant as the maximum amount of reaction rate is attained
9
 TIME VS TEMPRATURE
35

30

25
TEMPRATURE)

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME

Figure 4times vs. temperature

When we observe the above graph, as the time of reaction increases the temperature increases
and then it becomes very close and finally will be constant. This is due to the conversion of the
reactant to the product increases, the temperature will also increase and as the maximum
amount of conversion reach the temperature starts to be constant

TIME VS RATE CONSTANT

1E+13

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-1E+13

-2E+13
RATE CONSTANT

-3E+13

-4E+13

-5E+13

-6E+13

-7E+13

-8E+13
TIME

Figure 5 times vs. rate constant

As we can see from the graph, as the time of reaction increases initially rate constant will
decrease this is because the conversion increase and the concentration increase but as we reach
at the last stage rate constant will increase
10
 TIME VS RATE OF REACTION
0.0008

0.0007

0.0006

0.0005

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.0001
TIME

Figure 6times vs. rate of reaction

Looking into the graph shown in the above, as the time increases the rate of reaction decreases
until the amount of reactant in the reactor converts to product and after all ate reactants are
converted to product rate of reaction will be constant. Because, there is no reactant that is left in
the reactor that will be convert to product.

conversion vs. concentration

0.12

0.1

0.08
concentration

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.02
conversion

Figure 7conversion vs. concentration

11
As we observe the graph, the conversion and the concentration have inversely relationship due
to the effect of temperature.

Conversion vs. rate of reaction

0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
rateof areaction

0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
-0.0001 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
conersion

Figure 8 Conversion vs. rate of reaction

The above graph shows that, first as conversion increases the rate of reaction decreases rapidly.
Then when there if no reactant that will convert to product, there will be no reaction, so the
reaction rate becomes negligible

Time Vs rate constant

1.2

0.8
rate constant

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time

Figure 9 Temperature vs. conversion

As we can see from graph as temperature increases more reactant will be converted to product
as this time the conversion of the reaction increase, so the value is much with the theoretical
value.

12
 Concentration vs. rate reaction
0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.02

Concentration vs. rate reaction

Figure 10 Concentration vs. rate reaction

At the initial as concentration increase the rate reaction will increase in slow value but as we go
to final point the rate of reaction will increase in high amount.

rate constant vs. rate reaction

0.0007

0.0006

0.0005

0.0004
Axis Title

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.0001
Axis Title

Series2

Figure 11 rate constant vs. rate reaction

As we see from the graph, as the rate constant increase rate of reaction decrease for some
interval but in some interval, it increases this is due to personal error while conducting the
experiment

13
Figure 12 Temperature vs. rate constant
Looking from the graph, as temperature increase rate constant increase parabolic ally until some
interval then it immediately decrease down to null.

Figure 13 Temperature vs. rate of reaction

14
Observing the graph, it shows that at the start when the temperature increases the rate of
reaction is high (well mixed) but, as we keep increasing the temperature, the reactant will lose
the ability to react and this leads the decrement of the rate of reaction.

Figure 14 Time vs. conversion and temperature

As we can see from the graph the time vs conversion and temperature have a direct relationship.
This is because of when we are increasing the time, the reactant will convert highly and this
increase the conversion and also the temperature

15
 Experiment 2
Title: - Single Continuous Stir Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Objective
Determination of the kinetics parameter of the saponification reaction between 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and
0.1M ethyl acetate in CSTR at (25-45) (°c).

Theory
A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is a reaction vessel in which reagents, reactants and often solvents
flow into the reactor while the product of the reaction concurrently exit the vessel. In this manner the tank
reactor is considered to be a valuable tool for continuous chemical processing.

The behavior of a CSTR is often approximated or modeled by that of an ideal CSTR, which assumes perfect
mixing In a perfectly mixed reactor, reagent is instantaneously and uniformly mixed throughout the reactor
upon entry. Consequently, the output composition is identical to composition of the material inside the reactor,
which is a function of residence time and reaction rate.
. It is normally operated at steady state and is assumed to be perfectly mixed; consequently, there is no time
dependence or position dependence of the temperature, concentration, or reaction rate inside the CSTR. That is,
every variable is the same at every point inside the reactor. Because the temperature and concentration are
identical everywhere within the reaction vessel, they are the same at the exit point as they are elsewhere in the
tank. Thus, the temperature and concentration in the exit stream are modeled as being the same as those inside
the reactor. In systems where mixing is highly nonideal, the well-mixed model is inadequate, and we must resort
to other modeling techniques, such as residence time distributions, to obtain meaningful results.
Design equation of CSTR
Assumption

 There is input and output

 No accumulation
 Well mixed
 Constant volume
 Constant temperature and concentration in all volume at conmstant flow rate

Material and Chemical used

Material used
• Washing Bottle

16
 • Measuring cylinder
• Volumetric flask
• Funnel
• Pipette
• Beaker
• Magnetic stirrer

Chemical used

• Ethyl acetate
• Sodium hydroxide

Reagent preparation

17
Procedure
First, we attached the single continuous stirrer tank reactor to the system unit then Connect the water hoses
from the heating system to the connections on the base of the tank and to the switch housing. Connect the
chemical hoses from the pumps to the tank using the rapid action connectors. Insert the conductivity-
measuring sensor in the measuring opening on the lid and connect the stirrer. Adjust the overflow on the tank
such that the measuring sensor is immersed approximately 50 mm in the liquid with the tank filled. Ensure
that all subordinate switches on the main unit are switched off and then switch on the unit at the master switch.
Set the required water temperature for the heating regulator to [28, 32, 36,400C] and switch on the heater.
Switch on the chemical pumps and adjust both to the same flow rate of approximately 40%. When the liquid
level reaches the overflow, switch on the stirrer and adjust to a medium speed. At regular intervals of
approximately 20-30 seconds, the conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the measuring unit until
stable values are reached Then reduce the flow rate of both chemical pumps to the same value of approx. 40%.
Check whether the hot water temperature has reached [28, 32, 36,400C] and switch on the hot water pump. The
conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the measuring unit at regular intervals of approximately 20-
30 seconds until stable values are reached. Then increase the flow rate of both chemical pumps back to the
same value of approximately 80% . Again log the conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the
measuring unit at regular intervals of approximately 20-30 seconds until stable values are reached. When
finished switch off chemical pumps, heater, hot water pump and stirrer. Export the measured data and save it if
you are done by computer or record your data in table if you work manually.

18
Data/Result
 Initial Conductivity of 0.2M NaOH ...mS/cm
 Initial Conductivity of 0.2M ethyl Acetate ... . .mS/cm

t
Pump λ(mS/cm T(OC) xa CA K lnk 1/T rA ater
(sec.)
Bat
0 20.1 30 0 0.1 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.03333333 #DIV/0!
h
30 8.9 27.1 0.95726 0.00427 7.46667 2.01045 0.03690037 0.03111
tem
80% 60 8.7 27.7 0.97436 0.00256 6.33333 1.84583 0.03610108 0.01583
pera
90 8.6 28.2 0.98291 0.00171 6.38889 1.85456 0.03546099 0.01065
ture
120 8.5 28.5 0.99145 0.00085 9.66667 2.26868 0.03508772 0.00806 inlet
150 8.4 28.7 1 -2E-17 -3E+14 #NUM! 0.03484321 0.0065 for
180 8.1 29.3 0 0.1 0 #NUM! 0.03412969 0 heat
210 8 29.5 0.04348 0.09565 0.00216 -6.1356 0.03389831 0.00159 exc
40% 240 7.9 29.6 0.08696 0.0913 0.00397 -5.5294 0.03378378 0.00278 han
270 7.8 29.78 0.13043 0.08696 0.00556 -5.193 0.03357958 0.0037 ge
300 7.8 29.7 0.13043 0.08696 0.005 -5.2983 0.03367003 0.00333
330 7.9 29.4 0 0.1 0 #NUM! 0.03401361 0.00202
360 8 29.3 0.5 0.05 0.02778 -3.5835 0.03412969 0.00093
80% 390 8.1 29.2 1 3.6E-16 7.2E+12 29.6075 0.03424658 0.00154
420 8.1 29.2 1 3.6E-16 6.7E+12 29.5334 0.03424658 0.00135
450 8.1 29.2 1 3.6E-16 6.3E+12 29.4644 0.03424658 0.0022

19
Graphical analysis
25

20
conductivity

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
time

Conductivity vs time

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06
ca

0.04

0.02

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
-0.02
TIME

Concentration vs time

20
 1.2

0.8

0.6
xa

0.4

0.2

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
t

Conversion vs time

25

20

15
cond

10

0
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
ca

Conductivity vs concentration

21
 1.2

0.8

0.6
xa

0.4

0.2

0
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
ca

Conversion vs concentration

0.035

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015
rA

0.01

0.005

0
26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29 29.5 30 30.5
-0.005
T

Temperature vs Rate of reaction

22
 8E+13
7E+13
6E+13
5E+13
4E+13
1/T

3E+13
2E+13
1E+13
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-1E+13
LNK

1/T vs lnK

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06
CA

0.04

0.02

0
-0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
-0.02
RA

Rate of reaction vs concentration

23
 Experiment 3
Title continuous stirred tank reactor in serious (CSTR in serious)
Objective: - to determination of the reaction rate constants[k], conversion and efficiency of
CSTR in series.
• Determination of steady operating points depending on the retention time.
• Comparison of different reactor types

Theory and literature review

First reactor in the series

Because the entire tracer is added only to the first reactor, the initial concentration would be given by the
expression

The mass balance expression for any control volume analysis can be expresses as:
In − out − Loss + Generation = Accumulation (Eq. 2)
Where in = mass of constituent entering system
Out = mass of constituent leaving system
Loss = mass of constituent disappearing
Generation = mass of constituent appearing within system due to reaction
Accumulation = mass of constituent accumulating in system
Because the tracer is added as a pulse input (single event), the influent concentration could be assumed as zero
after the initial injection of the tracer. At the same time, because the tracer substance is considered as

24
conservative (no reaction occurs during the experiment), the generation term could be assumed as zero too.
Then equation (2) becomes:

Second reactor in the series

For this second reactor, the generation term (in equation (2)) is still assumed as null, but the
influent concentration changes with time and is equal to the effluent concentration from the first
CSTR in the series, thus:

25
Third reactor in the series
For this third reactor, the generation term (in equation (2)) is still assumed as null, but the influent concentration
changes with time and is equal to the effluent concentration from the second CSTR in the series, thus:

26
 Advantages

 Good temperature control is easily maintained

 Cheap to construct
 Reactor has large heat capacity
 Interior of reactor is easily accessed
Disadvantages

 Conversion of reactant to product per volume of reactor is small compared to other flow reactors
 Dead zones, where no mixing occurs, can develop
 Reactants can bypass if outlet placed improperly

Material and chemical

Procedure
1. Attach the continuous stirrer tank reactor in series to the system unit.

2. addition equipment is there for only CSTR that measure four [series] conductivity and temperature.so attach
this part to system unit.

3. Insert the conductivity measuring sensor in the measuring opening on the lid and connect the stirrer. Connect
the chemical hoses from the pumps to the tank using the rapid action connectors.

4. Adjust the overflow on the tank such that the measuring sensor is immersed approximately 50 mm in the liquid
with the tank filled.

27
5. Ensure that all subordinate switches on the main unit are switched off and then switch on the unit at the master
switch.
6. Switch on the chemical pumps and adjust both to the same flow rate of approximately 400/0.
7. When the liquid level reaches the overflow, switch on the stirrer and adjust to a medium speed.
8. At regular intervals of approximately 20-30 seconds, the conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the
measuring unit until stable values are reached
9. Then reduce the flow rate of both chemical pumps to the same value of approx. 40%.
10.Then the conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the measuring unit at regular intervals of
approximately 20- 30 seconds until stable values are reached.
11.The conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the measuring unit at regular intervals of approximately
20-30 seconds until stable values are reached.
12.Then increase the flow rate of both chemical pumps back to the same value of approximately 80%.
13.Again, log the conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the measuring unit at regular intervals of
approximately 20-30 seconds until stable values are reached.
14.When finished switch off chemical pumps and stirrer.
Export the measured data and save it if you are done by computer or record your data in table if you work
manually.

Data or result

Pu Ti Cond
CA
mp me Tem 1
1& p1 XA rA K XA (%) CA2 lnK 1/CA
(ms/ (Mol/L
2 (s) ( C)
o
cm) )
(%)
#NU
0 30 20.5 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 10
M!
0.8356 0.0164 0.0835 309.23 83.561 0.000 5.734 60.83
30 24.5 8.3
1644 3836 6164 6111 6438 27 105 333
80 0.8356 0.0164 0.0835 309.23 83.561 0.000 5.734 60.83
60 24.5 8.3
1644 3836 6164 6111 6438 27 105 333
0.8356 0.0164 0.0835 309.23 83.561 0.000 5.734 60.83
90 24.5 8.3
1644 3836 6164 6111 6438 27 105 333
12 0.8356 0.0164 0.0835 309.23 83.561 0.000 5.734 60.83
24.8 8.3
0 1644 3836 6164 6111 6438 27 105 333
28
 15 0.8424 0.0157 0.0842 339.47 84.246 0.000 5.827 63.47
24.5 8.2
0 6575 5342 4658 0699 5753 248 388 826

Graphical analysis
converstion vs rate of rxn
0.09
0.08
0.07 y = 0.1x - 6E-11
R² = 1
0.06
0.05
rate of rxn

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
converstion

Figure 1 Conversion vs rate of rxn

conductivity vs concentration
0.12

0.1
concentration

0.08 y = 0.0068x - 0.0404

R² = 1
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
conductivity

Figure 2 conductivity vs concentration

Table 2 The data recorded for reactor 1 at 40 % flow rate
Pu Ti Te Con
CA
mp me mp d1
XA rA K XA (%) CA2 lnK 1/CA
1& 1 (ms/ (Mol/L
(s)
2 (oC) cm) )
29
(%
)
18 24. 0.8698 0.0130 0.0060 35.74 86.986 0.0001 3.5764 76.842
7.8
0 8 6301 137 5399 706 3014 6936 6803 1053
21 24. 0.8698 0.0130 0.0060 35.74 86.986 0.0001 3.5764 76.842
7.8
0 8 6301 137 5399 706 3014 6936 6803 1053
24 24. 0.8767 0.0123 0.0057 37.89 87.671 0.0001 3.6347 81.111
40 7.7
0 8 1233 2877 5942 1322 2329 52 2211 1111
27 24. 0.8767 0.0123 0.0057 37.89 87.671 0.0001 3.6347 81.111
7.7
0 8 1233 2877 5942 1322 2329 52 2211 1111
30 24. 0.8767 0.0123 0.0057 37.89 87.671 0.0001 3.6347 81.111
7.7
0 8 1233 2877 5942 1322 2329 52 2211 1111

Conversion vs rate of rxn

0.0061
y = -0.043x + 0.0435
0.00605 R² = 1
0.006
0.00595
rate of rxn

0.0059
0.00585
0.0058
0.00575
0.0057
0.869 0.87 0.871 0.872 0.873 0.874 0.875 0.876 0.877 0.878
Conversion

Figure 1 Conversion vs rate of rxn

Conductivity vs concentration
0.0131
0.013
0.0129
y = 0.0068x - 0.0404
concentration

0.0128
R² = 1
0.0127
0.0126
0.0125
0.0124
0.0123
0.0122
7.68 7.7 7.72 7.74 7.76 7.78 7.8 7.82
Conductivity

30
Figure 2 conductivity vs concentration
Table 3 The data recorded for reactor 1 at 80 % flow rate (second trial)
Pu Ti Con
mp me Te d1 CA
1& mp
XA rA K XA (%) CA2 lnK 1/CA
2 1 (ms/ (Mol/L
(% (s) (oC) cm) )
)
33 24. 0.8561 0.0143 0.0856 413.83 85.616 0.0002 6.0254 69.523
8
0 8 6438 8356 1644 22 4384 0689 6058 8095
36 24. 0.8493 0.0150 0.0849 374.04 84.931 0.0002 5.9243 66.363
8.1
80 0 7 1507 6849 3151 9587 5068 2706 8837 6364
39 24. 0.8424 0.0157 0.0842 339.47 84.246 0.0002 5.8273 63.478
8.2
0 7 6575 5342 4658 0699 5753 4817 8764 2609
42 24. 0.8424 0.0157 0.0842 339.47 84.246 0.0002 5.8273 63.478
8.2
0 8 6575 5342 4658 0699 5753 4817 8764 2609

Conversion vs rate of rxn

0.0858
0.0856
0.0854
0.0852 y = 0.1x + 2E-13
0.085 R² = 1
rate

0.0848
0.0846
0.0844
0.0842
0.084
0.84 0.842 0.844 0.846 0.848 0.85 0.852 0.854 0.856 0.858
conversion

Figure 1 Conversion vs rate of rxn

31
 conductivity vs concentration
0.016
0.0158
0.0156 y = 0.0068x - 0.0404
R² = 1
concentration

0.0154
0.0152
0.015
0.0148
0.0146
0.0144
0.0142
7.95 8 8.05 8.1 8.15 8.2 8.25

conductivity

Table 4 The data recorded for reactor 2 @ 80% (first trial)

Pu Ti Cond
Te CA
mp me 2
mp XA
1& XA rA K CA2 lnK 1/CA
2 (ms/c (%)
2 (s) (Mol/L)
( C) m)
o
(%)
#NU
0 30 20.5 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 10
M!
24. 0.90410 0.00958 0.0904 983.265 90.410 9.19 6.8908 104.28
30 7.3
9 959 904 11 306 96 E-05 79 57
24. 0.91095 0.00890 0.0910 1148.99 91.095 7.93 7.0466 112.30
60 7.2
80 9 89 411 96 408 89 E-05 42 77
24. 0.90410 0.00958 0.0904 983.265 90.410 9.19 6.8908 104.28
90 7.3
7 959 904 11 306 96 E-05 79 57
24. 0.91095 0.00890 0.0910 1148.99 91.095 7.93 7.0466 112.30
120 7.2
8 89 411 96 408 89 E-05 42 77
24. 0.90410 0.00958 0.0904 983.265 90.410 9.19 6.8908 104.28
150 7.3
8 959 904 11 306 96 E-05 79 57

32
 Conversion vs rate of rxn
0.1

0.08 y = 0.1x - 6E-10

R² = 1
0.06
rate

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-0.02
Conversion

Figure 1 Conversion vs rate of rxn

Conductivity vs concentration
0.12

0.1 y = 0.0068x - 0.0404

R² = 1
concentration

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Conductivity

Figure conductivity vs concentration

Table 5 The recorded data for reactor 2 @ 40% flow rate
Pu Ti Te Cond
CA
mp me mp 2
1& 2 XA rA K XA (%) CA2 lnK 1/CA
(ms/c (Mol/L
2 (s) (o C
m) )
(%) )
18 24. 0.9315 0.0068 0.0931 1985. 93.150 4.691 7.5936
6.9 146
0 8 0685 4932 5068 6 6849 3E-05 7641
40 21 24. 0.9383 0.0061 0.0938 2469. 93.835 3.8E- 7.8117 162.2
6.8
0 8 5616 6438 3562 383 6164 05 2349 222
24 24. 6.8 0.9383 0.0061 0.0938 2469. 93.835 3.8E- 7.8117 162.2
33
 0 8 5616 6438 3562 383 6164 05 2349 222
27 24. 0.9452 0.0054 0.0945 3148. 94.520 3.002 8.0545
6.7 182.5
0 8 0548 7945 2055 125 5479 4E-05 6232
30 24. 0.9452 0.0054 0.0945 3148. 94.520 3.002 8.0545
6.7 182.5
0 8 0548 7945 2055 125 5479 4E-05 6232

conversion vs rate of rxn

0.0946
0.0944
0.0942
y = 0.1x - 1E-12
0.094
rate of rxn

R² = 1
0.0938
0.0936
0.0934
0.0932
0.093
0.93 0.932 0.934 0.936 0.938 0.94 0.942 0.944 0.946
conversion

Figure 2 Conversion vs rate of rxn

Conductivity vs concentration
0.008
0.007
0.006
concentration

0.005
0.004
0.003 y = 0.0068x - 0.0404
R² = 1
0.002
0.001
0
6.65 6.7 6.75 6.8 6.85 6.9 6.95
conductivity

Figure 3 conductivity vs concentration

table 6 the recorded data for reactor 2 @ 80 % flow rate (second trial)
Pu Ti Te Con
XA CA rA K XA (%) CA2 lnK 1/CA
mp me mp d 2

34
1& 2
(ms/ (Mol/L
2 (s) (o C
cm) )
(%) )
2.298
33 24. 0.9520 0.0047 0.0952 4141.6 95.205 8.3288 208.57
6.6 7E-
0 8 5479 9452 0548 3265 4795 453 1429
05
36 24. 0.9383 0.0061 0.0938 2469.3 93.835 3.8E- 7.8117 162.22
6.8
80 0 9 5616 6438 3562 8272 6164 05 235 2222
3.002
39 24. 0.9452 0.0054 0.0945 3148.1 94.520 8.0545
6.7 4E- 182.5
0 9 0548 7945 2055 25 5479 623
05
42 24. 0.9383 0.0061 0.0938 2469.3 93.835 3.8E- 7.8117 162.22
6.8
0 9 5616 6438 3562 8272 6164 05 235 2222
conversion vs rate of rxn
0.0954
0.0952
y = 0.1x - 4E-13
0.095
R² = 1
0.0948
0.0946
rate

0.0944
0.0942
0.094
0.0938
0.0936
0.936 0.938 0.94 0.942 0.944 0.946 0.948 0.95 0.952 0.954
conversion

Figure 2 Conversion vs rate of rxn

Conductivity vs concentration
0.007
0.006
0.005
concentration

0.004
0.003
0.002 y = 0.0068x - 0.0404
R² = 1
0.001
0
6.55 6.6 6.65 6.7 6.75 6.8 6.85
Conductivity

Figure 3 conductivity vs concentration

35
Table 7 The recorded data for reactor 3 at 80 % flow rate (first trial)
Pu Ti Te Cond
CA
mp me mp 3
XA
1& 3 XA rA K CA2 lnK 1/CA
(ms/c (%)
2 (s) (o C (Mol/L)
m)
(%) )
0.0 #NU
0 30 20.5 0 0.1 0 0 0 10
1 M!
3.8
24. 0.93835 0.00616 0.09383 2469.38 93.83 7.811 162.2
30 6.8 E-
7 616 438 562 272 562 723 222
05
24. 0.94520 0.00547 0.09452 3148.12 94.52 3E- 8.054
60 6.7 182.5
7 548 945 055 5 055 05 562
80 2.3
24. 0.95205 0.00479 0.09520 4141.63 95.20 8.328 208.5
90 6.6 E-
7 479 452 548 265 548 845 714
05
2.3
12 24. 0.95205 0.00479 0.09520 4141.63 95.20 8.328 208.5
6.6 E-
0 8 479 452 548 265 548 845 714
05
2.3
15 24. 0.95205 0.00479 0.09520 4141.63 95.20 8.328 208.5
6.6 E-
0 9 479 452 548 265 548 845 714
05

Conversion vs rate of rxn

0.1
0.09
0.08 y = 0.1x
0.07 R² = 1
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
rate

0.02
0.01
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Conversion

Figure 2 Conversion vs rate of rxn

36
 Conversion vs rate of rxn
0.1
0.09
0.08 y = 0.1x
0.07 R² = 1
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
rate

0.02
0.01
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Conversion

Figure 3 conductivity vs concentration

Table 8 The data recorded for reactor 3 at 40 % flow rate
Pu Ti Te Cond
CA
mp me mp 3
1& 3 XA rA K XA (%) CA2 lnK 1/CA
(ms/ (Mol/L
2 (s) (o C
cm) )
(%) )
18 24. 0.9589 0.0041 0.0958 5677.7 95.890 1.688 8.6443
6.5 365
0 7 041 0959 9041 7778 411 9E-05 152
21 24. 0.9726 0.0027 0.0972 12957. 97.260 7.506 9.4694
40 6.3 365
0 7 027 3973 6027 5 274 1E-06 3005
24 24. 0.9726 0.0027 0.0972 12957. 97.260 7.506 9.4694 486.6
6.3
0 8 027 3973 6027 5 274 1E-06 3005 667
27 24. 0.9794 0.0020 0.0979 23197. 97.945 4.222 10.051 486.6
6.2
0 8 521 5479 4521 7778 2055 2E-06 8118 667
30 24. 0.9794 0.0020 0.0979 23197. 97.945 4.222 10.051 #DIV
6.2
0 8 521 5479 4521 7778 2055 2E-06 8118 /0!

conversion vs rate of rxn

0.0985

0.098 y = 0.1x - 6E-13

R² = 1
0.0975
rate

0.097

0.0965

0.096
37
0.0955
0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985
conversion
Figure 2 Conversion vs rate of rxn
conduction vs concentration
0.0045
0.004 y = 0.0068x - 0.0404
0.0035 R² = 1
concentration

0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
6.15 6.2 6.25 6.3 6.35 6.4 6.45 6.5 6.55
conduction

Figure 3 conductivity vs concentration

Discussion

38
 Experiment-4
Title: - Plug Flow Reactor [PFR]
Objective: -
To determine the rate constant for the liquid reaction of caustic soda and ethyl acetate in a PFR.
The objectives of this experiment were to carry out the saponification reaction
between Sodium Hydroxide ( NaOH) And Ethyl Acetate (Et(Ac)), to determine the effect of
residence time to the extent of reaction of conversion and to evaluate the reaction rate constant
of this saponification reaction.
Theory:

A Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) consisted in a long, straight pipe in which the reactive fluid

transits at steady state ( no accumulation). The main assumption of this models is that the
fluid is completely mixed in any cross-section at any point, but it experiences no axial mixing,
i.e., contiguous cross sections cannot exchange mass with each other.
In a plug flow reactor, the feed enters at one end of a cylindrical tube and the product stream
leaves at the other end. The long tube and the lack of provision for stirring prevent complete
mixing of the fluid in the tube. Hence the properties of the flowing stream will vary from one
point to another.
1. no mixing in the axial direction
2. complete mixing in the radial direction
3. a uniform velocity profile across the radius.
Tubular reactors are one type of flow reactors. It has continuous inflow and outflow of
materials. In the tubular reactor, the feed enters at one end of a cylindrical tube and the
product stream leaves at the other end. The long tube and the lack stirring prevent complete
mixing of the fluid in the tube
Design equation for PFR
Assumption
• Good mixing applies on the small volume element

• No accumulation dn/dt=0.
• Input — Output + Generation = Accumulation
39
 FAO - FA + frAdV = dNA/dt, But and dFA=-FA0dX
FAO - FA = rAdV

FAO-FAO+FAOdX=rAdV

FA0dX/ =kdV

dX/ FAO(I - XA)2

vCAO(1 - XA)2
XA

CAO(I - XA)2

Advantage of plug flow reactor

• Easily maintained since there are no moving parts.

• High conversion rate per reactor volume.
• Mechanically simple.
• Unvarying product quality.
• Good for studying rapid reactions.
• Efficient use of reactor volume.
• Good for large capacity processes.
• Low pressure drops.

Disadvantage of plug flow reactor

40
Disadvantages of plug flow reactors are that temperatures are hard to control and can result in undesirable
temperature gradients. PFR maintenance is also more expensive than CSTR maintenance. Through a recycle
loop a PFR is able to approximate a CSTR in operation.

Material and chemical

Apparatus used
 Burette
 conical flask
 measuring cylinder
 ph indicator
 beakers
Chemical used:

 0.2 Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH

 0.2 M Ethyl Acetate, Et(Ac)
Reagent preparation
Morality [M]=amount of mole/volume of solution[liter]

M=no. mole/V (L)

Number of mole—given mass[g]/molecular weight [g/mole]

Mass = Morality [M] * molecular weight [g/mole] * volume of solution [liter].

Dilution formula
41
 MIVI=M2V2

Morality [M] = [density (g/cm3) *%* 10]/molecular weight of solute.

0.2M of NaOH in 2500m1

 Weigh 20g of pure NaOH using analytical balance and add into 2000ml of beakers.
 Add around 2000ml of distilled water and mix using stirrer road for at least five minutes.
 Then transfer into 2500ml of volumetric flacks and add distilled water until its mark.
 Close the volumetric flacks and shake well.

0.2M of Ethyl Acetate in 2500ml

 Measure 5.6ml of pure liquid Ethyl Acetate using measuring cylinder or pipet, into 2000ml of
beakers.
 Add around 2000ml of distilled water and mix using stirrer road for at least five minutes.
 Then transfer into 2500ml of volumetric flacks and add distilled water until its mark.
 Close the volumetric flacks and shake well.

Procedure
First, we attach the tubular flow reactor to the system unit. Then Connect the chemical hoses from the pumps to
the tank using the rapid action connectors. Connect the water hoses from the hot water system to the
connections on the base of the tank and to the switch housing. Ensure that the end of the overflow hose is in the
collecting tray. Ensure that all lower-level switches on the main unit are switched off and then switch on the
unit at the master switch. Ensure that all lower-level switches on the main unit are switched off and then switch
on the unit at the master switch. Set the required water temperature for the heating regulator to [28, 32,
36,400C] and switch on the heater. Switch on the chemical pumps and adjust both to the same flow rate of
approximately 40%. When the liquid level reaches the overflow, switch on the stirrer and adjust to a medium
speed. At regular intervals of approximately 20-30 seconds, the conductivity and reaction temperature indicated
on the measuring unit until stable values are reached. Then reduce the flow rate of both chemical pumps to the
same value of approx. 40%. Then the conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the measuring unit at
regular intervals of approximately 20- 30 seconds until stable values are reached. Check whether the hot water
temperature has reached [28, 32, 36,400C] and switch on the hot water pump. The conductivity and reaction
temperature indicated on the measuring unit at regular intervals of approximately 20-30 seconds until stable

42
values are reached. Then increase the flow rate of both chemical pumps back to the same value of
approximately 80% Again log the conductivity and reaction temperature indicated on the measuring unit at
regular intervals of approximately 20-30 seconds until stable values are reached. When finished switch off
chemical pumps, heater, hot water pump and stirrer. Export the measured data and save it if you are done by
computer or record your data in table if you work manually

Result/Data
• Initial Conductivity of 0.1M NaOH .mS/cm

• Initial Conductivity of 0.1M ethyl Acetate.... ..... .......mS/cm

• Water Bath temperature inlet for heat exchanger........

Pump Time Temp Conduct XA CA rA K XA (%) CA2 lnK 1/CA

1&2 (s) (oC) ivity (Mol/L)
(%) (ms/cm)
0 30.0 20.520 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 #NUM! 10
30 28.3 7.9 0.92647059 0.007353 0.09264706 1713.6 92.6470588 5.41E-05 7.446352 136
80 60 28.7 8.0 0.91911765 0.008088 0.09191176 1404.959 91.9117647 6.54E-05 7.247763 123.6364
90 28.9 7.9 0.92647059 0.007353 0.09264706 1713.6 92.6470588 5.41E-05 7.446352 136
120 29.2 7.8 0.93382353 0.006618 0.09338235 2132.346 93.3823529 4.38E-05 7.664978 151.1111
150 29.3 7.8 0.93382353 0.006618 0.09338235 2132.346 93.3823529 4.38E-05 7.664978 151.1111
180 29.4 7.6 0.94852941 0.005147 0.09485294 3580.408 94.8529412 2.65E-05 8.183232 194.2857
210 29.5 7.5 0.95588235 0.004412 0.09558824 4911.111 95.5882353 1.95E-05 8.499255 226.6667
40 240 29.5 7.3 0.97058824 0.002941 0.09705882 11220 97.0588235 8.65E-06 9.325453 340
270 29.6 7.2 0.97794118 0.002206 0.09779412 20097.78 97.7941176 4.87E-06 9.908365 453.3333
300 29.7 7.1 0.98529412 0.001471 0.09852941 45560 98.5294118 2.16E-06 10.72679 680
330 29.8 7.0 0.99264706 0.000735 0.09926471 183600 99.2647059 5.41E-07 12.12051 1360
360 29.8 6.9 1 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 100 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
80 390 29.9 7.2 0.97794118 0.002206 0.09779412 20097.78 97.7941176 4.87E-06 9.908365 453.3333
420 29.9 7.6 0.94852941 0.005147 0.09485294 3580.408 94.8529412 2.65E-05 8.183232 194.2857
450 30.0 7.7 0.94117647 0.005882 0.09411765 2720 94.1176471 3.46E-05 7.908387 170
480 30.0 7.6 0.94852941 0.005147 0.09485294 3580.408 94.8529412 2.65E-05 8.183232 194.2857
510 30.0 7.5 0.95588235 0.004412 0.09558824 4911.111 95.5882353 1.95E-05 8.499255 226.6667
40 540 30.0 7.4 0.96323529 0.003676 0.09632353 7126.4 96.3235294 1.35E-05 8.871561 272
570 30.0 7.2 0.97794118 0.002206 0.09779412 20097.78 97.7941176 4.87E-06 9.908365 453.3333
600 30.0 7.1 0.98529412 0.001471 0.09852941 45560 98.5294118 2.16E-06 10.72679 680
630 30.1 7.1 0.98529412 0.001471 0.09852941 45560 98.5294118 2.16E-06 10.72679 680
660 30.1 7.3 0.97058824 0.002941 0.09705882 11220 97.0588235 8.65E-06 9.325453 340
80 690 30.2 7.6 0.94852941 0.005147 0.09485294 3580.408 94.8529412 2.65E-05 8.183232 194.2857

43
 720 30.2 7.5 0.95588235 0.004412 0.09558824 4911.111 95.5882353 1.95E-05 8.499255 226.6667
720 30.2 7.5 0.95588235 0.004412 0.09558824 4911.111 95.5882353 1.95E-05 8.499255 226.6667

Graph Analysis

The following graph shows the analysis of the data obtained for the batch reactor. The graphs
are taken randomly from the calculated data.

First Trial of 80 %

The graph for first trial:

Conversion vs Concentration
1.2
y = -0.0735x + 1.5074
1
R² = 1
Concentration

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Conversion

Figure for Conductivity vs conversion

Conversion Vs Concentration
0.12

0.1
y = -0.1x + 0.1
Concentration

0.08 R² = 1
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Conversion

44
Figure for Conversion Vs Concentration
This plot shows the relationship between the conversion and the concentration. In theory, the
above-mentioned two parameters are expected to have an inverse relationship. As you can see
from the graph below, as the reaction proceeds, the reactant concentration decreases, i.e., the
reactants begin to convert to the product, while the conversion of this reactant increases.
However, our calculation shows a negative value. The reason for this is that there is an error in
the lab experiment. These errors can be personal errors or instrumental errors.

The graph for 40 flow rates:

The graph for 40 flow rate 1st trial

Conductivity Vs Conversion
0.99 y = -0.0735x + 1.5074
0.98 R² = 1
Conversion

0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7
Conductivity

Figure for Conductivity Vs Conversion

This graph shows that the conductivity and conversions are inversely related. i.e. As the
conductivity decreases the conversion increases which is what we have expected theoretically.
As the reaction is going on, the Na ion present in the reaction dissolves and become fewer
conductors. At the same time the conversion of the reactant is favored. When we compare this
graph with that of 80 flow rate, the decrease in the flow rate the residence time will increases
Conversion vs Concentration
and this leads to the increase in conversion of the reactant y = -0.1x + 0.1
0.006
R² = 1
Concentration

0.004

0.002
45
0
0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99
Conversion
Theoretically we expect inverse relationship between the above two parameters. As expected
the graph shows that as the reaction is going on, the concentration of the reactant decreases i.e.
the reactants start to convert to product and at the same time the conversion of the reactant is
increased. But there is a negative value in our calculation. This is due to the error occurred
during lab experiment. The errors may be personal or instrumental. The other thing we have to
discuss here is the effect of flow rate. Theoretically the decrement in the flow rate leads to
increment in conversion and decrement in concentration. As we have seen, our calculation and
graph also realized this theory practically.

2nd trial
The graph for 80 flow rate

Conductivity vs Conversion
1.01 y = -0.0735x + 1.5074
1 R² = 1
0.99
Conversion

0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
6.8 6.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8
Conductivity

46
Figure for Conductivity vs Conversion
This graph shows that the conductivity and conversions are inversely related. i.e As the
conductivity decreases the conversion increases which is what we have expected theoretically.
As the reaction is going on, the Na ion present in the reaction dissolves and become fewer
conductors. At the same time the conversion of the reactant is favored. But here data recorded is
stopped on the 180 second because the solution ends from the tank at this time.

Conversion vs Concentration
0.006
y = -0.1x + 0.1
0.005
R² = 1
Concentration

0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99
Conversion

Figure for Conversion vs Concentration

This plot represents the relationship between conversion and concentration. Theoretically we
expect inverse relationship between the above two parameters. As expected, the graph shows
that as the reaction is going on, the concentration of the reactant decreases i.e. the reactants start
to convert to product and at the same time the conversion of the reactant is increased. But there
is a negative value in our calculation. This is due to the error occurred during lab experiment.
The errors may be personal or instrumental .

47
The graph for 40 flow

Conductivity vs Conversion
0.99

0.98
y = -0.0735x + 1.5074
Conversion

0.97 R² = 1

0.96

0.95

0.94
7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7
Conductivity

Graph for Conductivity vs Conversion

Conversion vs Concentration
0.006

0.005
y = -0.1x + 0.1
R² = 1
Concentration

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 Conversion0.97
0.965 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99

Figure-9 Conversion vs Concentration

48
Third trial

The graph for 80 flow rates

Conductivity vs Conversion
y = -0.0735x + 1.5074
0.99 R² = 1
0.98
Conversion

0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

Conductivity

Conductivity vs Conversion

Conversion vs Concentration
0.006
0.005 y = -0.1x + 0.1
R² = 1
Concentration

0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965 0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99
Conversion

Conversion vs Concentration

Conclusions
The objective of this experiment which were to carry out the saponification process between NaOH and
Et(Ac) and the relationship was graphed in figure (1) was conducted in this experiment. The
results that were obtained was not really satisfied the theory of PFR as the increasing of residence time, suppose
the value of conversion of reaction should be almost constant. From this experiment, the value rate of reaction
this particular reaction was also being done by doing some calculation as shown in sample calculation section.

49