Lecture 6

the question numbers appearing in the book (p.91) start with ”4.n”

Problem 6.1
A population consists of the four numbers 0, 2, 4, 6. Consider drawing a
random sample of size 2 with replacement.
(a) List all possible samples and evaluate x for each.
(b) Determine the sampling distribution of X.
(c) Write down the population distribution and calculate its mean µ and
standard deviation σ.
(d) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution
of X obtained in part (b), and verify that these agree with µ and σ / 2 ,
respectively.

Solution
a. b. Distribution of X

x1 x2 mean
0 0 0
0 2 1
0 4 2
0 6 3
2 0 1
2 2 2
2 4 3
2 6 4
4 0 2
4 2 3
4 4 4
4 6 5
6 0 3
6 2 4
6 4 5
6 6 6

c.

1
 X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 6% 13% 19% 25% 19% 13% 6%

X
X= xp(x) = 0×.06+1×.013+2×.19+3×.25+4×.19+5×.13+6×.06 = 3
X
S2 = (x − x)2 f (x) = (0 − 3)2 × 0.6 + (6 − 3)2 × 0.6 = 2.5
√ √
⇒ S = S 2 = 2.5 = 1.58

Problem 6.2
Suppose a population distribution is normal with mean = 60 and standard
deviation = 10.
For a random sample of size n = 9,
(a) What are the mean and standard deviation of X ?
(b) What is the distribution of X ? Is this distribution exact or approximate?
(c) Find the probability that X lies between 56 and 64.

Solution
(a) mean = µ = 60
(b) As the population distribution is normal, the distribution of this sample
mean is exactly normal where δ = 60 , µ = 10 3
(c)
P [x1 < X < x2 ] = P [ x1δ−µ < Z < x2δ−µ ] = P [ 56−60
10/3
< Z < 64−60
10/3
]
= P [Z < 1.2] − P [Z < −1.2] = 70%

Problem 6.3
A random sample of size 150 taken from a population that has mean = 37
and standard deviation = 7. The population distribution is not normal.
(a) Is it reasonable to assume a normal distribution for the sample mean X?
Why and why not?
(b) Find the probability that X lies between 36 and 38.
(c) Find the probability that X exceeds 38.5.

Solution
(a) It is reasonable to assume that X has the normal distribution due to the
central limit theorem.
(b) We have µ = 37, δ = √σN = √1507

2
 36−37 38−37
P [x1 < X < x2 ] = P [ 7/√
150
< Z < 7/ √
150
]
= P [Z < 1.75] − P [Z < −1.75] = 92%
(c)
P [X > 38.5] = P [Z > 2.62] = 1 − P [Z < 2.62] = 1 − 0.9955 = 0.0045

Problem 6.4
Suppose the amount of sun block lotion in plastic bottles laving a filling ma-
chine has a normal distribution. The bottles are labelled 300 milliliters (ml)
but the actual mean is 302 ml and the standard deviation is 2 ml.
(a) What is the probability that an individual bottle will contain less than
299 ml?
(b) If only 5% of the bottles have content that exceed a specified amount v,
what is the value of v?
(c) Two bottles can be purchased together in a twin pack. What is the prob-
ability that the mean content of bottles in a twin-pack is less than 299 ml?
Assume the content of the two bottles are independent.
(d) If you purchase to twin-packs of the lotion, what is the probability that
only one of the twin-packs has a mean bottle content less than 299 ml?

Solution
(a)
P [X < 299] = P [Z < x−µ δ
] = P [Z < 299−302
2
] = P [Z < −1.5] = 7%
(b)
P [X > v] = P [Z > v−µδ
] = 5%
we have P [Z > 1.645] = 5%. Thus,
v−µ
δ
= 1.645 ⇒ v = 1.645 × δ + µ = 1.645 × 2 + 302 = 305.29
(c)
We have the probability of a bottle with less than 299: p = 7%. Thus, the
probability of both bottles with less than 299 is 7% × 7% = 0.5%
(d)
The probability of getting a bottle that is less than 299 is the probability of
getting the first bottle with less than 299 and the second with exceed 299
plus the probability of getting the first one exceed 299 and the second with
less than 299.
P = P (X1 < 299, X2 > 299) + P (X1 > 299)P (X2 < 299) = .07 × .93 + .93 ×
.07 = 13%