Austin, Crosfield - English For Nurses Podręcznik Dla Studentów I Pielęgniarek

Contents
Unit 1 Where Do You Work? 7

Unit 2 Parts of the Body 11
Unit 3 Jane Johnson 18
Unit 4 Jane on the Wards 23
Unit 5 Sterile Procedures 30
Unit 6 Instruments 40
Unit 7 Disinfectants and Antiseptics 47
Unit 8 Casualty 1 51
Unit 11 The Ward Unit 1 73
Unit 15 Admissions 96
Unit 16 Arranged Admission 99
Unit 17 Observation of the Patient 104
Unit 18 The Skin 107
Unit 19 Respiration, the Cough and Sputum 111
Unit 20 Vomitus 117
Unit 21 Faeces 123
Unit 22 Urine 128
Unit 23 Temperature 132
Unit 24 Pulse 135
Word List 141
Tapescript 153
5
Where Do You Work?
Nurse Smith Where do you work?

Nurse Robinson I work at Saint Peters, in a surgical ward.
And you —where do you work?
Nurse Smith I work in an orthopaedic ward at Queen ward —oddział w szpitalu;
Mary’s. I’m an S.R.N. Are you an S.R.N? sała w szpitalu
surgical ward - oddział
Nurse Robinson No, I’m not. I’m a student nurse. chirurgiczny
orthopaedic ward —oddział
ortopedyczny
nurse —pielęgniarka
And where do you work? S.R.N. (State Registered
Nurse) - pielęgniarka
I work in ................................................ dyplomowana (o wysokich
at kwalifikacjach)
matron —przełożona
pielęgniarek
social worker —pracownik
opieki społecznej;
pielęgniarka środowiskowa
admissions —izba przyjęć
w szpitalu
visitors waiting —
poczekalnia dla gości
lavatories —toalety, ubikacje
porter —portier; (w szpitalu)
sanitariusz
head porter —portiernia
główna
pharmacy —apteka
7
medical ward —oddział
szpitalny
A
gynaecological ward
—oddział ginekologiczny Some Wards and Departments
geriatric ward —oddział
geriatryczny Surgical Ward ......................................................
paediatric ward —oddział Medical Ward ......................................................
pediatryczny
dermatological ward
Orthopaedic W ard ..............................................
—oddział dermatologiczny Gynaecological W a rd .........................................
ENT ward —oddział Geriatric Ward ...................................................
otolaryngologiczny Paediatric Ward ..................................................
long-stay ward —sala/oddział Dermatological Ward ........................................
dla pacjentów wymagających
długotrwałego pobytu
E.N.T. W ard ........................................................
w szpitalu Long-stay Ward ..................................................
intensive care unit Intensive Care Unit ............................................
—oddział intensywnej opieki X-ray Department ..............................................
medycznej Operating Theatre ..............................................
X-ray department —oddział
radiologiczny
Casualty and Emergency Department (or Unit) (or Accident and
operating theatre —blok Emergency Department) ...................................................................
operacyjny Central Sterile Supply D epartm ent..................................................
casualty —ofiara wypadku Dispensary ..........................................................................................
lub innego urazu Laboratory ...........................................................................................
emergency —nagły wypadek/
/przypadek
Out-Patients’ Clinic ...........................................................................
accident —wypadek Maternity Unit ....................................................................................
sterile —sterylny, jałowy Occupational Therapy Department .................................................
supply —zapas; zaopatrzenie Physiotherapy D epartm ent................................................................
dispensary —ambulatorium; Antenatal Clinic ..................................................................................
przychodnia przyszpitalna;
apteka szpitalna; miejsce
Post-Natal Clinic ................................................................................
wydawania leków w szpitalu Psychiatric Unit ...................................................................................
laboratory {pi laboratories) Admissions Department ....................................................................
—laboratorium Infectious Diseases Unit ....................................................................
out-patients’ clinic Anaesthetic Room ..............................................................................
—poradnia; ambulatorium;
poliklinika
maternity unit —oddział
położniczy
occupational —zawodowy B
therapy —terapia
physiotherapy —fizjoterapia
antenatal —prenatalny
What do they do? $
postnatal —poporodowy
psychiatric —psychiatryczny radiologic radiology radiologic#/
infectious —zakaźny
disease —choroba psychologist psychology psychological
anaesthetic —środek dermatologist dermatology dermatological
znieczulający
gynaecologist gynaecology gynaecological
radiologist —radiolog
venereologist venereology venereological
radiology —radiologia
pathologist pathology pathological radiological —radiologiczny
psychologist —psycholog
histologist histology histological
psychology —psychologia
cytologist cytology cytological psychological —
psychologiczny
haematołogist haematology haematological dermatologist —dermatolog
bacteriologist bacteriology bacteriological dermatology —dermatologia
dermatological —
obstetric ian obstetrics- obstetric(/z/) dermatologiczny
gynaecologist —ginekolog
paediatrician paediatrics paediatric gynaecology —ginekologia
geriatrician geriatrics geriatric gynaecological —
ginekologiczny
psychiatrii* psychiatry psychiatric venereologist —wenerolog
venereology —wenerologia
anaesthetist anaesthetics anaesthetic venereological —
surgeon surgery surgical wenerologiczny
pathologist —patolog;
physician medicine medical anatomopatolog
orthopaedic surgeon orthopaedics orthopaedic pathology —anatomia
patologiczna; diagnostyka
laboratoryjna; patologia
pathological —patologiczny
histologist —histolog
c histology - histologia
histological - histologiczny
Who does what? cytologist —cytolog
cytology —cytologia
cytological —cytologiczny
Someone who studies and practises dermatology is a haematołogist —hematolog
dermatologist. haematology —hematologia
Someone who studies and practises radiology is a radiologist. haematological —
hematologiczny
Someone who studies and practises bacteriologist —bakteriolog
bacteriology —bakteriologia
1 gynaecology is a .................................................................... bacteriological —
2 bacteriology is a .................................................................... bakteriologiczny
3 histology is a .......................................................................... obstetrician —położnik
4 venerology is a ...................................................................... obstetrics —położnictwo
5 psychology is a ...................................................................... obstetric(al) —położniczy
paediatrician —pediatra
6 pathology is a ......................................................................... paediatrics —pediatria
paediatric —pediatryczny
geriatrician —geriatra
geriatrics —geriatria
geriatrie —geriatryczny
psychiatrist —psychiatra
psychiatry —psychiatria
psychiatric —psychiatryczny
anaesthetist —anestezjolog
anaesthetics —anestezjologia
9
anaesthetic —
anestezjologiczny; środek
D
znieczulający
surgeon —chirurg Where could you find
surgery —chirurgia; operacja;
przychodnia lekarska; gabinet 1 a dermatologist? In a ....................... ward.
lekarski 2 a radiologist? In a n ....................... department.
surgical —chirurgiczny
physician —lekarz
3 an obstetrician? In a ......................unit.
medicine —medycyna; lek, 4 a surgeon? In a n ......................theatre.
lekarstwo 5 a physician? In a ......................ward.
orthopaedic surgeon 6 a paediatrician? In a ......................ward.
—chirurg ortopeda
orthopaedics —ortopedia
orthopaedic —ortopedyczny
blood —krew
celi —komórka E
Someone who studies
1 ........................................................... is an orthopaedic surgeon.
2 blood is a ........................................................................................
3 the body’s cells is a .........................................................................
4 .......................................................................... is a gynaecologist.
5 anaesthetics is a n ............................................................................
6 .................................................................................... is a surgeon.
10
Parts of the Body
Male - anterior aspect
male - mężczyzna, osobnik

płci męskiej; męski
anterior —przedni
aspect - tu: widok
head —głowa
throat —gardło
shoulder —ramię
armpit —pacha, dół pachowy
chest —klatka piersiowa
stomach —brzuch; żołądek
wrist —nadgarstek; przegub
ręki
hand - dłoń
thigh —udo
knee —kolano
ankle - kostka u nogi
foot {pi feet) —stopa
neck —szyja
upper arm —ramię, ręka
elbow —łokieć
forearm —przedramię
hip —biodro; staw biodrowy
thumb —kciuk
finger —palec (u ręki)
groin —pachwina
genitals - genitalia
heel —pięta
toe —palec u nogi
11
A
ache —ból
Aches and pains
pain —ból
bruise —stłuczenie; siniak A pain A swelling Sprained To ache
rash —wysypka
cut —skaleczenie; rana cięta An ache A graze Stiff To hurt
scar —blizna, szrama A bruise A sting Sore To throb
swelling —opuchlizna,
obrzęk A rash A bite To itch
graze —obtarcie, zadrapanie A cut To irritate
sting —użądlenie; ślad po
użądleniu A scar
bite —ukąszenie; ślad po
ukąszeniu I have (I’ve got) a pain in my chest.
sprained - (o kostce, My chest hurts.
nadgarstku) skręcony
stiff —zesztywniały;
My chest aches.
zdrętwiały
sore —bolesny, bolący He has (he’s got) a pain in his stomach.
to ache —boleć His stomach hurts.
to hurt (hurt, hurt) - boleć His stomach aches.
to throb —(o bólu) rwać,
pulsować
to itch —swędzieć You have (you’ve got) a pain in your elbow.
to irritate —podrażnić Your elbow hurts.
Your elbow aches.
She has (she’s got) a pain in her leg.

Her leg hurts.
Her leg aches.
12
Female Male
- anterior aspect - posterior aspect
female —kobieta, osobnik
płci żeńskiej
nipple - sutek
breast —pierś
navel —pępek
posterior aspect —widok
z tyłu
buttock —pośladek
calf {pi calves) - łydka
DRILLS: POLITE REQUESTS

anxious —zaniepokojony,
Come in!
zatroskany
Come in, please! fearful —przestraszony
Will you come in/, please/? to put som ebody at his/her
Would you come in/, please/? ease —uspokoić kogoś
Would you mind standing up/, please/? voice —głos
to turn round —odwrócić
(się)
Patients in hospital are usually anxious and fearful. It is import to turn over —przewrócić się
ant that hospital staff put them at their ease, by being polite and na drugi bok
pleasant. The following drills teach you polite forms in English. Be to bend (bent, bent) down
careful about the way your voice rises and falls when you say these —pochylić się
to lie (lay, lain) down
sentences. Listen to the way the teacher says the sentences. —położyć się
to raise —podnieść
to move —poruszyć
13
to lift —podnieść
to arch one’s back —wygiąć
DRILL 1
kręgosłup
to bend (bent, bent) one’s Command Come in.
knees —ugiąć kolana Request Come in, please!
to touch —dotknąć, dotykać
to wriggle on es fingers
Change these commands to polite requests. Be careful to make
—przebierać palcami u rąk
to roll up one’s sleeve your voice rise and fall correctly.
—podwinąć rękaw
to hold (held, held) up one’s 1 Come in. 6 Turn over.
head —unieść głowę 2 Sit down. 7 Bend down.
breath —oddech
3 Stand up. 8 Lie down.
to hold one’s breath in
—wstrzymać oddech 4 Turn round. 9 Sit up.
m outh —usta 5 Say Ah. 10 Look up.
eye —oko
to keep (kept, kept) one’s
m outh open —mieć otwarte
usta
to keep one’s eyes shut DRILL 2
—mieć oczy zamknięte
Command Come in.
Request Will you come in, please?
1 Raise your arm. 6 Open your mouth.

2 Move your head. 7 Put out your tongue.
3 Lift your leg. 8 Bend your knees.
4 Arch your back. 9 Touch your toes.
5 Lower your foot. 10 Wriggle your fingers.
DRILL 3
Command Come in.
Request Would you come in, please?
1 Roll your sleeve up. 5 Take your trousers off.

2 Take your shirt off. 6 Keep your mouth open.
3 Hold your head up. 7 Keep your eyes shut.
4 Hold your breath in. 8 Go to C.S.S.D.
14
DRILL 4
Command Stand up.
Request Would you mind standing up, please?
1 Stand up. 5 Sit up.

2 Sit down. 6 Turn round.
3 Lie down. 7 Bend down.
4 Turn over. 8 Roll your sleeve up.
B
Where is the pain?
Look at the figure on p. 16 and complete the following sentences
He has a pain in his 1 ....................................................................

He has a stiff 2 ...............................................................................
He has a sting on his 3 ..................................................................
He has a rash on his 4 ...................................................................
He has a graze on his 5 ..................................................................
He has a pain in his 6 ................................................. ..................
He has a cut on his 7 .....................................................................
His 8 .......................................................................................... hurts
He has a scar on his 9 ....................................................................
His 10 ..................................................................................... aches
He has a sprained 1 1 .....................................................................
He has a sore 1 2 .............................................................................
He has a bruise on his 1 3 .............................................................
He has a swelling on his 1 4 ..........................................................
He has a pain in his 15..................................................................
He has cuts on his 1 6 ....................................................................
He has a swelling in his 1 7 ...........................................................
His 18 ........................................................................................ ache
He has a pain in his 19..................................................................
She has a sore 2 0 ............................................................................
She has a pain in her 21.................................................................
She has a rash in her 2 2 .................................................................
15
16
c
Put in the correct word from this list
off, to, back, in, on, down, by, up, through, round, near
1 Ask the patient to co m e..................... and s i t ...............

2 Ask the patient to s ta n d ..................... and t u r n ...........
3 Will you lie ..................... on the couch, please?
4 Would you ro ll..................... your sleeve?
5 Ask M r Smith to ta k e ..................... his coat.
6 B en d ..................... and touch your toes, please.
7 T ak e..................... your trousers, please.
8 Ask the patient to turn his h e a d ..................... the left.
9 Will you p u t ..................... your clothes, please?
10 C o m e ....................... next week, please.
D
Complete the following sentences
with the correct word from this list
your, his, her, my, our, its, their
1 Tell Mrs Smith to raise.................... right arm.

2 Would you straighten....................... left leg, please?
3 The baby has a pain i n ..................... stomach.
4 John has a cut o n ..................... thigh.
5 Ask me to low er....................... arm.
6 You have a rash o n .................................... shoulders.
7 He’s got a scar o n ........left forearm.
17
Jane Johnson
Jane Johnson works in a surgical ward in a London hospital. Jane

does shift work, so she does not go to work at the same time every
day. When she is on an early shift, she goes on duty at 7 a.m. and
shift work —praca w systemie comes off duty at 3 p.m. Late shifts start at 2 p.m. and finish at 10
zmianowym p.m. Jane does not like late shifts.
early shift —poranna zmiana
duty —tu: dyżur
Jane always goes to work by bus when she is on an early shift. The
to come (came, come) off
duty —zejść z dyżuru bus stops outside the out-patients’ department. When she is on
late shift —popołudniowa a late shift, Jane generally walks from her home to the hospital.
zmiana W hen she comes off duty at 10 p.m., she is usually rather tired,
out-patients’ department and takes the bus home. Sometimes she goes to the taxi-rank out
- przychodnia przyszpitalna
side the main entrance of the hospital and goes home by taxi.
taxi-rank —postój taksówek
main —główny
entrance —wejście Jane is not a qualified nurse. She is a student nurse, so she does
nurse - pielęgniarka not work in the ward every day. On certain days, she has to attend
student nurse - pielęgniarka lectures on general nursing, anatomy and physiology, hygiene and
na stażu; higienistka
various other subjects. She wants to pass the State Final examina
qualified —wykwalifikowany
lecture - wykład tions and become a State Registered Nurse. As a State Registered
to attend lectures —chodzić Nurse she becomes a staff nurse and can, in time, become a sister
na wykłady or even a nursing officer.
general nursing —
pielęgniarstwo ogólne
anatomy —anatomia nV)
Ten further
physiology - fizjologia Student jfj Staff c. grades o f
-> ^ -> Sister
hygiene —higiena nurse £ nurse N ursing
various —rozmaity, różny rt
■W
on ______ ______ Officer
subject - przedmiot
State Final examinations
—państwowy egzamin
dyplomowy
18
A to become (became, become)
- zostać, stać się
state registered
Answer the following questions nurse —pielęgniarka
wykwalifikowana (po zdaniu
1 Where does Jane Johnson work? państwowego egzaminu
2 At what time does she go on duty when she is on an early dyplomowego)
in time - z czasem
shift?
staff nurse —pielęgniarka
3 W hen does she come off duty when she is on an early shift? wykwalifikowana (pracująca
4 At what time do late shifts start? w szpitalu na etacie)
5 When do late shifts finish? sister —siostra przełożona/
6 When does Jane go to work by bus? / oddziałowa
nursing officer —przełożona
7 Where does the bus stop?
pielęgniarek
8 W hen does Jane walk from her home to the hospital?
9 When does she take the bus home?
10 W hat lectures does Jane attend?
11 W hat can she become when she has passed the State Final
examinations?
B
Read through the second paragraph of the
text and underline all the words that can
answer the question ‘How often’?
N egatives w ith do and does. Look at these sentences:
Jane works in a medical ward. Jane doesnt work in a medical

ward.
He always goes home by taxi. He doesnt always go home by taxi.
It stops outside the main gate. It doesnt stop outside the main
gate.
I go to work at 7 o’clock. I dont go to work at 7 o’clock.

We always take the bus home. We dont always take the bus
home.
They finish work at 6.30 p.m. They dontfinish work at 6.30 p.m.
19
c
Put the following sentences into the negative
1 She works in the X-ray department.
2 He usually studies hard.
3 She often walks past the operating theatre.
4 We have to stay until 10 o’clock.
5 I want to attend lectures.
6 It stops outside the hospital.
7 She does shift work.
8 You finish at 12 o’clock.
Q uestions w ith do and does. Look at these sentences:
You do shift work. Do you do shift work?

We go on duty at 3 p.m. Do we go on duty at 3 p.m.?
I pass the surgical ward. Do I pass the surgical ward?
They generally finish late. Do they generally finish late?
She wants to go home now. Does she want to go home now?

He usually does a late shift. Does he usually do a late shift?
It stops near the hospital. Does it stop near the hospital?
D
Make questions from these sentences
1 Jane works in a surgical ward.
2 She does shift work.
3 They go on duty at 2 p.m.
4 The late shift finishes at 10 p.m.
5 We walk past the out-patients’ department.
6 She studies hard.
7 The nurse generally walks to work.
8 The bus stops outside the main gate.
9 You have to attend lectures.
10 He usually finishes at 12 o’clock.
20
DRILL 1 I, she, he and it
I work in a hospital. —And Jane? She works in a hospital, too.
I do shift work. —And M r Brown? He does shift work, too.
I work in a surgical ward. —And Mary?

I go to work by bus. —And John?
I come off duty at 7.30 p.m. —And Jane?
I walk past the operating theatre. —And the staff nurse?
I often help the sister. —And Jane?
I start at 7 a.m. —And the early shift?
I usually finish at 12 o’clock. —And Jane?
I always study hard. —And Peter?
I attend lectures every day. —And John?
I want to pass the State Finals. — And Jane?
I have to go home now. —And Mary?
I work in the X-ray department. —And Sister Smith?
DRILL 2 Questions with do and does

Ask if Jane works in a surgical ward. Does Jane work in a surgical
ward?.
Ask if buses stop outside the gate.Do buses stop outside the gate?
Ask if Jane goes on duty at 7 a.m.

Ask if they come off duty at 3 p.m.
Ask if the patients often help the staff nurse.
Ask if she usually does split shifts.
Ask if he always goes to work by bus.
Ask if buses stop outside the hospital.
Ask if Jane works in the out-patients’ department.
Ask if the nurses attend lectures.
DRILL 3 Ask the patient

Ask the patient about his eyes. Do your eyes hurt?
Ask the patient about his head. Does your head hurt?
21
Ask the patient about his
1 back 4 left arm 7 stomach 10 fingers

2 foot 5 right thigh 8 toes
3 ears 6 heels 9 chest
DRILL 4 Answer these questions

Do your ears ache? No. No, they don’t.
Do your elbows hurt? Yes. Yes, they do.
Does your stomach ache? Yes. Yes, it does.
1 Does your chest hurt? Yes.

2 Does your back ache? No.
3 Do your ears hurt? No.
4 Does your leg ache? Yes.
5 Do your eyes ache? No.
6 Does it hurt here? Yes.
7 Does it hurt there? No.
8 Do your shoulders ache? Yes.
22
Jane on the Wards
Do you remember Jane Johnson? She and her friend Joan Chapman
are both nurses. They work at Saint Peters Hospital, a large teaching
hospital in London. Joan did her training at St. Peters and last year
she passed her State Finals and qualified. She is an S.R.N. She is now training - szkolenie
working as a staff nurse in a mens medical ward. trolley —wózek, stolik na
kółkach
Jane is a student nurse and is still training. Last month she worked to set (set, set) the trolley
—przygotowywać wózek
in one of the hospital’s surgical wards. She learned to set trolleys sterile —sterylny, jałowy
for sterile procedures such as surgical dressings, intravenous infu procedure —tu: zabieg
sion and catheterization. She carried out certain procedures her surgical dressing - opatrunek
self and assisted doctors with others. She often had to go to the intravenous —dożylny
central sterile supply department to fetch sterile dressing packs. infusion —zastrzyk
catheterization —
Sometimes she took patients to the X-ray department or to the
cewnikowanie
occupational therapy unit. to assist —pomagać
to fetch —przynieść
dressing pack —zestaw do
opatrunku
occupational therapy unit —
pracownia terapii zawodowej
niggly - pot. czepialski

to smuggle —przemycić
‘He’s a bit niggly because I confiscated a bottle of Scotch he’d smuggled

under the sheets’
London Express Service.
23
to nurse somebody This month Jane is working in the same ward as Joan. She is learn
—opiekować się kimś ing to nurse patients suffering from diseases such as cardiac infarc
patient - pacjent
to suffer from sth —cierpieć
tion, cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral thrombosis and pneumonia.
na coś At the moment, she is helping a staff nurse to give injections. The
cardiac infarction —zawał staff nurse is explaining to her the doses, action and side effects of
serca the drugs they are administering.
cerebral haemorrhage
—krwotok mózgowy
cerebral thrombosis
The other nurses in the ward are carrying out various nursing
—zakrzepica mózgowa duties. Some are doing bed-baths, one is helping a patient to get
pneum onia —zapalenie płuc out of bed, and another is taking t.p.rs. A doctor is doing a ward
injection —zastrzyk round and a physiotherapist is helping a pneumonia-patient to do
dose —dawka deep-breathing exercises.
action —działanie
side effects —skutki uboczne
drug —lekarstwo
to administer —tu: podawać rectal therm om eter clinical therm om eter
lekarstwo
duty (pi duties) —tu:
obowiązek
to carry out duties —
wykonywać obowiązki A
various - różny, rozmaity
bed-bath —mycie chorego na
łóżku
Answer these questions
t.p.r. (= temperature, pulse,
respiration) —temperatura, 1 W hat sort of hospital is St. Peter’s?
puls i oddychanie 2 Where did Joan do her training?
to take (took, taken) t.p.rs. 3 W hen did Joan pass her State Finals?
—mierzyć temperaturę, puls
i oddychanie
4 Which ward is Joan working in now?
ward round —obchód 5 Where did Jane work last month?
w szpitalu 6 Which sterile procedures did she learn to set trolleys for?
pneum onia —zapalenie płuc 7 Where did she go to fetch sterile dressing packs?
deep-breathing —głębokie 8 Where did she sometimes take patients?
oddychanie
rectal - odbytniczy;
9 Where is Jane working this month?
doodbytniczy 10 Which patients is Jane learning to nurse?
clinical —kliniczny 11 W hat is she doing at the moment?
thermometer —termometr 12 W hat is the staff nurse explaining to her?
catheter —cewnik
to assist —pomagać
urinal —pisuar
bedpan —basen do
oddawania kału w łóżku
catheters
24
13 W hat are the other nurses in the ward doing?
14 W hat is the doctor doing?
15 W hat is one nurse taking?
16 W hat is the physiotherapistdoing?
B
Read through the text and underline all
the words and phrases that tell us ‘when’
something happens
Som ething about verbs
1 The simple present tense is used for permanent truths,

habitual actions and states.
Water freezes at 32° Fahrenheit.

The sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening.
He smokes a pipe.
It is used with such words as:
usually, generally, often, sometimes, frequently, rarely, never,

always, normally, seldom, regularly
and such phrases as:
every day, every week, once a day, once a week,

twice a month, several times a year
2 The continuous present tense is used for actions which are

going on at the time of speaking. It is usually used without
any adverbs of time.
W hat are you doing? I’m writing a letter.

I’m trying to do these exercises.
It is sometimes used with such words as:
now, still, at present, at the moment
25
3 The simple past is used for actions which took place in the
past and are finished by the time of speaking. It is also used
for habitual actions and states in the past, in the same way as
the simple present is used for habitual actions and states in
the present.
Last year I studied medicine.

I always went to France for my holidays.
She was on an early shift every day last month.
It is used with such words as:
yesterday, last night, the other day, a few days ago, last week,
last month, a few moments ago, a long time ago
DRILL 1 Simple Past

Jane goes on duty at 7 a.m. Yesterday —
Jane went on duty at 7 a.m.
yesterday.
The doctor is doing a ward round. Yesterday —

The doctor did a ward round
yesterday.
1 Jane has to work late. Yesterday —
2 We are very tired. Yesterday —
3 They come off duty at 10 p.m. Yesterday —
4 She is off duty until 2 p.m. Yesterday —
5 I have to go on duty at 7. Yesterday —
6 She is taking a patient to the X-ray department. Yesterday —
7 She is giving a patient a bedpan. Yesterday —
8 They are giving injections. Yesterday —
9 He is taking Mr Smith to the E.N.T. ward. Yesterday —
10 You nurse pneumonia patients. Yesterday —
26
DRILL 2 Questions in the Simple Past
Ask if he went home. D id he go home?
Ask if she did her training here. D id she do her training here?
1 Ask if Jane came on duty at 2 p.m.

2 Ask if she passed her State Finals.
3 Ask if she qualified last year.
4 Ask if she gave M r Jones an injection.
5 Ask if they learned to set trolleys.
6 Ask if she fetched the sterile dressing packs.
7 Ask if she worked in the occupational therapy department.
8 Ask if she assisted Dr Brown.
9 Ask if she found out who he was.
10 Ask if she gave him an injection.
DRILL 3 Present Continuous

She always helps the staff nurse. At the moment —
A t the moment she is helping
the staff nurse.
We usually walk past the theatre. Today —

Today we are walking past the
theatre.
1 She usually works in the E.N.T. ward. This month —

2 He sometimes assists me. Now —
3 They carry out sterile procedures. At the moment —
4 I attend lectures on physiology. This week —
5 We administer drugs. Today —
6 She learns to nurse pneumonia-patients. This week —
7 He shows her the way to the C.S.S.D. Now —
8 They give urinals and bedpans to
bed-patients. At the moment —
9 She assists the physiotherapist. This week —
10 They study hard. Now —
27
DRILL 4 Questions in the
Present Continuous
Ask if Jane is training at St. Peter’s. Is Jane training at St.
Peter’s?
Ask if they are working in a medical ward. Are they working in
a medical ward?
1 Ask if she is learning to set trolleys.
2 Ask if the physiotherapist is helping this patient.
3 Ask if he is going to the E.N.T. clinic.
4 Ask if the staff nurse is administering drugs.
5 Ask if Jane and Joan are giving injections.
6 Ask if the patients are suffering from cerebral haemorrhage.
7 Ask if this patient is suffering from pneumonia.
8 Ask if he is fetching the sterile dressing packs.
9 Ask if she is taking a patient to the X-ray department.
10 Ask if the sister is talking to the students.
C
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
present or past tense
Notice that, in some of the sentences, time-phrases indicate
which tense to use.
Jane and Joan (b e)..................... both nurses. They (work)

..................... at Saint Peter’s Hospital. Joan is a qualified
nurse. Last year she (pass) .......................... her State Finals. Jane
(train)..................... still......................... Last month she (work)
..................... in a medical ward, where she (learn).......................
to nurse patients suffering from cardiac infarction and cerebral
haemorrhage. She (help) ..................... the staff nurse, who
(explain) ..................... to her the action, side effects and doses
of the drugs. This month Jane (work) ..................... in one of the
hospital’s surgical wards. She (learn)..................... to set trolleys
for sterile procedures. Sometimes she (carry out) .....................
the procedures herself and sometimes she (assist).....................
the doctors. From time to time, she (take) ..................... patients
to the X-ray department or to the physiotherapy department. She
often (have) ..................... to go to the C.S.S.D. to fetch sterile
28
dressing packs. At the moment, she (help)..................... another
nurse to give a bed-patient a bed-bath. Yesterday she (assist)
..................... Nurse Brown with t.p.rs. Every day last week, Jane
(take) ..................... the bus to work. She (b e).......................on an
early shift. She (go) ..................... on duty at 7 a.m. and (come)
..................... off duty at 3 p.m. W hen she is on a late shift, she
usually (walk) ..................... to the hospital. She generally (meet)
..................... Joan at the bus stop and they (walk).......................
to work together. Today Joan is going by bus and Jane (walk)
..................... to work alone. The sun (shine) .......................so Jane
(not, carry)..................... her umbrella. Last week she (carry)
..................... her umbrella every day because the weather (be)
..................... bad.
29
Sterile Procedures
A central sterile supply department is provided in most modern

hospitals. The basic equipment for sterile procedures is obtained
in sterile packs from the C.S.S.D. Disposable equipment is often
sterile supply —zapas contained in these packs, and, after use, is discarded. Non-dispos
sterylnych artykułów
able equipment is sent back to the C.S.S.D. for re-sterilization.
basic —podstawowy
equipment - wyposażenie,
tu: sprzęt The following items are normally included in the basic dressing
procedure —sposób pack: four cotton wool swabs, two dressing towels, four pieces of
postępowania, metoda folded gauze and two gallipots. Sometimes the necessary surgical
to obtain —otrzymać
instruments are included in the dressing pack, sometimes they are
disposable —jednorazowego
użytku supplied in separate packs. A pair of scissors and four pairs of plain
to contain —zawierać dressing forceps or dissecting forceps are generally needed for ward
to discard —wyrzucać dressings.
non-disposable —
wielokrotnego użytku
re-sterilization —powtórna
sterylizacja
item —rzecz, artykuł
dressing —opatrunek
dressing pack —zestaw
opatrunkowy scissors
cotton w ool —wata
swab —wacik, gazik
gauze —gaza
folded —złożony
gallipot —małe okrągłe plain dissecting forceps
naczynie, miseczka
surgical instrument
—narzędzie chirurgiczne
to include —zawierać
to supply —dostarczać
separate —oddzielny
30
scissors —nożyczki
forceps —kleszcze; nożyce;
szczypce
d issecting forceps —pinceta
chirurgiczna
to need —potrzebować
m m i s
Vocabulary
The dressing trolley and h ow it is prepared
dressing trolley —stolik na
kółkach z opatrunkami
The trolley is washed with soap and water or mopped with an antiseptic —środek
antiseptic such as Sudol. It is then dried. The sterile equipment antyseptyczny
is put on the top shelf, and the unsterile equipment is put on the top sh elf —górna półka
b o tto m sh elf —dolna półka
bottom shelf.
b ow l —miska
tray —taca
Top shelf jar —słój
cylinder —cylinder; walec;
Sterile pack or bow l containing dressings butla z gazem
used —zużyty
Sterile gallipots
paper container —torebka
Sterile pack or box containing instrum ents papierowa
Jar or cylinder containing instrum ent handling forceps soiled —brudny,
zanieczyszczony
B ottom shelf to handle —dotykać,
posługiwać się
to sterilize —sterylizować
Bandage tray b oilin g —gotow anie
Bottles containing antiseptics to place —umieszczać
Jar or cylinder for used instrum ents blade —ostrze
Paper container for soiled dressings h a lf {pi halves) —połow a
handle — rączka
to m op —zmywać
to im m erse —zanurzać
d isinfectant —środek
dezynfekuj ący
bandage —bandaż
selection —wybór
adhesive strapping
—przylepiec/plaster
gallipot opatrunkowy
bandage scissors —nożyczki
do opatrunków
safety p in —agrafka
clip —klamerka, klips
lo tio n - płyn
to clean —oczyszczać
tray
31
skin —skóra
m ethylated ether —eter
m etylowany
to rem ove —usunąć
mark —tu: ślad
suitable —odpow iedni
1 in 4 0 —w proporcji 1:40
stitch —szew
suture scissors —nożyczki do
usuwania szwów
to add —dodać
clip-rem oving forceps
- kleszczyki do usuwania
cylinder
klamer
w o u n d —rana
to explore —zbadać
ribbon gauze —gaza
o szerokości ok. 1,5 cm
stosowana do bandażowania
ran
probe —sonda
sinus —zatoka
curved sinus forceps bowl
—krzywe kleszczyki zatokowe
receiver (kidney dish) — Som e item s from the dressing trolley
zbiornik/naczynie w kształcie
nerki
Cheatle’s forceps
Cheatles forceps are used for handling sterile instruments. They

are sterilized by boiling and placed in a jar containing a suitable
disinfectant. The blades and the lower halves of the handles are
immersed in the disinfectant.
The bandage tray contains a selection of bandages, adhesive strap

ping, Nobecutane, a pair of bandage scissors, safety pins and ban
dage clips.
Lister’s bandage scissors
32
The lotion bottles contain Cetrimide or Hibitane for cleaning the
skin, and methylated ether for removing Nobecutane or marks left
by adhesive tape.
The jar for used instruments contains a suitable disinfectant. Lysol

1 in 40 is often used.
If stitches are to be removed, a pair of sterile suture scissors is added

to the basic dressing equipment. If clips are to be removed, a pair
of sterile clip-removing forceps is added.
suture scissors
M ichel’s clip-removing forceps
If a wound is to be explored, sterile ribbon gauze, a sterile wound

probe and a pair of sterile sinus forceps are added to the basic
equipment.
<«<=55 — — ,
wound probe
Lister’s curved sinus forceps
33
A
Answer the following questions
1 From where do the wards obtain sterile equipment?
2 W hat happens to disposable equipment after it is used?
3 W hat happens to non-disposable equipment after it is used?
4 W hat items are included in a basic dressing pack?
5 W hat are dressing trolleys mopped with?
6 W hat is placed on the top shelf of a dressing trolley?
7 W hat is placed on the bottom shelf?
8 How are Cheatle s forceps usually sterilized?
9 W hat does the bandage tray contain?
10 W hat is methylated ether used for?
11 W hat does the used instrument jar contain?
12 Where are soiled dressings put?
receiver (kidney dish)
mask
34
M ore about verbs
Regular verbs
[-t] C-d] [-id]

Ache Stop Administer Raise Assist
Ask Touch Breathe Remember Attend
Dress Undress Bruise Roll Discard
Fetch Walk Carry Sprain Dissect
Finish Wash Catheterize Stay Fold
Help Work Contain Sterilize Include
Learn Dry Straighten Need
Look Explain Study Provide
Mop Lower Suffer Want
Nurse Obtain Train
Pass Open Try
Place Prepare Turn
Smoke Qualify Use
35
Irregular verbs
Be was/were been
Bend bent bent
Become became become
Come came come
Cut cut cut
Do did done
Find found found
Freeze froze frozen
Get got got
Give gave given
Go went gone
Have had had
Hurt hurt hurt
Lie lay lain
Put put put
Rise rose risen
See saw seen
Send sent sent
Set set set
Shine shone shone
Show showed shown
Speak spoke spoken
Stand stood stood
Take took taken
The passive
Look at these sentences, which are all in the present tense:
The basic equipment is obtained from the C.S.S.D.

The following items are included in the dressing pack.
Non-disposable equipment is sent back to the C.S.S.D.
Forceps are generally needed for ward dressings.
36
B
W hat can you say about the trolleys which someone washes with
soap and water every day?
The trolleys with soap and water every day.
W hat can you say about the equipment which some people send
back to the C.S.S.D.?
The equipment back to the C.S.S.D.
Put the following sentences into the present

passive
1 Someone washes the trolley with soap and water.
2 Someone washes the trolleys with soap and water.
3 Someone then dries the trolleys.
4 Someone gives the patient an injection every morning.
5 Someone gives these patients injections every afternoon.
6 Someone discards the disposable equipment after use.
7 Someone carries out most of these procedures in the ward.
8 Someone mops the trolley with an antiseptic.
C
Look at these sentences, which are all in the past tense:
The dressing trolley was washed yesterday morning.

The soiled dressings were discarded.
M r Smith was taken to the casualty department.
His clothes were removed.
Put the following sentences into the past

passive
1 Someone took M r Smith to the orthopaedic ward last night.
2 Someone told them to roll up their sleeves.
3 Someone asked her to take a deep breath.
37
4 Someone wheeled the trolleys into the ward.
5 Someone performed the operation last week.
6 Someone removed her stitches yesterday morning.
7 Someone gave the baby an injection.
8 Someone admitted Mr and Mrs Jones the day before
yesterday.
D
Complete the following sentences with
the correct past or present passive forms
of the verbs in brackets
1 "These patients (catheterize) ..................yesterday morning.
2 Mr Smith (give) ..................an injection every four hours.
3 These jobs (do) ..................usually................... by the student
nurses.
4 After the dressings were carried out, the non-disposable
equipment (send)....back to the C.S.S.D.
5 These instruments (need).................. for surgical dressings.
6 Many sterile procedures (carry out) ... in the ward.
7 She (ask) ..................to go on duty at 6.30 a.m. yesterday.
8 Disposable equipment (discard) ..............................after use.
9 Those instruments (discard)..................yesterday.
10 The patient (help) ......................... into bed.
E
the correct word from this list
on, by, as, from, back, off, up, of, in, for, to, with, down, out,
against
1 He’s got a p a in .......his chest.

2 Would you lie .......the examination couch, please?
3 She w orks.......a surgical ward.
4 They always g o .......w o rk ........ bus.
5 When she’s .......an early shift, she goes........ duty at 7 a.m.
38
6 This morning we are attending lectures.......physiology and
hygiene.
7 This patient has a ra sh .......his stomach.
8 Mary is now w orking.......a staff nurse in an ear, nose and
throat ward.
9 Jane is learning to set trolleys.......sterile procedures.
10 This patient is suffering.......cerebral haemorrhage.
11 The sister is explaining...... the students the doses of various
drugs.
12 This equipment is obtained............ the C.S.S.D.
13 The trolleys are m o pped ..an antiseptic.
14 Sterile equipment is placed.......the top shelf........ the
trolley.
15 Sterile instruments are handled.......Cheatles forceps.
16 Ask the patient to ro ll.his sleeve, please.
17 Ask M r Smith to ta k e .his shirt, please.
18 Now ask him to put i t .......again.
39
Instruments
Last week, Joan tested Jane on instruments. They had a pile of pic
Vocabulary tures in front of them. Sometimes Joan held up a picture and asked
Jane to name it. Sometimes Joan said the name of an instrument
to test —testować and Jane had to find the correct picture. This was the first picture
pile —stos
straight —prosty
blade - ostrze
sharp-ended —o ostrym
zakończeniu
b lu n t-ended —o tępym
zakończeniu
curved —zakrzywiony
and Jane said, “Easy, they’re scissors.”
a n g u lar-k a n c ia sty
“But what shape are they?” asked Joan.

“Well, they’re straight.”
“Now look at the blades.”
“They’re sharp-ended,” answered Jane.
“Good,” said Joan, “they’re straight, sharp-ended scissors. W hat
about these, then?”
And Joan held up this picture:
40
Jane sighed. “Those, my dear Joan, are a pair of straight, sharp-
and blunt-ended scissors.”
W hat do you think Jane said for this picture?
(a)
“They’re ..........................................................
Joan agreed, but said, “W hat type are they?’
“They’re ..........................................................
“And what type of scissors are these?’
(b)
“They’:re
Next, Joan held up two pictures at once and asked, “W hat are
these two?”
(c)
“Those are
(d)
and those are answered Jane.
41
Then Joan showed Jane some more pictures of a lot more instru
ments. One was of a straight instrument, like this
(e)
“It’s a .....................................................
Another was of a curved one, like this
(f)
“They’re .......................................................
And a third was of an angular instrument
(g)
“They’re
On the next pages, there are pictures of other instruments on which

Joan tested Jane. Not to worry; Jane didn’t get them all right, and
Joan had to tell her.
1 They’re
2 They’re
42
3 They’re
4 They’re
5 They’re
6 They’re
7 They’re
8 It’s a
43
Q >
9 It’s a
10 They’re
11 They’re
12 It’s a
13 It’s a
14 They’re
Vocabulary B
stitch - szew
Which instruments are used
to take o u t (took, taken)
—wyjmować, zdejm ować 1 for taking out stitches? 5 for cutting bandages?
to explore —badać, 2 for giving injections? 6 for removing clips?
penetrować 3 for exploring a wound? 7 for stopping bleeding?
to handle —tu: obchodzić się
4 for handling sterile dressings? 8 for handling sterile
z czymś
bleeding —krwawienie instruments?
artery —tętnica
syringe —strzykawka
c needle —igła
to take (took, taken)
tem perature —mierzyć
1 A wound probe and sinus forceps are used for ....... a wound.
temperaturę
2 Cheatle’s forceps are used for .................... sterile instruments. sw abbing w oun d s —
3 Artery forceps are used for ........................................... bleeding. pędzlowanie ran
4 A syringe and needle are used for ............................ injections.
5 Bandage scissors are used f o r ....................................... bandages.
6 Dissecting forceps are used for ....................... sterile dressings.
7 Suture scissors are used f o r ............................................ sutures.
8 Clip-removing forceps are usedfor ................................... clips.
D
Instead of saying, “You use suture scissors for removing stitches,’
you can say, “You use suture scissors to remove stitches.”
Look at these examples and rewrite

the following sentences in the passive:
You use suture scissors to remove stitches.
Suture scissors are used to remove stitches.
You use Hibitane to clean the skin.

Hibitane is used to clean the skin.
1 You use Cheatle’s forceps to handle sterile instruments.

2 You use Michel’s clip-removing forceps to remove clips.
3 You use methylated ether to remove Nobecutane.
4 You use wound probes to explore wounds.
5 You use a syringe to give injections.
6 You use artery forceps to stop bleeding.
7 You use dissecting forceps to handle sterile dressings.
8 You use a thermometer to take temperatures.
45
E
Vocabulary
1 We can talk about instrument handling forceps or
2 We can say The blades and the lower halves of the

handles are covered by the disinfectant or
They a re ...............................................the
disinfectant.
3 We cansay There is a selectionof bandages in the
bandage tray or
The bandage tra y .................... ..................
a selection of bandages.
4 We can talk about stitches o r ......................................................
5 We can talk about things that are used once and then thrown
away o r .......................................................
6 We cansay small bowls o r .............................................
7 We cansay some scissors o r ...........................................
8 We cansay They are provided in separate packs or
They a re .................................................... in
separate packs.
9 We can talk about taking away marks left by adhesive tape
o r ......................................... marks left by
adhesive tape.
10 We can talk about a round glass container o r a .........................
46
Disinfectants
and Antiseptics
Disinfectants are toxic chemical substances which destroy micro

organisms and living tissue. Antiseptics are less toxic substances Vocabulary
which inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Generally speaking,
disinfectant —środek
disinfectants are used for sterilizing inanimate objects, and anti
dezynfekujący
septics are used for cleansing the skin and maintaining the sterility toxic —toksyczny
of boiled or autoclaved instruments. These definitions are, how chem ical substance —środek
ever, not precise because the destructive power of a disinfectant chem iczny
depends on its strength and the length of time for which it is used. to destroy —niszczyć
m icroorganism —
Nowadays, disinfectants are often referred to as ‘bactericides’ be
drobnoustrój
cause they kill bacteria, and antiseptics are called ‘bacteriostatics’ tissue —tkanka
because they prevent bacteria from growing and multiplying. to in h ib it —ham ować
grow th —wzrost
to sterilize —sterylizować
to cleanse —oczyszczać
Some chemical agents commonly skin —skóra
used as disinfectants or antiseptics to m aintain — utrzymywać
sterility —steryłność
Substance Use b oiled —w ygotow any
Proflavine for disinfecting the skin and autoclaved —sterylizowany
parą/ autoldawem
swabbing wounds precise —dokładny
Gentian violet for preparing the skin before destructive —niszczący
operation pow er —m oc, siła, energia
Tincture of iodine for disinfecting the skin strength —m oc, siła
Cetrimide for disinfecting the skin, length —długość
to refer to sth —odnosić się
instruments and other equipment do czegoś
Hydrogen peroxide for irrigating wounds and cavities are referred to as... —
and removing pus and blood nazywają się...
bactericide —środek
bakteriobójczy
to kill —zabijać
47
bacteria —bakterie Hibitane for disinfecting the skin and
bacteriostatics — instruments
bakteriostatyki
to prevent —zapobiegać
Lysol for disinfecting floors, baths,
to grow (grew, grown) clothes etc.
—rosnąć Phenol for disinfecting linen sanitary
to m u ltip ly —m nożyć (się) equipment and excreta
th ey prevent bacteria from
grow ing and m u ltip lyin g
—zapobiegają wzrostowi
i rozmnażaniu się bakterii
to swab w oun d s —pędzlować A
rany
gentian violet —fiolet Answer these questions
gencjany
ph enol —fenol
lin en sanitary equ ipm ent 1 W hat do disinfectants do?
—bielizna pościelowa 2 W hat do antiseptics do?
chem ical agent —środek 3 W hat are disinfectants used for?
chem iczny 4 W hat are antiseptics used for?
inanim ate —martwy,
5 W hat does the destructive power of a disinfectant depend on?
nieożyw iony
hydrogen peroxide - w oda 6 W hy are disinfectants sometimes called bactericides?
utleniona 7 W hy are antiseptics sometimes called bacteriostatics?
to irrigate —przemywać,
przepłukiwać
cavity —jama; ubytek
excreta —ekskrementy
tincture o f iod in e —jodyna B
pus —ropa
b lood —krew Vocabulary
1 We can say Lysol is a poisonous
substance or
Lysol is a .................................
substance.
2 Instead of saying Microorganisms are killed by
disinfectants, we can say,
Microorganisms a re ...............
.................disinfectants.
3 We can say Antiseptics prevent
bacteria from growing and
multiplying or
Antiseptics..............................
the growth of bacteria.
4 We can talk about objects that are not alive o r ..........................
i*
5 We can say Hydrogen peroxide is used
for washing out wounds and
cavities or
Hydrogen peroxide is used
f o r ..........................................
wounds and cavities.
6 We can talk about preserving the sterility of equipment or
.......................................... the
sterility of equipment.
7 We can say Instruments are sterilized by
steam under pressure or
Instruments are sterilized by
8 One word for urine, faeces and sputum is
9 We can talk about antiseptics o r ..........................
and disinfectants o r .............
10 Instead of saying An exact definition, we can

say, a .......................................
definition.
11 We can talk about cleaning the skin o r ..............
................................ the skin.
12 We can talk about a chemical agent or a
chemical................................
c
Look at the examples and rewrite
the following sentences as questions
Proflavine is used for swabbing wounds.
Is Proflavine usedfo r swabbing wounds?
Hibitane and Cetrimide are used for disinfecting the skin.

Are Hibitane and Cetrimide usedfo r disinfecting the skin?
1 Methylated ether is used to remove Nobecutane.

2 Disinfectants are used to disinfect inanimate objects.
3 Hydrogen peroxide is used for irrigating cavities.
49
4 Gentian violet is used for preparing the skin before operation.
5 Phenol is used to disinfect excreta.
6 Cetrimide is used for swabbing wounds.
7 Sinus forceps are used to explore wounds.
8 Thermometers are used for taking temperatures.
D
Look at the examples and rewrite
the following sentences correctly
in the negative
Dressing trolleys are mopped with ether.
Dressing trolleys aren’t mopped with ether.
A catheter is used to take temperatures.

A catheter isnt used to take temperatures.
1 Maternity cases are nursed in geriatric wards.

2 Tincture of iodine is used for removing pus and blood.
3 Antiseptics are used for sterilizing inanimate objects.
4 Disinfectants are called bacteriostatics.
5 Non-disposable equipment is thrown away after use.
6 Drugs are obtained from the physiotherapy department.
7 Operations are carried out in the dispensary.
8 Clip-removing forceps are used to take out sutures.
50
Casualty 1
While John Smith was going to school this morning, a car knocked
him down. His right leg was broken just below the knee. Some Vocabulary
people who saw the accident laid him in a comfortable position on
casualty —ofiara wypadku
the pavement and telephoned for an ambulance. John was badly to k n ock dow n —
shocked and in great pain. While the people were waiting for the (o sam ochodzie) uderzyć
ambulance, the driver of the car that knocked John down covered to break (broke, broken)
him with a coat and tried to comfort him. —złamać
to lay (laid, laid) —położyć
W hen the ambulance arrived, John was lifted onto a stretcher, put pavem ent —chodnik
into the ambulance and driven to a hospital that was not far away. am bulance —karetka
W hen he arrived at the casualty department, he was admitted. The pogotow ia
to be (w as/were, been) in
nurse who admitted him gave him an injection of morphine to (great) pain —m ieć (silny)
combat the shock and the pain. The doctor who examined him ból
comforted him and told him everything would be all right. While to cover —przykryć
the doctor was examining him, the nurse who had admitted him to com fort - dodać otuchy,
took his pulse and blood pressure. No antitetanus injection was pocieszyć
to lift —podnieść
necessary as John had been immunized against tetanus six months stretcher —nosze
earlier. casualty departm ent
—oddział nagłych wypadków
As Johns wound was lacerated and contused, he was given an an to adm it —przyjąć (do
tibiotic to prevent the onset of infection. He was then taken to the szpitala)
X-ray department. While the X-ray examination was being carried out, to be adm itted —zostać
Johns parents arrived at the hospital. The doctor who examined John przyjętym
told them that John had sustained a compound fracture of the tibia m orphine —morfina
to com bat —zwalczyć, tu:
and fibula. He explained that an operation was necessary and asked uśmierzyć ból
Mr Smith to sign a consent for operation form. Mr Smith signed the to exam ine —zbadać
consent form while Mrs Smith was giving Johns personal particulars to take (took, taken) pulse
and previous medical history to the nurse. Before Johns parents left —zmierzyć puls
b lood pressure —ciśnienie
krwi
51
antitetanus —przeciwtężcowy the hospital, they were told when they could visit him and were given
necessary —potrzebny, a list of things that he would need.
konieczny
to im m u nize - zaszczepić
tetanus —tężec While John was waiting to go to theatre, a quarter-hourly record
lacerated w o u n d - rana of his pulse and blood pressure was kept and he was given a suit
szarpana able premedication.
contused —stłuczony
an tibiotic —antybiotyk
to prevent —zapobiegać
on set —początek
in fection —infekcja
to sustain — tu: doznać
fracture —złamanie
com p ou n d fracture —
złamanie w ieloodłam ow e
tibia —kość piszczelowa
fibula —kość strzałkowa anterior aspect, right tibia and fibula
operation - operacja
to sign - podpisać
co n sen t —zgoda
CAMBURY GENERAL HOSPITAL
personal particulars —dane NAME WARD/ HOSP.
osobow e
DEPT. REG. NO.
previous —wcześniejszy,
poprzedni
theatre (= operating theatre)
—blok operacyjny I .........................................................................................................
quarter-hourly —
piętnastom inutow y
o f .......................................................................................................
record —tu: zapis
hereby consent to undergo the operation o f ...............................
to keep (kept, kept) a record
—prowadzić zapis
the effect and nature of which has been explained to me.
suitable - odpow iedni,
I also consent to such further or alternative operative measures
właściwy
prem edication —podanie
as may be found to be necessary during the course of such
leku uspokajającego przed operation, and to the administration of a local or other
znieczuleniem ogólnym , anaesthetic for the purpose of the same.
premedykacja
to consent —wyrazić zgodę I understand that an assurance has not been given that the
to undergo (underw ent, operation will be performed by a particular surgeon.
undergone) the operation
—poddać się operacji
effect —skutek Dated th is .....................................day o f .......................................
further —dalszy
alternative —dodatkowy
operative measures (Signed)
—obowiązujące środki
adm inistration —podawanie
local —m iejscowy OPERATION C O N SEN T (PATIENT)
anaesthetic —środek
znieczulający
assurance —zapewnienie
to perform —w ykonać
particular —konkretny
52
Am bulances outside a hospital
A
1 W hat was John doing when he was knocked down?
2 W hat did the people who saw the accident do?
3 W hat did the driver of the car that knocked John down do?
4 W hat happened when the ambulance arrived?
5 W ho gave him an injection of morphine?
6 W hy was he given morphine?
7 Why wasn’t he given an anti-tetanus injection?
8 W hat sort of wound had John sustained?
9 Which bones had been broken?
10 W hat was Mr Smith asked to sign?
11 W hat was Mrs Smith asked to give?
12 W hat record was kept while he was waiting to go to theatre?
53
B
Read the text carefully. Then fill in
the blanks with suitable words
Do not look at the text again until you have tried to complete all
the sentences.
John was k..................... d.......................by a car. Some people

who saw the a..................... called for help. John was badly
s..................... and in great p......................... Someone covered him
with a c....................... When the a.......................arrived, John was
lifted onto a s .......................He was taken to the c..........................
d....................... of the local hospital. He was given an
i..................... to combat the s................... and the p ......................
John’s wound was 1..................... and c............................ He had
sustained a c..................... f.......................of the t .......................and
f....................... Mrs Smith gave John’s personal p..........................
and previous m ..................... h ......................... While John was
waiting to go to theatre, he was given a suitable p..........................
Relatives
W ho and that?
Look at these sentences
Some people who saw the accident called the ambulance.

The driver of the car that knocked him down waited for the
police.
The nurse who admitted him gave him an injection of
morphine.
He was driven to a hospital that was not far away.
In the sentences above we have used ‘who’ for people and ‘that’
for things.
54
c
‘who’ or ‘that’
1 The am bulance..................... took John to hospital was
driven by Mr Brown.
2 N urses..................... carry out sterile procedures must wash
their hands thoroughly before they begin.
3 The radiographer..................... X-rayed John tried to
comfort him.
4 The dry dressing..................... covered John’s wound was
sterile.
5 Disinfectants are chemical substances..................... destroy
bacteria.
6 He was given a premedication............................dried up his
secretions.
7 The surgeon..................... performed the operation was from
Germany.
8 The n u rse ........................... kept a record of John’s pulse and
blood pressure was Jane Johnson.
9 John was given an injection..................... relieved his pain.
10 The hospital........................is outside Cambury is Cambury
General.
11 The d o c to r..................... explained that an operation was
necessary asked Mr Smith to sign a consent form.
12 People..................... cross the road without looking are fools.
55
The Past C ontinuous Tense
Active Passive
I going I lifted
He coming He driven
was was
She having She assisted
It running It being used
You calling You taken
We were watching We were carried
They assisting They given
The past continuous tense is used
1 When two actions were happening at the same time

in the past:
Jane was scrubbing the floor while Mary was cleaning

the window.
Some patients were watching TV while others were playing
chess.
2 When one action in the past (usually a longer one) is

interrupted by another (usually a shorter one).
While John was going to school this morning, a car knocked

him down.
When the accident happened, Mary was standing at the bus
stop.
Here when’ refers to action at a point of time and while’

to action during a period of time.
56
D
Complete the following sentences with the
past continuous tense
1 The children (play) ................................ in the street.
2 W hen the telephone rang, I (read)................................ the
newspaper.
3 We (sit)................................ in the garden when it started to
rain.
4 I (write) ................................ a letter while my sister was
reading a book.
5 You (go) ................................ to work when the accident
happened.
E
the correct past simple or past continuous
tense of the verbs in brackets
1 While John (lie) ............................... on the pavement,
somebody (call) ................................ for an ambulance.
2 Mary (see) .................................the accident while she (wait)
................................ for the bus.
3 I (read)................................ a book when the telephone
(ring) .............................................................................................
4 John (lie) ................................ in hospital when his parents
(arrive) ..........................................................................................
5 Mr Smith (sign)............................... the consent for
operation form while Mrs Smith (talk) ................................
to the nurse.
6 Jane (meet) ............................... Joan while she (train) ............
..................... at St. Peter’s.
7 When the staff nurse (come) ...................................... on duty,
Jane (give) ................................ M r Brown a bed-bath.
8 While the patients (have)...................................breakfast, the
night sister (go) ................................ off duty.
9 John (be given)................................ a premedication while he
(wait) ................................ to go to theatre.
57
10 Joan (set) ................................ a trolley when the new patient
(be admitted) ...............................................................................
11 While she (go) ................................ to the occupational
therapy department, she (see) ................................ the
ambulance.
12 While the X-ray examination (be carried out) .........................
John’s parents (arrive) ................................ at the hospital.
13 W hen it (start) ................................ to rain, we (sit) ................
...................... in the garden.
14 They (meet) ................................ Mary and Jane outside the
main gate while they (wait) ................................ for Peter and
Bob.
58
Casualty 2
In the theatre, John will be given an anaesthetic and his wound

will be explored. The X-rays which were taken by the radiographer Vocabulary
will show the surgeon the exact site and extent of the fracture.
Dead or dirty tissue will be excised and any small splinters of bone radiographer —radiolog
will be removed. The surgeon will perform the operation using exact —dokładny
a ‘no touch’ technique to reduce the chances of infection. site —miejsce
exten t —rozmiary; stopień
tissue —tkanka
When the surgeon is satisfied that the wound is as clean as pos dead tissue — tkanka
sible, he will dust it off with an antibiotic powder. He will then obumarła
suture it and cover it with a sterile gauze dressing. Any areas that to excise —wyciąć, usunąć
are raw will be dressed with sterile Vaseline petroleum jelly gauze. splinter —odprysk, odłam ek
to rem ove —usunąć
The surgeon will now be able to treat the fracture as closed. He
‘n o tou ch ’ technique
will reduce the bones into their anatomical position, and the leg —m etoda bezdotykowa
will be put in plaster of Paris. John will then be taken back to an to reduce —zmniejszyć
orthopaedic ward. to dust o ff —odpylić
an tib iotic pow der —
antybiotyk w proszku
to suture —założyć szew
to reduce the bones into
W hen a post-operative patient like John arrives in the ward, he is their anatom ical p o sitio n
carefully lifted from the stretcher and laid in a specially prepared —nastawić kości
bed. The foot of the bed is often raised on wooden blocks. The to cover —przykryć
raw —tu: obtarty
patient is placed on his back with his head turned to one side. As
petroleum jelly gauze —gaza
he is generally still unconscious, an artificial airway is in position nasycona wazeliną
and a nurse stays with him to ensure that his airway is kept clear. to p u t in plaster —założyć
She also checks his pulse rate and volume, his colour and the rate gips
and depth of his respirations. plaster o f Paris —gips
post-operative —
pooperacyjny; po operacji
w o o d en —drewniany
59
to płace sb on his/her back
- położyć kogoś na płecach
A
to turn to on e side —obrócić
na bok Answer the following questions
block —blokada
un consciou s —nieprzytom ny 1 W hat will John be given in theatre?
airway(s) —drogi oddechow e 2 W hat will be done to his wound?
artificial —sztuczny
artificial airway —aparat do
3 W hat will the X-rays show the surgeon?
sztucznej wentylacji dróg 4 W hat will happen to any dead or dirty tissue?
oddechowych 5 W hat will happen to any small splinters of bone?
to be in p osition —być 6 W hy will the surgeon use a ‘no touch technique?
gotow ym , być w pogotow iu 7 W hat will the surgeon do to the wound when he is satisfied
to ensure —upew nić się
to check —sprawdzać
it is as clean as possible?
rate —szybkość 8 W hat will he do to the wound when he has sutured it?
pulse rate —szybkość tętna 9 W hat will any raw areas be dressed with?
volu m e —objętość; 10 W hat will he do to the fractured bones?
pojem ność 11 W hat will he do to John’s leg?
depth —głębokość
respiration —oddychanie
12 Where will John be taken after the operation?
13 W hat happens to a post-operative patient when he arrives
in the ward?
14 How is he placed in bed?
15 W hat does he have in his mouth?
16 Why does a nurse remain with him?
17 W hat does the nurse check?
B
Read the text carefully and complete
the following sentences
In the theatre, John will be given an a...................................The
X-rays will show the s................................ the exact s...................
............. and e.................................. of the fracture. Dead or dirty
t ................................ will be excised and any s..................................
of bone will be removed. The surgeon will perform the o...........
.................... using a ‘no touch t .................................... W hen the
surgeon is satisfied that Johns w................................ is as clean as
possible, he will dust it off with an a................................ powder.
It will then be sutured and covered with a sterile g....................
........... d.................................... The surgeon will now be able to
treat the f................................ as closed. He will reduce the bones
into their a................................ position, and the leg will be put
60
in p................................ of P.................................John will then be
taken back to an o................................ w............................. When
a p.................-...............................patient arrives in the ward, he is
carefully lifted from the s............................and laid in a specially
prepared bed. As he is generally still u.............................. .. an
a................................ airway is in position and a nurse stays with
him to ensure that his a.................................. is kept clear. She also
checks his pulse rate and v................................ , his c.....................
and the rate and d ....................... of his r.................................
C
We can say
1 The surgeon examined John’s wound,
or
The surgeon................................ John’s wound.
2 He cut away the dead tissue,
or
H e ................................ the dead tissue.
3 He took away the small splinters of bone,
or
H e ................................ the small splinters of bone.
4 He carried out the operation,
or
H e ................................ the operation.
5 He used a technique to make the risk of infection smaller,
or
He used a technique t o ................................ the risk of
infection.
6 He sewed up the wound,
or
H e ................................ the wound.
7 He replaced the bones in their normal position,
or
H e ...................... the bones........................ th e ir..................
61
Relatives
That
In the following examples, ‘that’ is an object pronoun. It can be

used for both people and things, but we prefer to leave it out.
The man (that) you saw yesterday is my uncle.

The man you saw yesterday is my uncle.
The book (that) you are reading is mine.

The book you are reading is mine.
D
Rewrite the following pairs of sentences
as one sentence
1 The letter was from Germany. We received it this morning.
2 The doctor has just left. You wanted to see him.
3 The story is very interesting. I’ve just read it.
4 The instrument is a wound probe. The sister is using it.
5 The nurse comes on duty at 9.30. We saw her yesterday.
E
Complete the following sentences with ‘who’
or ‘that9. Leave out ‘that’ where possible
1 The n u rse................................ admitted John gave him
an injection.
2 The instrum ent.................................is on the table is a syringe.
3 Only instrum ents................................ have been sterilized are
used in this department.
4 The instrum ent.................................the doctor is using is
a stethoscope.
5 She is talking to the n u rse ................................ we met last
week.
62
6 The gloves................................ she lost were old.
7 Theb o y .................................... had the accident was taken to
hospital.
8 Theg irl............................... she knocked down was taken to
hospital.
9 Theg irl............................... lives near me is a nurse.
The Future Tense
Active Passive
I have I taken
shall shall
We explore We shown
You suture You examined

be
He examine He X-rayed
will will
She cover She put
It reduce It covered
They take They driven
Nowadays ‘shall’ and ‘will’ are almost always shortened to ‘11’,

‘shall not’ to ‘shan’t’ and ‘will not’ to ‘won’t’.
F
the future tense, active or passive
1 The anaesthetist (give)................. .............. John
an anaesthetic.
2 In theatre, his wound (explore) .,
surgeon.
3 I (visit)................................ John tomorrow afternoon.
4 The surgeon (remove) .................. ............. any small splinters
of bone.
5 Any dead or dirty tissue (remove)
surgeon.
6 The surgeon (reduce) ................... ............ the bones into their
anatomical position.
63
7 When the operation is completed, John (take) ........................
to an orthopaedic ward.
8 The physiotherapist (see)................................ John
tomorrow.
9 The patient (not, b e )................................ conscious when he
arrives in the ward.
10 We (go) ..................................on duty at 9.30 a.m. tomorrow.
DRILL 1 Future
I go on duty. Tomorrow —
I ’ll go on duty at 7 o’clock.
She sets a trolley. Tomorrow —
Shell set a trolley.
1 He performs the operation. Tomorrow —

2 He examines the patient. Tomorrow —
3 She sterilizes the equipment. Tomorrow —
4 They watch television. Tomorrow —
5 I finish my book. Tomorrow —
6 We visit him at 2.30. Tomorrow —
7 She gives him an injection. Tomorrow —
8 I feel better. Tomorrow —
DRILL 2
He is given an anaesthetic. Tomorrow —
He'll be given an anaesthetic.
She is taken to theatre. Tomorrow —
She’ll be taken to theatre.
1 His wound is explored. Tomorrow —

2 Dirty tissue is excised. Tomorrow —
3 We are given an antibiotic. Tomorrow —
4 You are given an anaesthetic. Tomorrow —
5 The patient is taken to X-ray. Tomorrow —
6 We are driven to the hospital. Tomorrow —
7 My arm is put in plaster. Tomorrow —
8 I am sent home. Tomorrow —
64
DRILL 3 Questions
You will go. Where —Where 11you go?
She will see me. When —When’ll she see me?
1 She will finish her training. W hen -

2 He will have an operation. W hen -
3 They will be admitted. W hen -
4 He will be given an antibiotic. W hy —
5 We shall go. Where ■
6 I shall do it. How —
7 We shall meet her. Where ■
8 He will visit them. W hen -
DRILL 4 Negatives
They will help us. They w ont help us.
I shall go. I shan’t go.
1 He will leave tomorrow.

2 You will be given an injection.
3 I shall be sent home tomorrow.
4 She will go off duty at six.
5 This will hurt you.
6 Your leg will be put in plaster.
7 An anaesthetic will be necessary.
8 We shall visit him next week.
65
Casualty 3
Soon after John had returned to the ward, he began to regain con
Vocabulary sciousness. The nurse who was looking after him removed the air
way from his mouth and gave him a pillow for his head. For the
consciousness — next few hours he slept soundly. From time to time the toes of his
przytomność; św iadom ość injured leg were examined to see if they were warm and pink, and
to regain consciousness his pulse and blood pressure were taken half-hourly.
—odzyskać przytom ność
injured —zraniony,
uszkodzony At 6 p.m. John woke up and complained of severe pain in his
half-hourly —co p ó ł godziny leg. The surgeon who had performed the operation had prescribed
to com plain —skarżyć się Pethidine if John complained of pain, and he was given an in
severe —silny tramuscular injection of 50 mgs of Pethidine at 6.10 p.m. As his
to prescribe —przepisać
blood pressure was now within normal limits, the bed-blocks were
intram uscular injection
—zastrzyk dom ięśniow y taken away and a bed-cradle was put in his bed to take the weight
to be (w as/w ere, been) of the bed-clothes off his legs. A nurse offered him a bottle, but he
w ith in norm al lim its —być said he could not manage to pass water.
w granicach normy
bed-cradle —budka nad
A houseman visited John during the evening to check that he was
chorym chroniąca od ucisku
kołdry all right and that he would be able to sleep. He prescribed a second
w eigh t —ciężar injection of Pethidine, which was to be given at midnight if John
bed-clothes —bielizna complained of further pain. Two nurses came and helped John
pościelowa to wash his hands and face and to change from the white theatre
to offer —tu: podać
gown into his own pyjama jacket. John, who had been allowed
to pass w ater —oddawać
m ocz frequent sips of water because he had not complained of nausea,
hou sem an —lekarz stażysta was now given a cup of tea and told the nurses that he was begin
to change —tu: przebrać się ning to feel fine.
theatre gow n —koszula
szpitalna, którą pacjent
wkłada do operacji
to allow —pozwalać
66
to be allow ed sth —m ieć
pozw olenie na coś
frequent —częsty
sip - łyk
to com plain o f sth —skarżyć
się na coś
nausea —m dłości, nudności
sphygm om anom eter
—m anom etr do mierzenia
sphygm om anom eter ciśnienia tętniczego,
sfigm om anom etr
gag - rozwieracz szczęk
to n g u e forceps
- szczypce językowe (do
podtrzym ywania języka)
crutch - kula (inwalidzka)
artificial airway
gag
tongue forceps crutch
A
1 W hat happened soon after John returned to the ward?
2 W hat did the nurse who was looking afterhim do?
3 W hat did John do when he woke up at6 p.m?
4 W hat was John given at 6.10 p.m?
5 Who had prescribed the Pethidine?
67
■ 6 W hy was a bed-cradle put in Johns bed?
7 Why did a houseman visit John during the evening?
8 W hat did the two nurses help John to do?
9 Had John complained of feeling sick?
10 W hat did he tell the nurses?
B
words from the list
off, during, from , up, for, o f within, into, away, in
1 A nurse removed the artificial airway................................ his

mouth.
2 She gave him a pillow ................................ his head.
3 John w oke................................ and com plained.........................
........severe p a in ..................................his leg.
4 As his blood pressure was n o w ................................ normal
limits, the bed-blocks were ta k e n ...................................
5 A bed-cradle was p u t ................................ his bed to take the
w eight................................ the bedclothes..................................
his leg.
6 A houseman visited J o h n ................................ the evening.
7 Two nurses helped John to change................................... the
theatre gow n................................ his own pyjama jacket.
8 John had been allowed frequent sips................................ water
because he had not com plained................................ nausea.
C
Vocabulary
We can say
1 A doctor orders the use of a drug,

or
A d o c to r................................ a drug.
68
2 The patient is coming round,
or
The patient i s ..........................................
3 The patient complained of feeling sick,
or
The patient complained o f ...................................
4 She is sleeping deeply,
or
She is sleeping.........................................
5 T.p.rs are taken every 30 minutes,
or
T.p.rs are ta k e n ........................................
6 The patient complains of pain again,
or
The patient complains o f ................................ pain.
7 He is complaining of very bad pain,
or
He is complaining o f ................................ pain.
8 The nurse offered him a urinal,
or
The nurse offered him a ...................................
9 The surgeon who carried out the operation,
or
The surgeon w h o ................................ the operation.
10 The artificial airway was taken from his mouth,
or
The artificial airway w a s................................ from his mouth.
D
Put the following sentences into the passive
1 A nurse removed the artificial airway from his mouth.
2 A nurse examined the toes of his injured leg.
3 A nurse took his pulse and blood pressure half-hourly.
4 A nurse gave him a pillow for his head.
5 A nurse gave him an intramuscular injection of Pethidine.
6 A nurse asked Mr and Mrs Smith to come back the next day.
7 A nurse gave John a cup of tea.
8 A nurse offered him a urinal.
69
DRILL 1 Past passive
The patient is admitted. Yesterday —
The patient was admitted yesterday.
The injections are given. Last night —

The injections were given last night.
1 His bed-blocks are removed. Yesterday —

2 The injection is given at 10 o’clock. Yesterday morning —
3 Her blood pressure is taken four-hourly. Yesterday —
4 He is examined in the casualty
department. Yesterday evening —
5 They are taken to hospital by
ambulance. Last night —
6 The operation is performed by
M r Jones. This morning —
7 His parents are asked to sign a consent
form. Last night —
8 The new patient is taken to the X-ray
department. This morning —
DRILL 2 Questions
He was placed in a specially prepared bed.
Was he placed in a specially prepared bed?.
She was given a suitable premedication.

Was she given a suitable premedication7.
1 He was given an intramuscular injection.

2 They were asked to sign a consent form.
3 They were allowed frequent sips of water.
4 Her leg was put in plaster of Paris.
5 They were told to come back tomorrow.
6 These instruments were sterilized.
7 The patient was placed on his back.
8 The injections were given at 6 o’clock.
70
The Past Perfect Tense
Active Passive
I gone I told
You heard You asked
He assisted He taken
She had seen She had been seen
It come It used
We helped We shown
They asked They sent
The past perfect tense is used for an action in the past which
happened before another action also in the past, for example
The doctor told them that John had sustained a fracture.

Te nurse took Johns pulse and blood pressure after she had
admitted him.
Soon after John had returned to the ward, he began to regain
consciousness.
The past perfect is often used with

before, after, as soon as, until, when
E
the past perfect tense
1 We (give) ................................ him first aid by the time the
ambulance arrived.
2 The doctor wanted to know what the nurse (d o ).................
3 Mary didn’t get home until after her parents (go) ................
to bed.
4 I found my way to the clinic after I (ask) ............................. .
the theatre sister the way.
5 You lost your new gloves soon after you (buy).....................
them, didn’t you?
71
6 W hen John (recover) ................................ from his operation,
he was sent home.
7 The doctor did not arrive until the patients (finish)
................................ their breakfast.
8 As soon as the surgeon (examine) ................................ the
X-rays, he started the operation.
F
the correct past simple or past perfect
tense of the verb in brackets
Remember, the past perfect marks the earlier of the actions.
1 The nurse who admitted John (ask).................................what

(happen).............................................. to him.
2 He (tell) ..................her that he (be knocked)
................................ down.
3 Mary (w ork)................................ at the hospital for six
months before she (meet) ................................ Jane.
4 When the nurse (set) ................................ the trolley, she
(take) ................................ it into the ward.
5 After the disposable instruments (be used) ..............................
.. they (be throw n).................................away.
6 After the surgeon (examine) ...................................the patient,
he (tell) ....................... him there was nothing to worry
about.
7 Jane’s headache (not, get) .................................better until she
(take) ................................ several Aspirins.
8 The radiographer (tell) ................................ the patient not to
move until she (take) ............................................the X-ray.
9 When she (take)...........................................the X-rays, the
radiographer (take)................................ the patient back to
the ward.
10 After they (have) ................................ their dinner, they (go)
................................ to the cinema.
11 The surgeon who (perform )................................................. the
operation (visit) ...................................John next morning.
72
The Ward Unit 1
The ward is the patient’s home during his stay in hospital. It is

the place in which he spends his days, eats and sleeps, and where Vocabulary
his personal needs are catered for. A well-planned ward provides
a pleasant, safe and comfortable environment for patients and personal needs —osobiste
staff. potrzeby
to cater for sb —zaspokajać
The planning of ward units for new hospitals, and for modernization czyjeś potrzeby
w ell-planned —dobrze
schemes in older ones, has received a great deal of consideration. In zaplanowany
the past, in-patients were allowed up only for short periods during environm ent —środowisko
convalescence. The modern practice of early ambulation has made p atien t —pacjent
it essential to provide adequate space for recreation and sufficient staff —personel
bathing and toilet facilities. Bright colours have been used to create a great deal —bardzo dużo
to receive consideration
a cheerful atmosphere in the ward, and furniture has been designed —być branym pod rozwagę
to suit the different needs of patients. atten tion — uwaga,
zainteresowanie
Another problem on which hospital planners have focused their in the past —dawniej,
attention is the reduction of unnecessary noise. The use of plastic w przeszłości
in-patient —pacjent
equipment, and the provision of central dish-washing and steril hospitalizowany
izing departments have been a great help in eliminating noise. to be (w as/w ere, been)
allow ed up —zostać
The question of ward cleaning has also been taken into consider przyjętym
period —okres
ation by the planners. Nowadays the floors and walls are made of
convalescence —
materials that can withstand very frequent washing and polishing. rekon walescencj a
Furniture and fittings have been designed to permit easy cleaning m odern —w spółczesny
and maintenance. practice - praktyka
am bulation —chodzenie
essential —konieczny
to provide —zapewnić,
dostarczyć
73
adequate —dostateczny,
wystarczający
A
space —przestrzeń
recreation —rekreacja Answer the following questions
sufficient —wystarczający
facilities —urządzenia; 1 W hat does the patient do in the ward?
infrastruktura 2 W hat is done for the patient in the ward?
bathing facilities - łazienki
to ilet facilities —toalety
3 Name three things that have received attention in the
cheerful —wesoły, pogodny planning of new hospitals.
to design —zaprojektować 4 Where did in-patients spend most of their time in the past?
to suit —odpowiadać 5 When were in-patients allowed up in the past?
need —potrzeba 6 W hat is the modern practice?
to focus atten tion o n sth
—skupić na czymś uwagę
7 W hat facilities has this modern practice made essential?
reduction —zmniejszenie 8 How have planners reduced noise in modern hospitals?
unnecessary —niepotrzebny 9 W hat are the floors and walls made of nowadays?
noise —hałas 10 How have new furniture and fittings been designed?
eq uipm ent —wyposażenie
provision —zaopatrzenie;
zapewnienie
dish-w ashing —zm ywanie
naczyń B
to elim inate —likwidować,
elim inować Vocabulary
to take sth in to
consideration —brać coś pod
uwagę
to be m ade o f sth —być We can say
wytwarzanym z czegoś
to w ithstand (w ithstood , 1 The ward is the place where the patient’s needs are taken care
w ith stood ) —wytrzymywać,
of.
znosić
w ashing —mycie or
p o lish in g —czyszczenie It’s the place where the patient’s needs are ...............................
fittings —wyposażenie 2 Ward planning has received much thought,
to perm it —pozwalać
m aintenance —utrzymanie,
or
konserwacja Ward planning has received .......................................................
3 A patient who is kept in hospital,
or
An .................................................................................................
4 Patients were allowed up for short periods while they were
getting better.
or
They were allowed up for short periods ....................................
5 The modern practice of getting patients walking as soon as
possible.
or
The modern practice o f ...............................................................
74
6 There is sufficient space,
or
There i s .............................................................................. space.
7 Bright colours are used to produce a cheerful atmosphere,
or
Bright colours are u sed ....................... a cheerful atmosphere.
8 Planners have concentrated their attention on noise problems,
or
They have............................... their attention on noise
problems.
9 This has been a great help in getting rid of noise,
or
This has been a great help i n ............................................noise.
10 The question of maintenance has been considered by the
planners.
or
The question of m aintenance.........................by the planners.
11 Something has been designed to allow easy cleaning,
or
Something has been designed............................easy cleaning.
12 The setting up of central dish-washing departments has been
a great help in eliminating noise.
or
T h e ..................... central dish-washing departments has been
a great help in eliminating noise.
C
the correct prepositions
1 The ward is the patient’s h o m e .......his stay ........ hospital.
2 It is the place.......which he spends his days and where his
needs are catered.........
3 A well-planned ward provides a comfortable environment
.......both patients and staff.
4 The planning.......new ward units has received a great deal
.......attention.
5 In-patients spent most of their tim e .......b e d ........ the past.
75
6 Early ambulation has made it essential to provide adequate
space.......recreation.
7 A problem .......which hospital planners have focused their
attention is the reduction.......unnecessary noise.
8 The u s e .......plastic equipment and the provision........
central dish-washing departments have been a great help ....
eliminating noise.
The Present Perfect Tense
Active Passive
I gone I injured
You asked You told
have have
We recovered We hurt
They helped They been examined
He seen He X-rayed
She has taken She has prepared
It eliminated It sterilized
The present perfect is used for actions and states in the past when
no definite time is mentioned. The actions could have taken
place at any time in the past up to the present. It is often used
with just, yet, already, never and since.
I have just seen the nursing officer.

Jane has already finished her work.
Mary has never been in hospital before.
Jane has not qualified yet: she is still a student nurse.
D
the correct form of the present perfect
tense of the verbs in brackets
1 The doctor.................... just (speak)......................to the sister.
2 She (not, ask) ..................... for the patients’ notes yet.
3 He (be) ..................... in this ward for the last three weeks.
76
4 Early ambulation (m ake)..................... it essential to provide
a lot of space.
5 Janes b u s ..................... already (g o).................................
6 Hospital planners (focus) ................................ their attention
on noise problems.
7 Colour-schemes and the design of furniture (receive) ...............
.............. a great deal of attention.
8 These patients..................... never (have).......................
operations before.
Compare the following sentences:
I have seen him before.

I saw him last Saturday.
We haven’t finished the course yet.
We finished the course yesterday.
Have they seen her?
Did they see her last night?
The present perfect is used when no definite time is mentioned.

The past simple is used when a definite time is mentioned.
E
the correct tense, either present perfect
or past simple
1 Doctors (use) ................................ disinfectants for nearly one
century.
2 Scientists (discover) ................................ many new antibiotics
since the last war.
3 Sir Alexander Fleming (discover)................................
penicillin in 1928.
4 Since the 1930’s, the search for better antibiotics (continue)
5 Lord Lister (use) .....................................carbolic acid to prevent

infection at the end of the last century.
6 Nurse Smith (work) .................................. at St. Peter’s since she
(qualify)................................ in 1967.
77
7 Joan (take) .................... . the patient to the X-ray
department yesterday.
8 Nurse Smith (just, take) ..........a patient to theatre.
DRILL 1 Present perfect

- questions
You have hurt your leg. Have you hurt your leg?
He has had his operation. Has he had his operation?
1 She has seen the sister.

2 They have studied physiology.
3 The instruments have been sterilized.
4 The patient has been catheterized.
5 You have visited the gynaecological ward.
6 We have seen the operating theatre.
7 Ward planning has received attention.
8 He has found her notes.
DRILL 2 H H H Present perfect

- negatives
He has broken his leg. He hasn’t broken his leg.
She has seen the nursing officer. She hasn’t seen the matron.
1 It has been sterilized.

2 I have seen Dr Wilson.
3 She has prepared the trolley.
4 The patient has arrived.
5 They have come to see her.
6 His leg has been fractured.
7 This patient has been catheterized.
8 He has had an injection of morphine.
78
DRILL 3 Vocabulary
Use the diagram to practise asking the way using sentences such as
cubicle —kabina; część sali
oddzielona np. parawanem
Could you show me the way to the sluice, please? side ward —boczna sala
Would you mind showing me the way to the sluice, please? linen store - magazyn
z bielizną pościelową
cleaners’ cupboard —
Diagram o f a Typical Ward
pom ieszczenie dla sprzątaczek
D ay Room cloakroom —szatnia
treatm ent room - gabinet
zabiegowy
corridor —korytarz
M ain Ward
Cubicle Cubicle
Side Ward SideW ard
Linen Store Linen Store
Kitchen Preparation Room
Cleaners’ Cupboard Treatment Room
Cloakroom Sluice
Corridor
79
The Ward Unit 2 0
A ccom m odation for patients

Vocabulary
Most modern hospital wards have between twenty and thirty beds.
accom m odation — The beds are arranged so that each patient can have as much priv
zakwaterowanie acy, natural light and fresh air as possible, and can be observed
to arrange —ustawić; without difficulty by the nursing staff. There must be adequate
urządzić
space between beds to prevent cross-infection and to allow all bed
privacy —prywatność
natural ligh t —światło
side procedures to be carried out in comfort.
naturalne
fresh air —świeże powietrze Most wards have a number of cubicles or side wards — usually
as m uch as possible —jak six for a thirty-bed ward —and two of these have their own hand
najwięcej
basins and lavatories so that suitable accommodation is available for
nursing staff —zespół
pielęgniarski
infectious patients. Ambulant patients and patients in wheelchairs
to prevent —zapobiegać are provided with a day room where they can have their meals,
cross-infection —wzajemne watch television, smoke and enjoy various recreations without dis
zarażanie się osób chorych turbing patients who are confined to bed.
zakaźnie
to carry o u t —przeprowadzić
bedside procedures —zabiegi
Lavatories and bathrooms are sufficiently spacious to allow nurses
przeprowadzane przy łóżku to assist old and disabled patients. Doorways are wide enough to
chorego allow wheelchair patients to enter with ease. The rooms are usually
com fort —wygoda fitted with grab-rails, shelves and hooks, and a patient-to-nurse
hand basin —umywalka
alarm system is provided. It is important that lavatories flush quiet
lavatory {p i lavatories)
—ubikacja
ly and efficiently
available —dostępny
infectious —zakaźny
infectious patient —pacjent
chory na chorobę zakaźną
am bulant patient —pacjent
chodzący
80
wheelchair —wózek
inwalidzki
to provide with sth
—dostarczać czegoś
day room —pokój dzienny
to enjoy various recreations
—korzystać z różnych form
rekreacji
to disturb - przeszkadzać
without disturbing —nie
przeszkadzając
to be confined to bed —być
przykutym do łóżka
sufficiently —wystarczająco
spacious —przestronny
wheelchair disabled —niepełnosprawny
doorway —drzwi
with ease —z łatwością
fitted —tu: wyposażony
grab-rail - poręcz do
A trzymania
hook —haczyk
Answer the following questions patient-to-nurse alarm
system —system alarmowy
między pacjentem a pokojem
1 How many beds have most modern hospital wards? pielęgniarek
2 How many cubicles or side wards are there? to flush —spłukiwać
3 W hat have two of these cubicles or side wards usually got? quiedy —cicho
4 Where are infectious patients accommodated? efficiendy —wydajnie
5 W hy must there be adequate space between beds in the ward?
6 For whom is the day room provided?
7 W hat do these patients do in the day room?
8 W hy must lavatories and bathrooms be sufficiently spacious?
B
Do not look back at the text until you have tried to do all the
sentences.
In modern hospital wards, patients’ beds are arranged so that

each patient has as much p ............ , n.............light and f..............
a............ as possible. There must be a..............space between beds
to prevent c............ -...............Most wards have a number of
81
c............ or s..............wards so that there is suitable a..............for
i.............patients.
A day room is provided for a............ patients and patients in
w.............. In the day room, they can enjoy various r......................
without disturbing patients who are c............ t.... b................
Lavatories and bathrooms must be large enough to allow nurses
to assist old and d ............ patients. These rooms are usually
fitted with g............ . hooks and shelves, and a patient-to-nurse
a............system is provided.
C
the correct form of the verbs in brackets
1 In the past hospital wards (have) ................very many beds.
2 The ward where I work (have) ................ 16 beds.
3 Nurse Smith (start) ................working here in 1967.
4 The gynaecological consultant usually (do) ................a round
at 10 a.m. on Tuesdays.
5 I saw Jane while I (wait) ................for the bus.
6 These instruments (sterilize) ................yesterday.
7 Three new patients (admit) .....................yesterday.
8 The nurse who admitted the new patient (give) ................
him an anti-tetanus injection.
9 While the patient (wait) ................to go to theatre,
a quarter-hourly record of his blood pressure was kept.
10 He (give) ................a suitable premedication one hour before
he was taken to theatre.
D
Rewrite the following pairs of sentences
as one sentence using ‘who’ or ‘that’ when
necessary
1 The patient is John’s father. You were talking to him yesterday.
2 The instruments are sterile. They are in this box.
82
3 Antiseptics are chemical substances. They inhibit the growth
of microorganisms.
4 Someone phoned for an ambulance. He saw the accident.
5 The' book is very interesting. I am reading it.
6 The patient is going home now. You admitted him last
Thursday.
7 The doctor told his parents an operation was necessary.
The doctor had examined John.
8 The doctor is the orthopaedic consultant. John’s parents spoke
to him.
E
Ask the patient
1 when the accident happened.
2 if he has had pneumonia before.
3 who her general practitioner is.
4 if he has been immunized against tetanus.
5 if he has been in hospital before.
6 if his leg hurts.
7 when he woke up this morning.
8 if she slept well last night.
9 if he is feeling better.
10 if there is anything you can get for him.
11 if he would like to sit in the day room.
12 where the pain is.
13 if he has had the same pain before.
14 when the pain started.
15 if he has taken his medicine.
F
What do the following abbreviations stand
for?
1 S.R.N. 3 t.p.r. 5 p.m. 7 Mgs.
2 C.S.S.D. 4 a.m. 6 E.N.T.
83
G
What instrument do you use
1 to remove stitches?
2 to handle sterile instruments?
3 to remove Michel’s clips?
4 to give an injection?
5 to explore a wound?
84
The Ward Unit 3
Clinical areas
In the treatment room of a ward unit, surgical dressings, investiga

tions and other sterile procedures can be carried out under optimal
conditions and with minimal risk of cross-infection. The treatment
room should be large enough to accommodate a patient in his bed,
a couch for ambulant patients, and all the equipment needed for
treatments. It must of course allow medical and nursing staff ad
equate space to work in comfort.
Next to the treatment room, there are usually a ‘clean and ‘dirty’
annex. The clean annex, or preparation room, is where trolleys are
laid up. If there is no C.S.S.D., equipment and instruments are
sterilized there too. The preparation room is provided with dust-
proof cupboards in which sterile equipment is stored. In the dirty
annex, used equipment is collected and cleaned, or kept for collec
tion by the C.S.S.D.
Near the dirty annex, there is usually a sluice room. The sluice
room has facilities for cleaning and sterilizing bedpans, urinals,
sputum mugs and so on, and for disinfecting soiled bed linen.
In many wards, one corner of the sluice room is provided with
a bench, sink and the necessary equipment for testing urine.
The arranging of flowers is also normally done in the ‘sluice’.
85
Vocabulary
auriscope —wziernik do
badania ucha
vaginal speculum —wziernik
ginekologiczny
proctoscope - proktoskop,
wziernik doodbytniczy
rectal speculum —wziernik examination couch
doodbytniczy
urinometer —przyrząd do
badania ciężaru właściwego
moczu
auriscope
vaginal speculum
86
proctoscope, or rectal speculum
urinometer
87
A
In the treatment room various surgical procedures are carried out
under o...........................conditions and with m ................ risk of
c................................ -................................... The treatment room
is big enough to hold a patient in his bed, a c................................
for a................................ patients, and all the e..................................
needed for treatments. It is also large enough to allow medical
and nursing staff a................................ space to work in comfort.
Next to the treatment room, there are usually a clean and
a ‘dirty’ a............................... The clean a..................................or
p...........................room is where trolleys are laid up and if there
is no C.S.S.D., equipment and i................................ are sterilized
there too. It is provided with d ....................... -...........................
cupboards in which sterile equipment can be stored. In the dirty
annex, soiled equipment is collected and cleaned, or kept for
collection by the C ...................................
Next to the dirty annex there is often a s ............................. room.
It has f.............................. for cleaning and s..................................
bedpans, u................................ and s.................................. mugs.
It also has f................................ for d ................................soiled bed
1............................. In one corner of the sluice room there is often
a b ............................. , a s .................................. and the necessary
equipment for testing u ..............................
B
the correct prepositions
1 A day room is provided.......ambulant patients and patients
in wheelchairs.
2 Bathrooms and lavatories are provided.......hooks and shelves.
3 There is a couch...... ambulant patients in the treatment room.
4 Adequate space between beds in the ward helps to reduce the
risk .......cross-infection.
5 There are facilities.......sterilizing bedpans in the sluice.
6 The arranging.......flowers is usually done in the sluice.
88
Purpose
The beds are arranged so that patients can have as much fresh
air as possible.
There must be adequate space between beds to prevent
cross-infection.
Furniture and fittings have been designed to perm it easy
cleaning.
John’s leg was X-rayed so that the surgeon could see the exact
site and extent of the fracture.
C
‘so that’ or a suitable infinitive with ‘to’
1 A day room is provided................ambulant patients have
somewhere to relax.
2 The patient was given an antibiotic................the onset of
infection.
3 The doorways are always wide enough................patients in
wheelchairs to enter with ease.
4 Some side wards have their own basins and lavatories
................suitable accommodation is provided for infectious
patients.
5 The beds are arranged................patients can be observed
without difficulty.
6 Hospital planners have used bright colours..........................
a cheerful atmosphere.
7 The patient was given an injection of m orphine...................
shock and pain.
8 Jane studied h a rd ................she could pass her examinations.
9 Furniture and fittings are designed................they can be
cleaned easily.
10 Mary made notes at the lecture................. she could
remember the important points.
89
Q uestion tags
W ith a positive statement, we have a negative tag.
She is a gynaecologist, isn’t she?

You have seen the treatment room, haven’t you?
He likes ice cream, doesn’t he?
She will come, won’t she?
They often visit him, don’t they?
W ith a negative statement, we have a positive tag.
She isn’t a gynaecologist, is she?

You haven’t seen the treatment room, have you?
He doesn’t like ice cream, does he?
She won’t come, will she?
They don’t visit him often, do they?
D
Supply the missing question tags
1 The syringe is sterile, .........................................
2 He has had his injection,...................................
3 He’s not a consultant, .......................................
4 They are radiographers, .....................................
5 You’re not going, ................................................
6 They did it, .........................................................
7 This is the dispensary, .......................................
8 This isn’t the preparation room, ......................
9 They weren’t staff nurses, ...................................
10 John was admitted yesterday, ...........................
11 She went home last week, ................................
12 You will help me, ...............................................
13 It won’t h u r t,.......................................................
14 It doesn’t hurt, ...................................................
15 There are enough beds, .....................................
16 She can walk, ......................................................
17 It wasn’t difficult to find, ...................................
18 You found them, ................................................
90
19 He will get better, ...............................................................
20 This equipment isn’t sterile, ...............................................
21 You have given her a bedpan, ............................................
22 She is on duty, ....................................................................
23 Nurse Brown admitted him, .............................................
24 You will come tomorrow, ..................................................
mmmmmm
Supply question tags and try to make your voice rise and fall
correctly.
Statement This isn’t disinfectant.

With tag This isn’t disinfectant, is it?
Now go on
1 This isn’t disinfectant.

2 The treatment room wasn’t large.
3 The sluice should be tiled.
4 Ward flowers can be attractive.
5 Contaminated bed linen must be destroyed.
6 The doctor can scrub up here.
7 Doorways ought to be wide.
8 Supper isn’t ready yet.
91
The Ward Unit 4
The sister’s office

Vocabulary
A sister’s office, usually situated near the ward entrance, is provided
situated —położony for general administration. In the office, medical and nursing staff
entrance —wejście
can have privacy to discuss the treatment and progress of patients.
generał administration
—ogólne zarządzanie The sister’s office is also used by medical-social workers and the
treatment —leczenie hospital chaplain for interviewing patients and relatives.
progress —tu: postęp
w leczeniu D om estic and storage areas
chaplain - kapelan
to interview —robić wywiad
relatives —krewni The domestic and storage areas of a ward include the kitchen, the
domestic area —część linen and equipment store, the cleaners’ room and the staff cloak
gospodarcza room. The kitchen has facilities for making hot drinks and pre
storage area —część paring light meals, and for washing up. The linen and equipment
magazynowa
store is used for storing blankets, sheets and pillowcases, and bulky
linen store —magazyn
bielizny pościelowej equipment such as bed cradles, portable backrests and cot sides. If
equipment store - magazyn the linen store is sufficiently spacious, stretchers and wheelchairs
artykułów zaopatrzeniowych are often parked’ there. The cleaners’ room is usually near the ward
staff cloakroom —szatnia dla entrance, and is used for storing brooms, buckets, mops, vacuum
personelu
cleaners and cleaning materials. The staff cloakroom is also usually
to store —przechowywać,
magazynować near the entrance of the ward. It has washbasins and lavatories,
blanket —koc personal lockers and facilities for hanging clothes.
sheets —prześcieradła; pościel
pillow-case —poszewka na
poduszkę
bulky —pokaźnych
rozmiarów
portable —przenośny
portable backrest —
przenośne oparcie
92
"."I'
cot —łóżeczko dziecinne

stretcher —nosze
broom - szczotka
bucket —wiadro
mop —szczotka do mycia
podłóg
vacuum cleaner —odkurzacz
cleaning materials - artykuły
chemii gospodarczej (do
czyszczenia)
personal lockers —zamykane
szafki do przechowywania
rzeczy osobistych
screen —tu: parawan
screen
A
1 Where is the sister’s office situated?
2 Who uses the sister s office?
3 Where are patients and their relatives interviewed?
4 W hat facilities has the ward kitchen?
5 Where is bed linen kept?
6 Where is bulky equipment stored?
7 W hat are often parked in the linen store?
8 Where would you look for cleaning materials?
9 Where is the staff cloakroom often situated?
10 W hat facilities has the staff cloakroom?
B
In what hospital ward or department would
you expect to find
1 a patient who has had his appendix removed?
2 a patient who has had his tonsils out?
3 a patient with a broken leg?
4 someone who has just had an accident?
5 a patient with cerebral haemorrhage?
6 an elderly patient?
93
7 someone who is having an operation?
8 a patient with a skin disease?
9 a woman who will have a baby in two months’ time?
10 a patient who is being admitted?
11 a radiographer?
12 a pharmacist?
C
In which part of the ward unit
1 do patients relax, smoke and watch TV?
2 are infectious patients nursed?
3 can surgical procedures be carried out under optimal
conditions?
4 is used equipment collected and cleaned?
5 are trolleys prepared?
6 are bedpans, urinals etc. sterilized?
7 is urine tested?
8 is sterile equipment stored?
Plans with ‘going to’
The Hospital Secretary is talking to a visiting Member of Parliament

about plans for the future
“Were going to build a new ward unit this year. The builders
are going to start in March. The new unit is going to have thirty
beds. There will be six side wards with their own lavatories, a
modern treatment room, a preparation room, and a sluice room
—for disinfecting equipment, routine urine testing and so on.
The ward sister’s office is going to be very nice: it’ll be near the
entrance so that patients won’t be disturbed. We’re going to
use bright colours everywhere and, of course, low-maintenance
furniture and fittings. The scheme is going to cost £250,000. ...
Now I’m going to take you to lunch.”
We usually use going to... when talking, informally, about plans

or events in the near future.
94
D
‘going to’
1 I (have) ....................................a holiday next month.
2 Joan (m eet)....................................her friend this evening.
3 M r and Mrs Smith (visit) ....................................John in
hospital tomorrow.
4 She (marry) ....................................an engineer.
5 Now I (examine) ....................................you, so please take off
your shirt.
6 W ho (choose) ....................................the colours for the new
ward unit?
N o t going to
Look at these sentences. Notice where we put ‘not’ or ‘n’t’.
I’m not going to be at home next month.

Joan isn’t going to study this evening.
We aren’t going to operate on that patient.
DRILL
Supply question tags
1 You haven’t any privacy in this ward.

2 They’ll be discharged on Monday.
3 You didn’t feel that.
4 We could understand the tutor.
5 We mustn’t be late.
6 She oughtn’t to lay up like that.
7 He needs a bed-cradle.
8 You won’t be late.
9 He does work hard.
10 You have confidence in the surgeon.
11 He can come on Thursday.
12 She ought to be ashamed.
13 We needn’t work late.
14 We must get a new urinometer.
95
Admissions
In Britain, most people who fall ill are treated at home by their
Vocabulary family doctors. Not all illnesses can be treated at home, however,
so many people are admitted to hospital at some time during their
admission (to hospital) lives. They are admitted either as arranged admissions or as emer
—przyjęcie do szpitala gency admissions.
to fall (fell, fallen) ill
—zachorować Arranged Admissions
to treat —leczyć
family doctor —lekarz
rodzinny A patient who goes into hospital as an arranged admission has
illness —choroba previously attended an out-patients’ clinic to which he has been
to be admitted to hospital sent by his family doctor. At the clinic he is examined, his previous
—zostać przyjętym do szpitala history is taken and all the necessary investigations are carried out.
arranged admission
—planowane przyjęcie do If admission is recommended, his name is put on a waiting list and
szpitala when a bed in an appropriate ward becomes vacant, he is sent a
emergency admission letter which tells him when to report to the hospital for admission.
—przyjęcie do szpitala W ith this letter, most hospitals enclose a leaflet telling the patient
w wyniku nagłego wypadku what he will need while he is in hospital. The leaflet also outlines
lub nagłej choroby
previously —wcześniej the general ward routine and gives details of visiting hours.
to attend sth —tu: chodzić do
to be examined —zostać Emergency Admissions
zbadanym
previous —wcześniejszy Nowadays, many people go into hospital as a result of accidents or
history —tu: wywiad
chorobowy sudden illnesses. These patients are called emergency admissions.
investigation —badanie They are often seriously ill and in need of immediate care and at
to carry out - przeprowadzać tention. Unlike arranged admissions, little or nothing is known
to recommend —zalecać about emergency admissions or their previous histories. They are
waiting list —lista usually taken to the casualty and emergency department by am
oczekujących
96
bulance. They are often unconscious. Sometimes they are accom appropriate —właściwy
panied by friends or relatives who are able to supply at least their vacant —(o miejscu) wolny
to report to the hospital
personal particulars. In the casualty department, they are examined
—zgłosić się do szpitala
and the necessary emergency treatment is carried out. If possible to enclose - załączać, dodać
their previous histories are taken. The appropriate ward is notified jako załącznik
that a patient is being sent up so that the necessary preparations leaflet —ulotka
can be made. to outline —przedstawić
w zarysie
routine —ustalony porządek
detail —szczegół
visiting hours —godziny
A odwiedzin
as a result of sth —w wyniku
Read through the text and answer the follow czegoś
accident —wypadek
ing questions with complete sentences sudden —nagły
to be in need o f sth
1 Why are most people admitted to hospital at some time —potrzebować czegoś
during their lives? immediate —natychmiastowy
care —opieka
2 W hat sort of clinic has an arranged admission previously
attention —uwaga
attended? unlike —inaczej niż
3 W hat is done if admission is recommended? w przypadku
4 W hat is the patient sent by the hospital? unconscious —nieprzytomny
5 W hat does the leaflet sent by the hospital tell the patient? they are accompanied by...
6 Why are patients admitted as emergencies? —towarzyszą im...
to supply - dostarczyć
7 W hat is known about emergency admissions? at least —przynajmniej
8 W hat information can the friends and relatives of emergency emergency treatment
admissions give us? —postępowanie w nagłych
9 W hat happens to an emergency admission in the casualty wypadkach
department? to be notified —zostać
zawiadomionym
10 Why is the ward notified that a patient is being sent up?
B
Vocabulary
W hat words in the text mean the same as
1 someone who comes to hospital as a result of a sudden illness

or accident.....................................................................................
2 to tell someone you have arrived................................................
someone
3 facts about a person’s health in the p a st.....................................
(medical) .......................................................................................
97
4 facts about a persons age, sex, height, weight, married-or-
single, etc.........................................................................................
5 following, or because of
6 not knowing —feeling —seeing, etc., anything at all
7 proper, suitable, correct.................................................................

8 a printed sheet of paper giving information about a certain subject
C
by supplying the correct form of the verb
1 He (be) ill with pneumonia since June.
2 I (have) a pain before I came to the clinic but it (go) now.
3 When the telephone rang, I (do) the t.p.rs.
4 While sister (phone) for the doctor I (give) mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation.
5 Dead tissue (remove) by the surgeon.
6 The patient (tell) the police that he (hit)by a car an hour
ago.
7 He (give) a pre-med ten minutes ago.
8 His headache (not, get) better until he (take) an aspirin.
9 He (come) to work when he had a heart attack.
10 These patients (catheterize) last night.
98
Arranged Admission
A patient who has been on the waiting list for admission has re
ceived a letter telling him to report to Dixon ward at Cambury Vocabulary
Hospital for admission on 24th July at 2.30 p.m. At 2.30 he ar
rives at the sisters office. admission card —karta
Here is the admission card she filled in: przyjęcia pacjenta
surname —nazwisko
CAMBURY HOSPITAL Hosp. Reg. No. block letters —litery
Admission Card Ward/Dept. drukowane
SURNAME FIRST NAME(S) first name —imię
civil state —stan cywilny
(IN BLOCK LETTERS) date o f birth —data
urodzenia
MelEOD PETER JOHN occupation —zawód
ADDRESS & TELEPHONE NO. DATE OF BIRTH C. o f E. (= Church
o f England) —kościół
anglikański
2 6 GREENEND, WATERBEACN
next of kin —najbliższy
WATERBEACti 2 3 4 21.12.1964 krewny
CIVIL STATE O C C U P A T IO N physician in charge o f case
(In the case o f a child, father’s —lekarz prowadzący
to fill in —wypełnić
Married o ccupation.)
Christian name —imię
Single relation —tu: krewny
Widowed CARPENTER
Other
RELIGION NAME & ADDRESS OF
NEXT OF KIN
C. of E. MARY M dEO D (wiA)
A above,
NAME & ADDRESS OF G.P. TELEPHONE N O .
(If n o t o n the phone, give a
PR BEALE
n u m b e r w here messages m ay
TUE0AKĆ, be sent. A d d ‘Messages only’.)
LANDBEACU
S U R G E O N O R P H Y S IC IA N IN C H A R G E O F CASE
MR TfJORPE
99
Here is what they said
Patient Excuse me, nurse. Is this Dixon ward?

Sister Yes, this is Dixon.
Patient Well, I’m Peter McLeod. You sent me a letter telling
me to report here at half past two.
Sister That’s right, M r McLeod. Would you come in and sit
down, please? We have to fill in an admission card.
Patient Thank you.
Sister Now, your surname is McLeod —would you mind
spelling it, please?
Patient M C capital L E O D.
Sister Thank you. And your Christian names?
Patient Peter John.
Sister Where do you live?
Patient 26 Greenend, Waterbeach.
Sister W hat’s your telephone number?
Patient Waterbeach 234 750.
Sister And when were you born?
Patient 21st December 1964.
Sister Are you married?
Patient Yes, I am.
Sister And what’s your occupation?
Patient I’m a carpenter.
Sister W hat’s your religion?
Patient Church of England.
Sister It says here, ‘Name and address of next of kin’.
W ho is your nearest relation?
Patient My wife, Mary.
Sister And you live at the same address?
Patient Yes, of course.
Sister Now, who is your family doctor?
Patient Dr Beale.
Sister And his address?
Patient The Oaks, High Street, Landbeach.
100
Sister Do you know which doctor is in charge of your case?
Patient Er... I believe it’s Dr Thorpe.
Sister Ah yes. M r Thorpe —he’s a surgeon, you see. Well,
thank you, Mr McLeod. If you would just wait here
for a few minutes, I’ll get a nurse to come and take
care of you.
A
Practise these questions
Where do you live?
W hat’s your religion?
W ho’s your nearest relation?
(And) what’s your occupation?
(And) when were you born?
(Now,) who’s your family doctor?
Are you married?

Are you on the phone?
Do you know which doctor is in charge of your case?
(And) your Christian names?

(And) his address?
(And) you live at the same address?
Would you sit down, please?

Would you mind spelling it, please?
101
B
Interview your neighbour
Ask the type of question the sister used in the dialogue and fill in
this form.
Surname ........................................................................................
First Names ...................................................................................
Address ..........................................................................................
Phone Number .............................................................................
Date of Birth ................................................................................
Civil State ......................................................................................
Religion .........................................................................................
Occupation ...................................................................................
Next of Kin ...................................................................................
Would you m ind spelling it, please?
This form of request is usually considered polite enough without

‘please’.
Remember ‘Would you mind’ is followed by the -ing form.
C
Make the following polite requests
1 open the window 6 ring casualty
2 close the door 7 fill in this form
3 spell your name 8 help me with this
4 repeat the question 9 give her a cigarette
5 notify the ward 10 take him to X-ray
102
D
Supply question tags to the following
sentences
1 You haven’t been in hospital before, .........................
2 You were born on 28th February 1 9 63,................... .
3 Your religion is Church of England, ..........................
4 That’s not your office telephone number, .................
5 Your parents are still alive, ......................................... .
6 You’ve brought some pyjamas, ...................................
7 You didn’t bring any medicines with y o u ,................
8 You’ve had a cold recently, ......................................... .
9 Your wife will be visiting you tonight, ......................
10 You can remember the way to the toilet, .................. .
E
Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks
The sister wrote down the patients p................p................. on

an a................c................... She wrote in b................. 1...................
She knew his surname but asked him what his C ................
n ................s were. She wrote ‘CARPENTER’ under O ................
and crossed out all the words except ‘Married’ under C ................
S..................The patient said his N ................. o...... K.................
was his wife and his D ................o................. B................. was
21-12-1964.
The sister noted that Mr Thorpe was i.... c................ o......the case.
103
Observation of the Patient
After admission, general observation of the patient is made regu

Vocabulary larly. Here the staff nurse is telling the student about observing
patients.
to keep (kept, kept) an eye
on sb —obserwować kogoś S ta ff You know that we have to keep an eye on all patients
to keep on the look out for all the time, don’t you?
sth —stale zwracać uwagę na
coś Student Yes, we have to keep on the look out for changes in
condition —tu: stan ogólny their condition.
mental state —stan S taff That’s right. W hat sort of changes?
psychiczny
record card —karta wyników Student Er, changes in t.p.r., changes in colour. W hat mental
to get into the habit o f doing state he’s in. And of course anything on his record
sth —przyzwyczaić się do card. I must say it seems an awful lot. How do we
robienia czegoś find the time to do it?
to get used to sth —
przyzwyczaić się do czegoś S ta ff You must get into the habit of observing the patients
to get (got, got) on friendly when you’re carrying out normal nursing duties.
terms with sb —zaprzyjaźnić After a time it becomes second nature.
się z kimś
Student They gave us a list of things to look for in training
relaxed —spokojny,
zrelaksowany school. I expect I’ll get used to it soon.
it makes (made, made) them S ta ff Don’t forget that it’s very important to chat to
more relaxed —to sprawia, że patients. If you get on friendly terms with them it’s
są bardziej zrelaksowani
a great help.
bearing —tu: wpływ
quiet —cichy, tu: pacjent, Student Why?
który nic nie mówi S ta ff Well it makes them more relaxed. Also they may
frightened —przestraszony
tell you something about their lives which has some
to be (was/were, been)
depressed —znajdować się bearing on their illness.
w stanie depresji
EEE1
Student And what about the quiet ones? to be rushed off your feet
—być wykończonym, pot. być
S ta ff There may be a lot of reasons why they don’t want na ostatnich nogach
to talk to you. They may be frightened. They may
be depressed. They may not be able to speak the
language. The important thing is that even though
you’re rushed off your feet you must find time to talk
to people. You’ll be surprised how important it is.
A
1 Who has to observe the patients in a ward?
2 W hat do they have to look for?
3 W hat may a change in a patient’s temperature indicate?
4 Do you only have to observe the patient’s physical state?
5 W hen do you observe patients?
6 Should the nurses keep themselves to themselves?
7 W hy do you think that it is important to have patients who
are relaxed?
8 Why may some patients be reluctant to talk to you?
9 Should you talk to patients if you are busy?
10 Who are the people on the ward who come into most
contact with the patients?
B
Vocabulary
Give words or phrases that m ean the opposite o f
Example hot: cold
1 to have one’s bowels open: to be c............................

2 depressed: e................................
3 anxious: c....................................
4 rushed off one’s feet: r....................................
5 encouraging: d................................ ing.
IftH
c
Fill in the blanks
We can say
1 watch carefully or o..................... .. or k..........

an...........................
2 way of acting or b....................................
3 precisely or a.............................................
4 state or c.....................................
5 tell one’s troubles to or c............................. in.
6 shy and withdrawn or r.....................................
7 unhelpful or un.....................................
8 tell or n ..................... y, or i............................ m.
9 empty, free or v............................... t.
10 wound or i..........................................y.
m M
The Skin
The skin is the outer covering of the body. It consists of two coats:
the epidermis or cuticle, and the dermis or corium. Beneath these, Vocabulary
there is a layer of adipose tissue which connects the skin to the un
derlying structures. This layer is known as the subcutaneous layer. skin —skóra
outer —zewnętrzny
Diagram o f a section o f the skin covering —powłoka
to consist o f sth —składać się
pore z czegoś
tactile coat —tu: warstwa
corpuscle ► epidermis epidermis —naskórek
nerve cuticle —naskórek
dermis —skóra właściwa
duct of corium —skóra właściwa
sweat gland layer —warstwa
dermis
adipose tissue - tkanka
tłuszczowa
blood vessel underlying - głębiej
położony
subcutaneous subcutaneous —podskórny
adipose section —tu: przekrój
tissue layer
pore —por, otworek
tactile corpuscle —ciałko
sweat gland dotykowe, ciałko Meissnera
nerve —nerw
gland —gruczoł, węzeł
The skin is usually warm, dry and elastic, but changes in its condi chłonny
tion can occur both in illness and in health. The skin of patients sweat gland - gruczoł
potowy
who are dehydrated as a result of prolonged pyrexia is dry and in duct o f sweat gland —
elastic. In some infectious diseases, it is hot and wet due to hyper przewód gruczołu potowego
pyrexia and profuse sweating. In cases of shock and haemorrhage, blood vessel —naczynie
krwionośne
107
warm —ciepły it is cold and clammy. In skin diseases, it can be either excessively
dry —suchy moist or excessively dry and scaly.
elastic —elastyczny
dehydrated —odwodniony
prolonged —długotrwały The colour of the skin can also vary considerably. It can be flushed
pyrexia —gorączka in pyrexia, pallid in shock, cyanosed in anoxaemia or yellowish in
inelastic —nieelastyczny jaundice.
infectious disease —choroba
zakaźna
hyperpyrexia —bardzo
wysoka gorączka
profuse —obfity A
sweating —potliwość,
pocenie się Answer the following questions with
shock —wstrząs
haemorrhage —krwotok
complete sentences
clammy —wilgotny
skin diseases —choroby skóry 1 W hich two layers does the skin consist of?
excessively —nadmiernie 2 Which layer connects the skin to the underlying structures?
moist —wilgotny 3 W hat is the normal condition of the skin?
scaly —(o skórze) łuszczący
4 W hat is the condition of the skin in dehydrated patients?
się
to vary —różnić się 5 W hat can cause dehydration?
flushed —zaczerwieniony 6 W hen can the skin be hot and wet?
pallid —blady 7 W hen is the skin cold and clammy?
cyanosed —siny 8 W hen can the skin be excessively dry and scaly?
anoxaemia —niedotlenienie 9 W hat colour can the skin be in patients with fever?
krwi, anoksemia
yellowish —żółtawy 10 W hat is the colour of the skin in patients suffering from
jaundice —żółtaczka shock?
11 W hat is the colour of the skin in patients who have too little
oxygen in their blood?
12 W hat colour is the skin in jaundiced patients?
B
Medical terms often seem long and unnecessarily complicated.
However, if we stop to study them a little more closely, we shall see
that they are by no means as difficult as they first appeared. They
are usually made up of simpler parts which we have taken from
Greek or Latin. Let us examine some of the words derived from
Greek and Latin that we have in this lesson.
Dermis Pyrexia
Epidermis Hyperpyrexia
Cuticle Haemorrhage
Subcutaneous Pallid
Corpuscle Cyanosed
Anoxaemia
Vocabulary
Make a list of new words in the text
Divide them up into columns

Names for parts Conditions, Adjectives and
of the skin Diseases and Adverbs
Symptoms
epidermis pyrexia dehydrated
W hat words are left? —W hat do they mean?
109
D
Label the diagram
Try not to look at the labelled diagram on the first page of this les
son until you have finished. Another way to practise is to give the
numbers and ask a friend to give the names.
110
Respiration, the Cough
and Sputum
Respiration
Changes in the rate and type of respiration are one of the princi
pal symptoms of disorders of the respiratory system. They are also respiration —oddychanie
symptoms of diseases affecting other parts of the body. Respiratory cough —kaszel
disturbances can be seen in cardiac disease, cerebral depression, sputum —plwocina
rate - szybkość
uraemia and diabetic coma.
principal —główny
symptom —objaw
W hen observing a patient, the rate and depth, and the ease or disorder —zaburzenie
difficulty of breathing are noted. It is also important to observe respiratory system —system
whether breathing is noisy or quiet. oddechowy
to affect sth —wpływać na coś
The following are some of the terms commonly used to describe disturbance —zaburzenie
the different types of respiration: cardiac —sercowy
cerebral —mózgowy
Apnoea —a period during which breathing is absent uraemia —mocznica
diabetic coma - śpiączka
cukrzycowa
Dyspnoea —difficult breathing breathing —oddychanie
noisy —głośny
Orthopnoea —the patient can breathe comfortably only when sit apnoea —bezdech
ting or standing erect dyspnoea —duszność
orthopnoea —prawidłowe
Hyperpnoea —breathing of increased rate and depth oddychanie tylko w pozycji
stojącej
Shallow breathing —seen when chest movements are painful hyperpnoea —
hiperwentylacja
Stertorous breathing —noisy, snoring breathing shallow breathing —płytkie
oddychanie
111
stertorous breathing The cough
—oddychanie chrapliwe
coughing —kaszel
reflex action —odruch
Coughing is a reflex action which occurs when the respiratory pas
respiratory passages —drogi sages are irritated. Coughing expels irritants such as excess sputum
oddechowe and foreign bodies from the respiratory tract. A cough is known as
to irritate —podrażniać non-productive when no sputum is expectorated, and when spu
to expel —usuwać tum is expectorated, the cough is known as productive.
irritant —czynnik drażniący
excess —nadmierny
foreign body {pi bodies) Sputum
—obce ciało
respiratory tract —przewód The following terms are used to describe various types of sputum:
oddechowy
non-productive —kaszel bez
odpluwania, suchy kaszel
Mucoid sputum is clear, tenacious mucus which is produced in
to expectorate —odkrztuszać the early stages of respiratory tract infection.
productive cough —kaszel
z odkrztuszaniem Mucopurulent sputum is a mixture of mucus and pus which is
mucoid —śluzowaty produced in the later stages of respiratory tract infection.
clear —przezroczysty
tenacious —lepki, ciągnący
się Purulent sputum consists mainly of pus, and is seen in cases of
mucus —śluz bronchiectasis and lung abscess.
mucopurulent —
śluzoworopny Rust-coloured sputum is tenacious and contains altered blood.
mixture —mieszanina
pus - ropa
It occurs in cases of lobar pneumonia.
purulent —ropny
bronchiectasis —rozstrzenie Haemoptysis is the term used to describe the coughing up
oskrzeli of bright red, frothy blood from the lungs. It is seen in
abscess —ropień cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, carcinoma of the lung and
rust-coloured —rdzawy
altered —zmieniony
bronchiectasis.
pneumonia —zapalenie płuc
lobar pneumonia —zapalenie
płuc płatowe
haemoptysis —krwioplucie
couphing up —odkrztuszanie
frothy —pienisty, pieniący się
pulmonary tuberculosis
—gruźlica płuc
carcinoma —rak
nasal cavity —jama nosowa
larynx —krtań
upper lobe —górny płat
płuca
middle lobe —środkowy płat
płuca
lower lobe —dolny płat płuca
bronchus (pi bronchi)
—oskrzele
112
oral cavity —jama ustna
Diagram of the respiratory system SO pharynx —gardło
trachea —tchawica
pleura —opłucna
Interview Vocabulary
A patient with chest trouble and a high temperature has come to chest trouble —infekcja dróg
oddechowych
the casualty and emergency department of a hospital. Here is part
to have (had, had) trouble
of the interview between the patient and a doctor with ones chest —cierpieć
na infekcję/choroby dróg
Doctor Good afternoon, Mrs Williams. I’m Doctor Martin. oddechowych
Now, you’re having some trouble with your chest, to spit (spat, spat) —pluć
nasty —okropny
aren’t you?
tight cough - kaszel suchy
Patient Yes, doctor, I am. I’ve got a terrible cough and a pain loose cough —kaszel wilgotny
down here in my chest. to bring (brought, brought)
Doctor How long have you had the cough? something up —odkrztuszać
Patient Oh, it started about a month ago... a nasty tight coś
sticky —lepki, klejący się
cough... then it seemed to go away. Then, about
phlegm —flegma
a week ago, it came back again.
Doctor Are you bringing anything up when you cough?
Patient Yes. The last couple of days I’ve been bringing up
sticky, reddish-brown phlegm.
113
to feel (felt, felt) feverish Doctor Next time you bring something up, I’d like you to
—czuć, że ma się gorączkę spit it into this mug, please.
to feel (felt, felt) awful
—czuć się okropnie
Patient O.K.
condition —tu: stan Doctor Do you smoke much?
chorobowy Patient No... not really. Fifteen to twenty a day.
to breathe —oddychać Doctor Have you ever coughed up any blood?
Patient No, never.
Doctor Have you had a temperature?
Patient Well, I’ve been feeling feverish for two or three days.
I took my temperature this morning... just before
I came here... and it was 102. Oh, I feel awful!
Some important words and phrases
chest trouble to bring something up

trouble with one’s chest phlegm
a tight cough to cough up
a loose cough feverish
nasty
A
Practise these sentences
Are you having chest trouble?
Are you having trouble with your chest?
Is it a tight cough?
Is it a loose cough?
Are you bringing anything up when you cough?
Do you smoke much?
Have you ever coughed up any blood?
Have you had a temperature?
I’m having chest trouble.
I’m having trouble with my chest.
I’ve got a terrible cough.
I’ve got a nasty, tight cough.
I’ve got a loose cough.
I’ve been bringing up sticky, reddish-brown phlegm.
I’d like you to spit it into this mug, please.
I’ve been feeling feverish for two or three days.
I took my temperature this morning.
I feel awful!
114
B
Vocabulary
1 We can say main or most important or p......................
2 Another word for disease, condition, something wrong is
d ...................................................................
3 We can say cough up or ex.............................................
4 Instead of saying distance from top to bottom, we can say
d ...................................................................
5 We can say standing or sitting or pointing up or
6 Another word for throw out is e.................................

7 Another word for too much is e.................................
8 Instead of saying an unwanted substance or object, we can
say
a f.............................. b.................................
9 Instead of saying holding on, adhesive, sticky, we can say
t....................................................................
10 We can say a collection of pus somewhere in the
body or
a n .................................................................
11 We can say made up of many small bubbles or
£ ...................................................................
12 Instead of saying of the lungs, we can say p..........................
C
1 Sputum consisting of mucus and pus is known a s .................
..................sputum.
2 Breathing of increased rate and depth is known as h .............
3 A tight cough is one that produces no sputum: it is also

known as a ...........................cough.
4 Absence of breathing is known a s ............................................
5 .............................. is the term used to describe the coughing
up of blood from the lungs.
6 ...............................breathing is noisy, snoring breathing.
115
7 A productive cough is one which produces sputum: it is also
known as a 1............................. cough.
8 Sputum consisting mainly of pus is known a s .........................
sputum.
9 ..................... breathing is the type of breathing seen when
chest movements are painful.
10 Sputum seen in pneumonia is o fte n .........................-coloured.
11 .............................. is the term used to describe a condition in
which the patient can breathe with comfort only when he is
sitting or standing erect.
12 .............................. sputum is clear, tenacious mucus.
D
Label this diagram
116
Vomitus
W hen a patient is sick, the contents of the stomach are ejected

through the mouth. These ejected stomach contents are correctly Vocabulary
known as vomitus. Vomitus usually consists of partially digested
food, but may consist of bile, blood or a foul-smelling, brown vomitus —wymioty
fluid. Vomiting, or emesis, is one of the principal symptoms of to be (was/were, been) sick
disorders of the digestive system but it is also a symptom of many - wymiotować
contents —tu: zawartość
other illnesses.
stomach —żołądek
to eject —wyrzucać
W hen vomiting is a symptom, the consistency of the vomitus and mouth —usta
the frequency of vomiting are noted. The patient is asked whether are known as... —nazywają
nausea precedes vomiting, if pain is present and whether it is re się...
partially —częściowo
lieved by vomiting. It is also important to ascertain whether vomit
digested —strawiony
ing occurs in connection with the taking of food and, if it does, bile —żółć
whether it occurs immediately after or some time after a meal. foul-smelling —o wstrętnym
zapachu, cuchnący
fluid —płyn
vomiting —wymioty,
wymiotowanie
emesis —wymioty
principal —główny
symptom —objaw
disorder —zaburzenie
digestive system —układ
trawienny
consistency —konsystencja,
gęstość (substancji)
frequency —częstotliwość
nausea —mdłości, nudności
to precede sth —występować
przed czymś
117
to relieve —przynieść ulgę,
złagodzić Diagram of the digestive system
to be relieved —ulec and associated glands
złagodzeniu
to ascertain —ustalić,
upewnić się
in connection with sth
—w związku z czymś
the taking o f food —
przyjmowanie pożywienia
immediately —natychmiast
associated —powiązany
(z czymś)
salivary gland —gruczoł
ślinowy, ślinianka
gall bladder —pęcherzyk
żółciowy
liver —wątroba
bile duet —przewód żółciowy
large intestine —jelito grube
appendix —wyrostek
robaczkowy
oesophagus —przełyk
duodenum - dwunastnica
pancreas —trzustka
small intestine —jelito
cienkie
rectum —odbytnica
anus —odbyt
Vocabulary A nurse w ho is taking t.p.rs has a chat w ith M r Smith
Patient Hello, nurse.

not too bad, thanks —nieźle,
Nurse Hello, Mr Smith, how are you feeling this morning?
dziękuję
to feel (felt, felt) queasy Patient Not too bad, thanks, but I am feeling a bit queasy.
—mieć mdłości Nurse Have you been sick?
to be (as) sick as a dog
—silnie wymiotować Patient Not this morning, but I was sick as a dog just after
violendy —gwałtownie you went off duty yesterday afternoon.
all of a sudden —nagle Nurse Oh? After you’d had your tea?
to come (came, come) on
—zaczynać się, wystąpić Patient No. Before tea. All of a sudden I was violently sick.
to go (went, gone) off Nurse Did you have nausea before you were sick?
—ustąpić Patient Pardon?
to go (went, gone) off duty
—zakończyć dyżur, pot. zejść Nurse Did you feel queasy before you were sick?
z dyżuru
none at all —zupełnie nie
118
Patient No. It came on suddenly. pardon? —słucham?
(wyrażenie stosowane
Nurse Did you have any pain? jako prośba o powtórzenie
Patient No. None at all. I was feeling fine. Then I was sick. wypowiedzi)
Then I felt fine again. to imagine —wyobrażać sobie
Perhaps I’m imagining it.
Nurse But you’re feeling a bit queasy now? —Może tak mi się wydaje.
Patient Well, I’m not really sure, perhaps I’m imagining it. It’s nothing to worry about.
Nurse Its nothing to worry about. We’ll tell Dr Higgins —To nic poważnego,
to do (did, done) one’s
when he does his round and see what he says. round —robić obchód
Patient I suppose it could have been the chocolates. It could have been
Nurse Chocolates? chocolates. —To mogły
spowodować czekoladki,
Patient Well, I had visitors yesterday afternoon, you know. visitor —gość
They brought me a box of Black Magic. I was a bit I was a bit lonely. - Czułem
lonely when my visitors went... there’s one chocolate się trochę samotny,
left... would you like it? bone —kość
solid —ciało stałe
secretion —wydzielina
Im portant words and phrases
not too bad, thanks all of a sudden

queasy to come on
to be sick to go off
as sick as a dog pardon?
A
How are you feeling this morning?
N ot too bad, thanks.
I’m feeling a bit queasy.
Have you been sick?
I was sick as a dog yesterday afternoon.
All of a sudden I was violently sick.
Did you have nausea before you were sick?
Did you feel queasy before you were sick?
Pardon?
It came on suddenly.
It went off suddenly.
Did you have any pain?
No. None at all.
Perhaps I’m imagining it.
■ ’ ...
119
Its nothing to worry about.
We’ll tell Dr Higgins when he does his round.
We’ll see what he says.
B
Answer the following questions with
complete sentences
1 W hat are ejected through the mouth when a patient is sick?
2 W hat are the ejected contents of the stomach correctly known
as?
3 W hat does vomitus usually consist of?
4 W hat may vomitus consist of?
5 W hat is vomiting one of the principal symptoms of?
6 W hat details are noted when a patient is sick?
7 W hat is the patient asked?
8 W hat is it also important to ascertain?
120
c
Label the diagram
D
Vocabulary
1 We can say vomiting o r ...............................................
2 Bones are solid, flatus is a gas and blood is f............................
3 Another word for thickness, firmness of asubstance is
c..................................................................
4 We can say feel sick or have n ......................................
5 Instead of saying come before, happen before,we can say
P..................................................................
6 We can say help, lighten o r ........................................ .
121
7 We can say find out or a..............................
8 Instead of saying together with, we can say in c
with.
9 We can say it started suddenly or i t ........
suddenly.
10 We can say it stopped or i t .......................
11 We can say the secretion of the liver or b
122
Faeces
In the adult, normal faeces are brown, semi-solid and have a char
acteristic odour. Faeces consist of indigestible or undigested food, Vocabulary
altered bile pigments, water, mucus, cells from the intestinal tract,
and bacteria. W hen observing faeces, the following points are faeces —kał, stolec
noted: the frequency of defaecation and whether flatus is passed, adult —osoba dorosła
the colour and consistency of the stools, and the presence of any semi-solid —półstały
abnormal substances or objects. Fresh blood in a stool is usually odour —woń
indigestible —niestrawny
due to bleeding in the lower bowel. Altered blood in a stool is due undigested —niestrawiony
to bleeding in the stomach or small intestine and produces dark, altered —zmieniony
tarry stool —melaena. The absence of bile pigments and the pres pigment —barwnik
ence of large amounts of fat produce stools that are putty-coloured organiczny
cell —komórka
and extremely offensive.
intestinal tract —przewód
pokarmowy
Constipation is a condition in which the passing of stools is defaecation —oddawanie
difficult and infrequent. kału, wypróżnienie
flatus —gaz w jelicie
Diarrhoea is a condition in which frequent loose or liquid stools wydostający się w postaci
wiatrów
are passed. stool - stolec
abnormal —odbiegający od
normy
substance —substancja
Stomach trouble k ) object —przedmiot
bleeding —krwawienie
lower bowel —okrężnica
M r Mills has a history of stomach trouble. He has an melaena —smołowaty stolec,
appointment at a medical out-patients’ clinic at 14.30 on melena
Monday, July 1st. He arrives: on time, and after a few minutes, absence —brak
presence —obecność
the doctor is ready to see him.
large amounts o f sth —duże
ilości czegoś
123
fat —tłuszcz Doctor Good afternoon. Mr Mills, isn’t it?
to produce —wytwarzać
putty —kit
Patient Yes. Good afternoon, doctor.
putty-coloured —w kolorze Doctor Sit down, please. Now, let me see, you’ve been having
kitu trouble with your stomach, haven’t you?
to be extremely offensive
—mieć wyjątkowo wstrętny
Patient Yes. I have this pain, and now my stools are all black
zapach and tarry.
constipation —zaparcie Doctor How long have you had the pain?
passing of stools —
oddawanie stolca
Patient Oh, for about two years. But it’s been getting much
infrequent —rzadki, niezbyt worse since the beginning of May.
częsty Doctor Do you have it all the time?
diarrhoea —biegunka
frequent - częsty
Patient No, it comes on about an hour to an hour and a half
loose —luźny after I’ve had a meal.
liquid —płynny Doctor Does it last long?
to pass stools —oddawać
stolec
Patient No. I usually have a biscuit and a glass of milk and
stomach trouble —choroba then it goes off.
żołądka Doctor Have you ever vomited any blood?
to have (had, had) a history
o f stomach trouble —mieć
Patient Never.
w wywiadzie problemy Doctor Have you been feeling weak or tired or cold?
z żołądkiem Patient Well, I have been feeling a bit weak since I came
to get (got, got) worse
—pogorszyć się
home from my holidays.
to last —trwać Doctor W hen was that?
weak —słaby Patient Three weeks ago.
tired —zmęczony
hard —twardy Doctor For how long have you been passing these tarry
to have (had, had) ones stools?
bowels open —mieć Patient Since last Friday.
wypróżnienie
once a day —raz dziennie Doctor Are they loose?
laxative —środek Patient No, they’re not. They’re all black and hard.
przeczyszczający
to take (took, taken) a
Doctor How often do you have your bowelsopen?
laxative —przyjmować środek Patient Once a day. I usually take a laxative.
przeczyszczający Doctor Well, thank you, Mr Mills. Now would you mind
Would you mind
undressing? —Czy mógłby
undressing? I’d like to examine you.
się pan rozebrać?
to examine —zbadać
124
A
Now, let me see.
You’ve been having trouble with your stomach, haven’t you?
My stools are all black and tarry.
How long have you had the pain?
For about two years.
It’s been getting much worse since the beginning of May.
Do you have it all the time?
No, it comes on after I’ve had a meal.
Does it last long?
I usually have a glass of milk and then it goes off.
Have you ever vomited any blood?
For how long have you been passing these tarry stools?
Since last Friday.
Have you been feeling weak?
I’ve been feeling a bit weak since I came home from my holidays.
W hen was that?
Three weeks ago.
Are your stools loose?
How often do you have your bowels open?
I usually take a laxative.
Would you mind undressing?
Since —For
Its been getting much worse since the beginning o f May.

I’ve been feeling a bit weak since I came home from my holidays.
I’ve been passing these tarry stools since last Friday.
I’ve had the pain for about two years.
She’s been waiting for three hours.
He’s been in hospital for months.
We use since when a definite point in time is mentioned.

We use fo r when a length o f time is mentioned.
125
B
Look at these examples
He began studying orthopaedics in 1962.
H e’s been studying orthopaedics since 1962.
She started working at the hospital last Monday.

She's been working at the hospital since last Monday.
Now you change the sentences in the same way
1 It started hurting in the middle of January.

2 He started coughing up blood last June.
3 I started passing tarry stools on Wednesday.
4 The gynaecologist started operating at 10.30.
5 She began smoking heavily at Christmas.
6 He began vomiting blood this morning.
7 The pain started getting worse last Easter.
c
Look at these examples
She began waiting three hours ago.
She’s been waiting for three hours.
I began feeling ill a month ago.

I ’ve been feeling illfo r a month.
Now you change the sentences in the same way
1 It started hurting about three weeks ago.

2 He began complaining about the pain a year ago.
3 I started attending the out-patients clinic two months ago.
4 I began bringing up phlegm two days ago.
5 He started feeling weak a fortnight ago.
6 It began raining half an hour ago.
7 She started taking laxatives six months ago.
8 They started living in Sweden years ago.
126
D
since or for
1 I’ve coughed up blood several tim es .............. ........I last saw
the doctor.
2 I’ve been waiting to see the physiotherapist .................... half
an hour.
3 He hasn’t had any trouble with his chest ................ 1967.
4 Have you passed any tarry stools................... . you last saw
me?
5 She’s been having stomach trouble............... ..... months.
6 He’s been in theatre..................... an hour.
7 They’ve been waiting to see h im ................... .. 9.30.
8 He’s been complaining of p a in ..................... . the last three
weeks.
9 I’ve had trouble with my breathing............. .......I had
pneumonia.
10 He’s had heart trouble...................... years.
E
Vocabulary
1 If something cannot be digested, it can be called....................

2 If something has not been digested, it i s ...................................
3 We can say, the passing of faeces, or .........................................
4 We can talk about gas or air in the bowels or ..........................
5 We can say, altered blood in the stool, or ................................
6 We can say, organic colouring matter, or ..................................
7 We can say, the intestines, or the ...............................................
8 We can say, an unpleasant smell, or an unpleasant .................
9 If someone passes frequent, loose stools, he has ......................
10 If someone passes stools with difficulty and irregularly, he has
11 We can ask, how often do you pass faeces? o r ..........................

12 We can say, a medicine which helps defaecation, or
a .....................................................................................................
127
Urine
Normal urine is an amber fluid which consists of approximately

Vocabulary 96% water, 2% urea and 2% salts. It has a slightly acid reaction,
and a specific gravity of between 1.004 and 1.025. The amount
of urine passed depends on the fluid intake and the needs of the
urine —mocz
body. W hen the fluid intake is decreased, or when there is pro
amber —bursztyn; tu: koloru
złocistożółtego fuse sweating, excessive emesis or diarrhoea, the volume of urine
approximately —około, passed is decreased. It is darker and has a higher specific gravity
w przybliżeniu than usual.
urea —mocznik
salt —sól
W hen the fluid intake is increased, and in cold weather the volume
slightly —lekko
acid reaction —kwaśny of urine passed is increased. It is lighter and has a lower specific
odczyn gravity than usual.
specific gravity —ciężar
właściwy
amount —ilość
passed —tu: wydalany Diagram of the urinary system
fluid intake - przyjmowanie
płynów
need —potrzeba
to increase —zwiększać (się)
profuse —obfity kidney
sweating —potliwość
excessive —nadmierny
to decrease —zmniejszać (się) ureter
volume —objętość
kidney —nerka
ureter —moczowód
bladder —pęcherz moczowy bladder
urethra —cewka moczowa
urethra
128
The follow ing terms are used to describe abnormalities polyuria —wielomocz,
in the excretion o f urine: nadmierne wydzielanie
moczu
oliguria —skąpomocz
Polyuria —an increase in the amount of urine excreted. dysuria —bolesne lub trudne
Oliguria —a decrease in the amount of urine excreted. oddawanie moczu
anuria —bezmocz, brak
Dysuria —difficult micturition.
wytwarzania moczu
Anuria or suppression —failure of the kidneys to excrete urine. suppression —bezmocz, brak/
Retention —urine is excreted by the kidneys but retained in the zahamowanie wytwarzania
moczu
bladder.
retention —zatrzymanie
Frequency —micturition occurs more frequently than usual. moczu
Incontinence —absence of control over the passing of urine. frequency —zbyt częste
oddawanie moczu
Haematuria —the presence of blood in the urine. incontinence —nietrzymanie
Proteinuria or albuminuria —the presence of protein in the urine. moczu
haematuria —krwiomocz
proteinuria —białkomocz
albuminuria —białkomocz
fluid balance —równowaga
A płynowa
chart —tu: karta
Answer the following questions intake —przyjmowanie (tu:
płynów)
output —tu: ilość
1 W hat is the medical term for difficulty in passing water? wydalonego moczu
2 W hat is another way of saying anuria? oral —doustnie
3 W hat four things can lead to oliguria? I.V. (= intravenously)
4 W hat is the opposite of acid? —dożylnie
5 W hat can cause urine to have a higher specific gravity than route —tu: droga
total —całkowita ilość
usual? drainage —drenaż,
6 When is urine darker than usual? sączkowanie
7 W hat is a commoner way of saying to micturate? aspiration —aspiracja,
8 W hat is the medical term for absence of control of aspirowanie, wciąganie przez
ssanie
micturition?
9 How is the production of urine affected by cold weather?
10 W hat is another way of saying haematuria?
129
B
Label this diagram
130
Fluid balance chart
NAME AGE WARD HOSPITAL REG. NO.
24 HOUR INTAKE IN Mis. 24 HOUR OUTPUT IN Mis.

Other Vomit or
Date Oral I.V . Total Urine Drainage Total
Routes Aspiration
131
Temperature
Human beings maintain an almost constant body temperature.

Vocabulary The normal temperature of some adults is as low as 97°F and in
others, it is as high as 99°F. There is also a normal daily variation
h u m a n b e in g — człow iek, of about one degree. The temperature is lowest in the early hours
istota ludzka of the morning and highest in the evening.
h u m a n b e in g s - lud zie
to m a in ta in — utrzym yw ać
Body heat is produced by metabolic and muscular activity. It is lost
c o n sta n t — stały
b o d y tem p eratu re —
by evaporation of sweat from the skin, expiration of air from the
tem peratura ciała lungs and excretion of urine and faeces.
t h e te m p era tu re is as lo w
as... — najniższa tem peratura The balance between heat production and heat loss is maintained
w y n o si...
by the heat-regulating centre in the hypothalamus, which is sensi
th e tem p eratu re is as h ig h
as... — najwyższa tem peratura
tive to minute variations in the temperature of the blood passing
w y n o si... through it.
d a ily varia tion — wahania
dobow e A rise in blood temperature produces an increase in the flow of
d egree — sto p ie ń
blood to the surface of the body. Sweat gland activity is increased,
b o d y h e a t — tem peratura
ciała muscle tone is diminished and there is unwillingness to move
is p r o d u ce d by... —jest about.
w ytw arzany przez...
m e ta b o lic — m etab oliczn y A fall in blood temperature produces a decreased flow of blood
m u scu la r — m ię śn io w y
to the superficial vessels. There is decreased activity of the sweat
ac tiv ity — działanie
to lo se (lost, lo st) — tu: tracić
glands, increased muscle tone and a desire to move about. Shiver
ev a p o r a tio n — parow anie ing, which is a reflex contraction of the muscles, may occur to
ex p ira tio n —w yd y ch a n ie increase heat production.
e x cr etio n — w ydalan ie
b alan ce — rów now aga
132
h ea t p r o d u c tio n —
Fahrenheit and Centigrade w ytw arzanie ciepła
h e a t lo ss — utrata ciepła
The Fahrenheit thermometric scale extends from 0° to 212°. h ea t-reg u la tin g — regulujący
0°F = -18°C, 32°F = 0°C (freezing point) and 212°F = 100°C ciepło
(boiling point). Normal body temperature is 98.4°F. h y p o th a la m u s — p od w zgórze
sen sitiv e — wrażliw y
To convert degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Centigrade, we to be sen sitiv e to sth — być
subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. w rażliw ym na coś
Example 100°F m in u te — bardzo m ały
1 0 0 - 3 2 = 68 v ariation —zm iana
68 x 5 = 340 rise —w zrost
increase —wzrost
340 * 9 = 37.7 flo w —przepływ
100°F = 37.7°C surface — pow ierzchnia
m u s cle to n e — napięcie
To convert from Centigrade into Fahrenheit, we multiply by 9,
m ięśn io w e
divide by 5, and add 32. to d im in is h —zm niejszyć
Example 25°C (się)
25 x 9 = 225 u n w illin g n e s s — niech ęć
225 + 5 = 45 to m o v e a b o u t - ruszać się
fali —spadek
45 + 32 = 77
b lo o d tem perature —
.'.25°C = 77°F tem peratura krwi
decreased —zm niejszon y
increased —zw ięk szony
desire —pragnienie, chęć
sh iv erin g —dreszcze
Which words in the text have the same reflex — odruch; tu:
meaning as o d ru ch o w y
c o n tr a ctio n — skurcz
to occu r —w ystąpić
1 near the surface................................................................
F ahren heit th e r m o m e tr ic
2 unchanging...................................................................... scale —skala tem peratury
3 alteration .......................................................................... Fahrenheita
4 extremely small ................................................................ degrees F ahren heit — sto p n ie
5 decreased .......................................................................... Fahrenheita
degrees C en tig ra d e — stop nie
6 breathing out ...................................................................
Celsjusza
7 controlling .................j..................................................... to e x ten d — rozciągać się
8 changing into vapour ...................................................... freezing p o in t - tem peratura
9 reluctance ......................................................................... zamarzania
10 discharge of waste products............................................ b o ilin g p o in t — temperatura
wrzenia
to co n v e rt — przeliczyć
to su btract —odejm o w a ć
B to m u ltip ly - m n o ż y ć
to d iv id e — dzielić
Write five sentences using the following verbs alteration —zm iana
reluctance — niech ęć
1 to maintain 3 to increase 5 to occur

2 to produce 4 to decrease
133
134
Pulse
The pulse is the wave of distension produced in the arteries when

the left ventricle of the heart contracts and pumps blood into the Vocabulary
aorta. It is most easily felt where a large superficial artery crosses
a bone. The most convenient point is on the anterior surface of the pu ls - tętn o
wrist, where the radial artery crosses the radius. w a v e — fala
d iste n s io n — rozszerzenie
artery {pi arteries) — tętnica
The pulse rate is the frequency of the heart beat. This can vary con v en tricle — k om ora
siderably. The normal pulse rate of some adults is as slow as 50 per to co n tra ct — kurczyć się
minute, and others as fast as 90 per minute: the average is said to to p u m p — p o m p o w a ć
be 72. In the infant, the pulse rate can be as rapid as 140. superficial —p o w ie r zc h n io w y
to cross — krzyżow ać się
c o n v e n ie n t — d o g o d n y
The pulse volume indicates the amount of blood in circulation, an terior — przedni
and the propulsive power of the heart. w r ist — nadgarstek, przegub
ręki
The pulse rhythm is normally even in time and force, but irregu radial — p r o m ien io w y
larities occur in health and in illness. In all cases where irregularit radius {pi radii) — p rom ień
p u lse rate — częstość tętna
ies are noted, the heart apex beat is counted. The apex beat can be heart b e a t — ud erzenie serca
located in the fifth intercostal space about two inches to the left of to vary — różnić się
the sternum. c o n sid e r a b ly —znaczn ie
p u lse rate is as s lo w as...
— najw olniejsza częstość tętna
w y n o si...
p u lse rate is as fast as...
— najszybsza częstość tętna
w y n o si...
th e average is sa id to b e...
—za przeciętną w artość uw aża
się...
in fa n t — n ie m o w lę
135
rapid — bardzo szybki
v o lu m e — ob jętość Diagram of the thoracic cage
to in d ic a te —w skazyw ać
c ir c u la tio n — o b ieg
p r o p u lsiv e — propu lsyjny
r h y th m — rytm
e v en — rów nom iern y, rów n y ste r n u m
h e a lth — zdrow ie
force — siła
irregularity (p i irregularities) rib
— nieregularność
(heart) a p e x b ea t — uderzenie
k o n iu szk o w e serca intercostal space
to c o u n t — liczyć
t o lo c a te — u m iejscow ić (się) heart apex
in tercostal — m ięd zy żeb ro w y
in c h — cal
th o r a c ic cage — klatka
piersiow a
s te r n u m — m o ste k
rib — żebro
in terco stal sp ace — przestrzeń
m iędzyżeb row a
heart ap ex — k on iu szek serca
a sth m a — astm a
Com parison o f adjectives
cy st — cysta
a u to c la v in g — sterylizacja Look at these sentences
parowa (p o d ciśn ien iem )
fertile — p ło d n y
Pulse rate is not normally slower than 50 per minute.
c h e ck -u p —w izyta k on tro ln a
This patient s temperature is as high as it was yesterday.
Temperature is lowest in the morning and highest in the evening.
The patient’s temperature was the highest we have ever recorded.
W ith long adjectives, we usually use more/less and most/leastr.
The most convenient point to take a persons pulse is on the anterior

surface of the wrist: it is less convenient to take the apex beat.
A
Fill in the missing words
1 Normal urine is (light).................................urine passed
when the fluid intake is decreased.
136
2 The patient is feeling (good) ................................ she was
yesterday.
3 He received (expensive) ... .........................treatment
available.
4 Pulse rate is usually (high) ............................. after exercise.
5 The pain is (bad) ............. ............. it was yesterday.
6 This is (bad) ..................... . ......attack of asthma I’ve ever
had.
7 It was (large) ..................... .......cyst the surgeon had ever
removed!
8 M r Smith was (sick)........ ................... a dog this morning.
9 She’s (uncooperative)....... .................. patient in the ward!
10 The new chemical thermometers are (convenient) .................
............. mercury thermometers.
Com parison o f adverbs
Pulse rate is most easily felt at the wrist.

She recovered more quickly than they had expected.
His temperature decreased less rapidly than they had hoped.
We usually use more/less and most/least for short adverbs as well

as for long ones.
B
Fill in the missing words
1 You will get home (quick) ................................ by ta x i............
..................on foot.
2 Autoclaving sterilizes (efficient) ................................ boiling.
3 Rabbits are (high) ................................ -developed.................
humans, but some people say they a re ................................
fertile.
4 Good, his heart is beating (strong) ....................................it
was an hour ago.
5 I’m glad to say she comes for check-ups (regular) ..................
.......... she used to.
137
When?
Prepositions of time
We say at for fixed points o f time at half past three

We say on for days o f the week I have my hair done on
Mondays.
We say in for periods o f time in summer, in February,
in 1969, in the morning
C
Fill in the blanks with at, on or in
1 .......Mondays, I go on d u ty ........ six o’clock........
the morning and come off d u ty .......two o’clock........
the afternoon.
2 He never w orks.......night.
3 She was b o rn ....... 1928.
4 My birthday i s ..............January.
5 I have holidays....... Christm as,....... Easter a n d ........
the summer.
6 W hat shall we d o ......Sunday?
7 Where were y o u Thursday evening?
.
8 .......the evenings, we watch ‘the box’.

9 The patient woke up several tim es.......night.
10 Our club usually m eets........ the second Thursday........
the month, b u t the summer, we m e e t................the weekend
.
instead.
138
D
Label this diagram
1
2
E
Expressions of time in relation to ‘now’
This table is for you to write phrases like “yesterday, three days ago,
in three weeks’ time” and so on. Your teacher will help you to build
up the table.
today
this week
this month
this year
this season
this spring
this summer
this autumn
this winter
this term
139
F
Vocabulary
1 Instead of saying the left ventricle gets smaller, we can say the
left ventricle c.......................
2 Blood flows from the heart through t h e ....................... ies.
3 Blood returns to the heart through t h e ..................... s.
4 Instead of talking about the bloods journey round the body,
we can say the c..................... of the blood.
5 The top, or sharpest, point of a triangle is i t s .......................
6 Instead of saying a pulse, we can say aw ........................ of
d .......................
7 Another way of saying increase in size is d ............................. n.
8 Instead of saying can be found, we can say can be
9 One word for between the ribs i s ................................

10 The ribs are attached to the s..................... anteriorly.
(A..........................is another word for in front.)
11 Another word for to show is t o ...................................
12 We can say pushing power or p............................... power.
140
Word List
This list contains technical medical words that occur in the book,
as well as many of the non-technical words that are needed in
running a hospital. The pronunciation of each word is shown, fol
lowed by the number of the unit where the word is first used.
(Note that a few words, especially names of drugs, may be used in
exercises without occurring in the reading passages or dialogues.)
Meanings are given. Many medical terms have similar forms in

most languages, and the meaning of others will often be clear from
the passage where they occur. In cases of doubt, the following dic
tionaries may be useful:
Nancy Roper, Livingstones Pocket Medical Dictionary
William A. R. Thomson, Thomsons Concise Medical Dictionary
Both are published by Churchill Livingstone.
Pronunciations are shown in the system that is used in the new

Dictionary o f Contemporary English (Longman). The symbols are
shown in this table, with a key word for each: the letters printed in
bold type represent the sound value of the symbol.
141
C onsonants
p pea f few I fishing h hot

b bay v view 3 pleasure m sum
t tea 0 thing tj choose n sun
d day 5 then d3 jump 9 sung
k key s soon 1 led j yet
g m z zoo r red w wet
Vowels
i: sheep o: caught ei make 13 here

i ship u put note eo there
e bed u: boot ai bite U9 poor
as bad A cut au now eio player
a: calm 31 bird 01 boy eus lower
D cot 9 cupboard aio tire
auo tower
OIO employer
N otes
1 A small raised [r] at the end of a word means that the [r] is
pronounced if a vowel follows (at the beginning of the next
word), but not otherwise. For example, fa r [fa:r] means that
fa r away is pronounced [.fair s'wei] but fa r down would be
[ fa: 'daun].
2 Tlie italic [a] means that the sound [a] can be used but is
usually omitted. It will be found before the consonants
[m, n, q , 1, r]. For example, travel [‘traevsl] means that the
pronunciation ['traeval] is possible but [’traevl] is normal and
should be used if possible.
3 The mark ['] means that the following syllable has m ain stress,
and [ ,] means that the following syllable has secondary stress
—for example, understand [Anda'staend].
4 The following abbreviations are used to indicate parts of
speech where pronunciation differs according to the part of
speech:
n noun; v verb; adj adjective; adv adverb
142
A
abscess ['aebses] (1 9) a c o lle ctio n o f anuria [ae'njoaria] (22) lack o f urine
pus anu s ['ein a s] (20 ) e n d o f the digestive
a d ip o se ['aedipauz] (1 8) fat system
a d m in iste r [3 d 'm in ist9 r] (4) to give aorta [e i'o ita ] (2 4) m ain artery
airw ay ['e a w e i] (9) trachea or c o m in g from the left ventricle o f the
in stru m en t for ven tila tion heart
a lb u m e n [ ’aelbjuim in] a variety o f apex ['e ip e k s] (2 4) the beat o f the

protein heart
alb u m in u r ia [ael.b ju im i'n ju sris] (22) a p n o ea [aep'ma] (19) tem porary stop
a lb u m e n in the urine to breathing
a m b u la n t ['aem bjulant] (12 ) able to a p p e n d ix [a'p en d ik s] (20 ) sm all blind

w alk tub e c o m in g from the large intestine
— it has no k n o w n fu n ctio n
an a e sth etic [aenas'G etik] (1 2) a drug
w h ic h produces lack o f feeling artery ['ait^ ri] (6) vessel carrying
b lo o d aw ay from the heart
a n a to m y [a'naetami] (3) scien ce o f
the structure o f the b o d y asp ira tion [a e sp i'r e ijn ] (2 2) the act
o f breathing in
an o x a e m ia ['aenDk'siimia] (1 8) no
ox ygen in the b lo o d A sp irin ['aesprin] (1 0) m ild pain
killin g drug
antenatal [.aenti'neitl] (1) before birth
asth m a ['aesma] (24) a su d d en attack
an terior [aen'tiari3r] (2) in front o f
o f difficulty in breathing
a n ti- ['aenti] (8) against
aurisco p e ['oirisk aop ] (13)
a n tib io tic [ aentibai'Dtik] (9) a drug in stru m en t for exa m in in g the ear
w h ic h destroys bacteria au to cla ve [ ’a ita k le iv ] (7) in stru m en t
a n tise p tic [ aenti 'sept ik] (5) for h ig h pressure steam sterilization
su bstances w h ic h destroy or m ake
difficult the grow th o f germs
B
b actericid e [baek'tiarisaid] (7) bile [bail] (20) a liq uid p rod u ced by
so m e th in g w h ic h kills bacteria the liver
bacteria [baek'tiaria] (7) sm all b iliru b in [ b ih 'ru ib in ] prod u ct o f the
organism s, so m e w h ic h dam age the breakdow n o f h a e m o g lo b in
body bladder [ ’blaeda] (20 ) a sac c o n ta in in g
b acteriostatic [ baektisriau'staetrk] urine, see diagram o n p. 12 9
(7) sto p p in g the g row th o f bacteria b lo o d pressure ['bL\.d preJV] (8)
b e d -b a th ['bed b a :0 ] (4) a m e th o d o f pressure o n the walls o f th e b lo o d
bath in g a patient in bed vessels
b e d -b lo c k ['b ed blDk] (1 0) a piece o f b o w els ['baualz] (17) intestine, gut;
material for raising o n e en d o f a bed to have o n e ’s bow els o p e n (1 7 ) to
b ed-cradle ['bed kreidl] (10) a frame pass faeces
p u t over the en d o f the bed to keep breast [b rest] (2) upper front part
blankets o f f the legs and feet o f th e b o d y b etw een the n e c k and
a b d o m en
b e d p a n ['bedpaen] (4) p o t used by
bedridd en patients for excretion
143
b ro n c h ie cta sis [ b ro rjk i'ek tssis] (19) b ruise [bruiz] (2) a blue
w id e n in g o f th e bronchial tubes disco lou ration o f the skin d u e to
f o llo w in g in fectio n b lo o d under the skin
b r o n c h u s ['brDrjkas] (1 9) o n e o f b u tto c k ['bAtak] (2) m uscles o f the
the tw o branches in to w h ic h the b o tto m
w in d p ip e divides
C
C ° [si:] = C e n tig r a d e ['se n tig r e id ] c o n sc io u sn e s s ['kDnJasnas] (1 0) the
(2 3 ) degrees o n a centigrade state o f b e in g con sciou s o f o n e ’s
th erm om eter surroundings
c a lf [k a:f] (2) fleshy part o f the back c o n stip a tio n [.kD n sti'p eiJn] (21)
o f the leg b e lo w the knee difficulty in gettin g rid o f faeces
c a rc in o m a [k c u s i'n a o m a ] (19 ) a c o n su lta n t [kan'SAltant] (12) senior
m align an t grow th docto r in a hospital
cardiac [ ’kaidiaek] (4) o f the heart co n tr a ctio n [kan'traekjn] (23)
ca th eter ['kae0itar] (4) tub e to take sh o rte n in g o f m uscles
o u t urine c o n tu s io n [k a n 'tju : 3 n] (8) a bruise
C .S .S .D . [si: e s e s 'di:] (5) Central con v a lesce n c e [.k n n va 'lesan s] (11)
Sterile Su pp ly D ep artm en t, rest after illness
dep artm en t where supplies are corp uscles ['kaipAsals] (1 8) red and
sterilized w h ite b lo o d cells in the b lo o d
cerebral ['serabral] (4) o f the brain cross in fe c tio n [,k m s in 'fe k jn ] (12)
C e tr im id e ['se n tr im a id ] (5) in fectio n passed from o n e p atient to
antiseptic the other
c la m m y ['klaemi] (1 8) co ld and dam p cru tch [krAtJ] (1 0) w o o d or m etal
clin ical [ ’klm ikal] (4) observation and su p p ort to help a patient walk
treatm ent o f patients as o p p o se d to cu ticle ['k ju itik al] (18) the dead skin
theoretical stu d y o f disease su rroun ding a nail
c o m a ['kaum a] (19) c o m p lete loss o f c y a n o se d ['sa ia n au zd ] (1 8) a bluish
con sciou sn ess co lou r o f the skin
c o m p o u n d ( n ) (fracture) cy st [ s is t] (2 4 ) a sac c o n ta in in g liq u id
['kom pau nd ] (8) where a broken cyto lo g ica l [,saita'lD d 3 ikal] (1) stu d y
b o n e breaks the su rroun ding tissue o f the cells o f the b o d y
(skin)
D
defaecation [d h fa 'k e i/n ] (21) passing d ia b etes [daia'bi:ti:s] (1 9) illness
faeces from the body caused by the pancreas n o t w ork in g
dehydrated [.diihai'dreitid] (18) lack properly
of fluid d iarrh oea [daia'ria] (19) liq u id faeces
derm atology [d3:ma'tDlad3i] the d ig e st ( v) [d ai'd 3 e s t ] (2 1) to change
science o f the skin fo o d to a su bstance w h ic h can be
dermis ['d3:mis] (18) the layer of absorbed by th e b o d y
skin just below the surface
144
d isin fe c t [.d isin 'fe k t] (7) to kill d ru g [drAg] (4) chem ical substances
germ s used to alter the state o f m in d or
d iss e c tin g [di'sektirj] (2 4) c u ttin g in body
pieces d u ct [dAkt] (18 ) tube
d iste n s io n [ d is'te n jn ] (24) sw ellin g d u o d e n u m [,dju:ao'di:nam ] (20)
d o s e [dau s] (4) a m o u n t o f m e d icin e first part o f the sm all intestine, see
taken diagram o n p. 118
drainage [ ’d r e in id 3 ] (22) any m e th o d d y sp n o ea [d isp 'n ia ] (19) difficult,
o f taking liq u id aw ay from th e b o d y laboured breathing
d ressin g ['dresir)] (4) m ed icin es and dysuria [d is'jo a r ia ] (2 2) difficult,
bandages p u t o n a w o u n d pain fu l urination
E
ela te d [ 1'leitid ] (17 ) unusually, excise ( v ) [e k 'sa iz ] (9) to cu t o u t
extrem ely h ap py excreta [e k 'sk r h ts ] (7) w aste m ater
e m esis ['e m isis] (20 ) v o m itin g (faeces, urine)
E .N .T . [,i: en 1ti:] (/) ear, n ose and ex p ectora te ( v) [e k s'p e k ta r e it] (19)
throat to spit
e p id e rm is [,e p i'd 3 :m is] (18) outsid e e x p ira tio n [ e k sp i'r e ijn ] (23) breath
layer o f skin b lo w n o u t
F
F° [ e f ] = F ahren heit ['faeranhait] flatus ['fle ita s] (20) gas in the
(23 ) tem perature scale sto m a c h or intestines
faeces [ ‘fiis iiz ] (7) solid w aste m atter flu sh [flAj] (1 2 ) to go red
o f the b o d y forceps [ ’/ o : s e p s ] (5) tw o -p ro n g ed
fever [ ‘fi: v 3 r] (18 ) w h en the b o d y in stru m en t, see p. 3 0
tem perature is above norm al fo r eig n b o d y [ fDran 'bodi] (19)
fib u la ['fib ju la ] (8) lo n g thin b o n e on so m e th in g inside the b o d y that
ou tsid e o f lower leg sh o u ld n o t be there, e.g. germ , etc.
fracture ['fraektJV] (8) a break in
a bone
G
ga g [gaeg] (1 0 ) in stru m en t to keep geriatrics [,d 3 eri'aetriks] (1) m edical
th e m o u th o p e n , see p. 6 7 care o f o ld p eop le
gall [go:l] (20) see bile g la n d [glasnd] (18) an organ or
g a llip o t ['gaelipDt] (5) sm all vessel for structure w h ic h produces a secretion
lo tio n s, see p. 31 grab rail ['graeb reil] (1 2) a han d
gauze [go:z] (5) an o p e n w o v e n cloth rail to steady patients w h o have
used for dressing w o u n d s d ifficulty in w alk in g
g e n ita ls ['d 3 e n itlz ] (2) sexual organs graze [g r eiz] (2) to scratch
G e n tia n v io le t [,d 3 e n jn 'va ia let] (7) g r o in [groin] (2) the area betw een the
a purple co lou red antiseptic b elly and thighs
g y n a e c o lo g y [,gains'k D l9d3i] (1)
stu d y o f w o m e n ’s diseases
145
H
h a e m a to lo g y [h i:m 3 'tD l3 d 3 i] (1) histology [his'tDlad3 i] (1) study o f
stu d y o f th e b lo o d the tissues o f the body
h aem atu ria [.h iim s 'tjo a r ia ] (22 ) history ['histari] (8) patients
b lo o d in the urine previous medical record
h a e m o g lo b in [ h iim g 'g la o b in ] red houseman ['hausman] (10) junior
part o f the b lo o d w h ic h c o m b in e s hospital doctor
w ith and releases ox ygen hyperpnoea [.haipop'nia] (19) deep
h a e m o p ty s is [ h irm a 'p tisis] (19) breathing
c o u g h in g up b lo o d hyperpyrexia [ haipspai'reksis] (18)
h aem orrh a ge ['h e m a rid j] (4) feverish
bleed in g hypothalamus [ haipsu'Oaelsmss]
H ib ita n e ['h ib ite in ] (5) (23) below the thalamus (collection
C h lo rh ex id in e [klo:'h ek sid i:n ], an o f grey matter in the uppermost
antiseptic part o f the brain)
im m e r se [i'rri3:s] (5) to p u t b elo w the injection [in‘d3ekfn] (4) the act

surface o f a liq u id or gas o f putting a fluid into the body’s
i m m u n iz e ['im ju n a iz] (8) to m ake tissues
safe against a disease usually by intensive care unit [in'tensiv 'kee
in jectio n o f dead germ o f th e disease ju:mt] (1) unit where seriously ill
i n c o n tin e n c e [in'kD n tinans] (22) patients receive intensive treatment
un able to co n trol the e m p ty in g o f intercostal [.inta'kDStal] (24)
the bladder or bow els between the ribs
in d ig e stib le [,in d ai'd 3est3b al] (21) intestine [in'testin] (20) the bowels
difficult to digest intramuscular [,intr3'mAskjul3r] (10)
in fa n t ['in fan t] (2 4) a baby less than within a muscle
a year o ld intravenous (I.V.) [.intra'viinss] (4)
in farctio n [in 'fa :k jn ] (4) death o f (22) within or into a vein
a piece o f tissue because the b lo o d Iodine ['aisdiin] (7) antiseptic used
su p p ly has sto p p ed for cleaning wounds
in fe c tio n [in 'fe k /n ] (8) the invasion irrigate ['irigeit] (7) to pour liquid
o f the b o d y by a germ in, e.g. toirrigatetheeyeto wash out
in fla m m a tio n [ in f ls 'm e i/n ] the a foreign body
reaction o f liv in g tissue to injury irritant [’iritant] (19) something
in fu s io n [in 'fju : 3 n] (4) fluid p u t in to causing an itch
th e b o d y
J
ja u n d ice ['d 3 o:n d is] (18) raised
bilirubin in the b lo o d w h ic h m ay
cause y e llo w in g o f the skin
146
K
k id n e y ['kidn i] (5) (22 ) tw o glands k id n e y d ish ['kidni d ij] (5) dish, so
w h ic h secrete urine called because o f its shape, see p. 3 4
L
lacerate ['laesareit] (8) to cut lo b e [laub] (1 9) ro u n d ed section
lary n x ['laerirjks] (19) the organ o f lo n g sta y [,lt>r) 'ste i] (1) a patient
vo ice w h o w ill be in hospital for a lo n g
laxative ['laeksativ] (2 1) a m ild drug tim e
to o p e n the bow els lo t io n ['la o /a n ] (5) liq u id m ed icin e
l a y u p [ l e i 'Ap] (13 ) to arrange applied to the skin
(usually instrum ents) lu n g [Iaq] (19 ) organs o f breathing
lin en ['lim n] (7) sheets and pillowcases Lysol ['IaiSDl] (5) a disinfectant
liver ['liv a r] (2 0) a gland w h ich plays
an im p ortan t part in breaking d o w n
protein
M
m a lig n a n t [m a'lign a n t] likely to be m icr o o rg a n ism ['m aikrau
incurable 'o:ganizam ] (7) a cell w h ic h can
m e d ica l social w o rk er [ m edikal o n ly be seen under a m icroscope;
'saojal W3:k9r] (14) worker w h o bacteria, virus, etc.
helps patients w ith problem s outsid e m ic tu r itio n [ m i k t j u a ' r i/ n ] (22)
the hospital u rination
m e la e n a [m a'lim a] (21) black tarry m o r p h in e ['m o:fi:n] (8) a pow erful
faeces p a in -k illin g drug
m e m b r a n e [m em b rein ] a thin lin in g m u c o id ['m ju ik o id ] (18) like m u c u s
or covering m u c o p u r u le n t [,m ju :k a u 'p joaru la n t]
m e ta b o lic [m eta'bD lik] (22) ab ou t (1 9 ) pus in the m u cu s
m etab olism [m e'taebalizm ] the m u c u s ['m ju ik as] (1 9) slim y
processes o f chem ical change in the su bstance lub ricating the respiratory,
b od y alim entary surfaces, etc.
N
nasal ['n eiza l] (19) co n c er n in g the n ip p le ['nipal] (2) hard lu m p o n
n o sy surface o f each breast
n a u sea ['n oisia] (1 0 ) feelin g o f N o b e c u ta n e ['n a u b a.k ju rtein ] (5)
sickness artificial skin sprayed o n a w o u n d
navel ['n eiva l] (2) um b ilicu s, n o to u c h [,nau ‘tAtJ] (9) aseptic
depression in the sto m ach m uscle procedure where n o th in g that has
wall n o t been sterilized to u ch es the
patient
147
o
obstetrics [ob'stetriks] (1) medical oral ['oiral] (19) by mouth

care in pregnancy and child birth organic [oi'gaemk] (21) concerning
occupational therapy [.nkjupeijanl an organ
'Oerapi] (1) use o f occupations orthopaedics [ o:9a'pi:diks] (1)
(basket making, etc.) to help mental surgery o f the locomotor system
or physical disorders (bones)
odour ['audar] (21) smell orthopnoea [,o:0ap'ma] (19)
oesophagus [i:'st>fagas] (20) the breathlessness requiring an upright
gullet, tube from the pharynx to the sitting position
stomach out-patient ['autpeijant] (1) patient
oliguria [.Dli'gjuaria] (22) insufficient who is not treated in hospital
secretion o f urine
optimal ['optimal] (13) best possible
P
paediatrics [ piidi'aetriks] (1) medical pneumonia [nju: 'maonia] (4)
care o f children inflammation o f the lung
pallid ['paelid] (18) white (pale) skin polyuria [ poli'juaria] (22) large
colouring amount o f urine
pancreas ['paerjkrias] (20) an organ pore [po:r] (18) a minute opening in
which secretes pancreatic juice, see the skin
p. 118 posterior [pD'stiariar] (2) at the back
pass urine [,pa:s 'juarin] (17) to post- (operative, natal, etc.) [paust]
urinate, pass water after
pathology [pa'0Dlad3i] (1) study of pre- [pri: ] before
cause and nature o f disease premedication [,pri:medi'keijn] (8)
penicillin [.pem'silin] (11) the first drug given before the administration
antibiotic discovered o f general anaesthetic
Pethidine ['peOidin] (10) strong pain- probe [praub] (5) an instrument
killing drug for investigating the depth and
pharynx ['fćerirjks] (19) the hollow at direction o f a wound, see p. 33
the back o f the mouth opening onto proctoscope ['pmktaskaop] (13)
the oesophagus an instrument for examining the
Phenol ['firnol] (7) disinfectant rectum
phlegm [flam] (19) mucus from the Proflavine [prau'fleiviin] (7) an
bronchus antiseptic
physician [fi'zi/n] (1) doctor of proteinuria [,prauti:n‘juaria] (22)
medicine rather than surgery protein in the urine
physiology [ fizi'Dlad 3 i] (3) study o f psychiatry [sai'kaiatri] (1) science o f
the normal functions o f the body diagnosis and treatment o f mental
physiotherapy [ fiziau'Oerapi] (1) illness
controlled exercises psychology [sai'kolad 3 i] (1) study o f
pigment ['pigmant] (21) colouring human behaviour
matter in the body pulmonary ['pAlmanari] (19)
pleura ['pluara] (19) membrane concerned with the lungs
covering the surface o f the lung
p u lse [pAls] (8) regular beat o f the p u s [pas] (7) yellowish (usually)
arteries as b lo o d is p u m p e d round coloured liquid formed in certain
th e m by the heart infections
p u ru len t ['p ju ir ju ils n t] (19) pu sy p u tty ['pAti] (21) pale grey
pyrexia [pai'reksia] (18) raised
temperature
HHHUHI
q u easy ['k w iiz i] (20) sick feeling
radial ['re id isl] (24) the outsid e red uce [ri'd ju is] (9) realign tw o parts
r a d io lo g y [,reidi'D l3d3i] (1) diagnosis o f a broken b on e
o f disease by the use o f X-rays reflex ['riiflek s] (19) an involun tary
rash [rae/] (2) skin eru p tio n m o v e m e n t o f tissue
raw [ro:] (9) w h en the skin is partly respiration [.r e sp a 'r ei/n ] (9)
rem oved from the b o d y ’s surface breathing
reactio n [ri'aekjn] (2 2) response to rib [rib] (24 ) b o n e o f the chest
a stim ulus rib b o n gauze [.riban 'go:z] (5) gauze
receiver [r i'si:v 3 r] (5) dish, see p. 3 4 ab o u t 1.5 cm w id e used for packin g
rectu m ['rektam ] (20) lower part o f w ounds
the large intestine
S
salivary ['saslivari] (20 ) con cern in g sore [so :r] (2) ( n ) an irritation o n the
saliva, spittle skin (adv ) painful,
san itary ['saenitri] (7) c on cern ed w ith sp ecific gravity [sp a 's ifik 'graeviti]
the preservation o f health (22 ) the w e ig h t o f a substance
scalpel [ ’skaelpal] (6) surgical kn ife com pared w ith an equal v o lu m e o f
scaly ['sk e ili] (1 8 ) flakes o f skin w ater
scar [sk a :r] (2) m ark o f a healed sp e c u lu m ['sp e k ju ls m ] (1 3) an
w ound in stru m en t used to h o ld the walls o f
secretio n [si'k r ii/n ] (8) a substance a cavity apart so that its interior can
form ed by or concen trated in a be exam in ed , see p. 8 7
gland s p h y g m o m a n o m e te r
se m i- [,se m i] (2 1) partly [.sfigmauma'nDmitaO (1 0 ) an
s h o c k [Jok] (8) disturbance o f in stru m en t used for m easuring
circulation o f the b lo o d p rodu ced b lo o d pressure, see p. 6 7
b y severe illness or injury sprain [sprein] (2) injury to the soft
sid e effect ['said i fe k t] (4) an tissue su rrou n d in g a jo in t
u n w an ted change pro d u ced by sp u tu m ['sp ju its m ] (7) m atter
giv in g a drug co u g h e d up from the respiratory
sin u s ['sa in a s] (5) a hollow , cavity organs
slu ic e [slu is] (11 ) explain ed o n p. 85 S.R.N. [ e s a: 'en] (1) State
so ile d ['soild ] (5) dirty Registered N u rse
149
sterilize ['steralaiz] (5) to make free S u d o l ['su:dt>l] (5) a disin fectant
o f bacteria, to make incapable o f su perficial [.su ip a 'fija l] (23)
reproduction co n c er n in g the surface
sternum ['st3:nam ] (24) the flat bone su stain [ s a ’ste in ] (8) to suffer an
in the front o f the chest injury
stertorous ['st3:taras] (19) breathing suture ['s u :t /a r] (9) stitch
like snoring sw ab [sw o b ] (5) (7) a sm all piece
stethoscope ['ste0askaup] (9) o f c o tto n w o o l or gauze used for
instrum ent for listening to sounds so ak in g up liq uid
inside the body s y m p to m ['sim p ta m ] (19 ) sign o f
stool [stuil] (21) faeces illness
stretcher ['stre tja '] (8) length of syringe [si'rin d 3 ] (6) p isto n -fitted
canvas between two poles for cylinder in to w h ic h liq u id is sucked
carrying patients and then injected
subcutaneous [,SAbkju:'teinias] (18)
beneath the skin
T
tactile ['taektail] (18) concerning the tissue ['ti/ju :] (7) collection o f
sense o f touch cells on fibres o f similar function,
tarry ['ta:ri] (21) (adj) black and forming a structure
sticky tonsils ['tDnsalz] (14) small bodies
tetanus ['tetanas] (8) lockjaw, disease em bedded in the fauces between the
marked by spasms o f the voluntary palatine arch in the throat
muscles toxic ['tDksik] (7) poisonous
therm om eter [0a'mDmitar] (4) t.p.r. [,ti: pi: 'a :r] (4) temperature,
instrum ent for measuring the pulse and respiration
temperature o f the body trachea [tra'kia] (19) windpipe
thoracic [0o:'raesik] (24) concerning trolley ['trDli] (4) wheeled vehicle for
the chest cavity carrying goods
throm bosis [0rt)m'bausis] (4) a blood tuberculosis [tju :b 3 :k jo 'lao sis] (19)
clot disease caused by tubercle bacillus
tibia ['tibia] (8) the shin bone
tincture ['tiqktJV ] (7) solution of
a drug in alcohol
unconscious [An'kDn/as] (9) state o f urethra [joa'ri:0ra] (2 2) tu b e from

being insensible the bladder through w h ic h urine is
undigested [,A ndai'd3estid] (21) n o t excreted
digested urinal ['juarinal] (4) p o t or fixture for
unsterile [An'sterail] (5) not sterile passing urine
uraem ia [joa'riim ia] (19) condition urine ['juarin] (7) liq uid w aste m atter
due to failure o f the kidneys excreted from the kidneys
urea [joa'ria] (22) the waste product u r in o m e ter [ju a r i'n D m a ta r] (13)
from protein in stru m en t for m easuring the
ureter [ju a'ri:tar] (22) tube passing specific gravity o f urine
from each kidney to the bladder
150
V
v a g in a l [v3'd3ainal] (1 3) c o n c ern in g v o m it ['v o m it] (2 0 ) to bring up
th e vagina, the passage from the v o m itu s
cervix to th e vulva v o m it u s ['v D m itss] (20) o u tflo w o f
v e n e r e o lo g y [v3 ni9ri'Dl3d3i] (1) the c o n ten ts o f the sto m a c h through
stu d y o f diseases caused by sexual the m o u th
intercourse vu lva [ v a Iv s ] external fem ale sex
ventricle ['v en trikal] (24) a cavity, organ
here the low er cham ber in the heart
X
X-ray ['ek s rei] (1) short rays o f
the electrom agnetic sp ectrum for
p h o to g ra p h in g structures w ith in the
body
151
Tapescript
IN TR O D U C TIO N Track 1
English for Nurses by David Austin and Tim Crossfield
Copyright by Hermonds 1974
Copyright for the Polish edition by Wydawnictwo Lekarskie
PZWL, Warszawa 2007
U N IT 1
Unit 1.1 - Where Do You Work? Track 2

Nurse Smith Where do you work?
Nurse Robinson I work at Saint Peter’s, in a surgical ward. And
you —where do you work?
Nurse Smith I work in an orthopaedic ward at Queen
Mary’s. I’m an S.R.N. Are you an S.R.N?
Nurse Robinson No, I’m not. I’m a student nurse.
153
Track 3 U N IT 1.2 - SO M E W ARDS
AN D DEPARTM ENTS
Surgical Ward
Medical Ward
Orthopaedic Ward
Gynaecological Ward
Geriatric Ward
Paediatric Ward
Dermatological Ward
E.N.T. Ward
Long-stay Ward
Intensive Care Unit
X-ray Department
Operating Theatre
Casualty and Emergency Department (or Unit) (or Accident
and Emergency Department)
Central Sterile Supply Department
Dispensary
Laboratory
Out-Patients’ Clinic
Maternity Unit
Occupational Therapy Department
Physiotherapy Department
Antenatal Clinic
Post-Natal Clinic
Psychiatric Unit
Admissions Department
Infectious Diseases Unit
Anaesthetic Room
Track 4 Unit 1.3 - What do they do?

radiologic radiology radiolog ical
psychologist psychology psychological
dermatologist dermatology dermatological
gynaecologist gynaecology gynaecological
venereologist venereology venereological
pathologist pathology pathological
histologist histology histological
154
cytologist cytology cytological
haematologist haematology haematological
bacteriologist bacteriology bacteriological
obstetricz^ft obstetric* obstetrzc(/z/)
paediatrician paediatrics paediatric
geriatrician geriatrics geriatric
psychiatric psychiatry psychiatric
anaesthetist anaesthetics anaesthetic
surgeon surgery surgical
physician medicine medical
orthopaedic surgeon orthopaedics orthopaedic
U N IT 2
Unit 2 - Parts of the Body Track 5
Male - anterior aspect

Throat Head
Shoulder Neck
Arm-pit Upper arm
Chest Elbow
Stomach Forearm
Wrist Hip
Hand Thumb
Thigh Fingers
Knee Groin
Ankle Genitals
Foot Heel
Toes
Female - anterior aspect

Nipple
Breast
Navel
155
Male - posterior aspect
Buttock
Calf
U N IT 3
Track 6 Unit 3 - Jane Johnson
Jane Johnson works in a surgical ward in a London hospital. Jane

does shift work, so she does not go to work at the same time every
day. When she is on an early shift, she goes on duty at 7 a.m. and
comes off duty at 3 p.m. Late shifts start at 2 p.m. and finish at 10
p.m. Jane does not like late shifts.
Jane always goes to work by bus when she is on an early shift. The
bus stops outside the out-patients’ department. When she is on a
late shift, Jane generally walks from her home to the hospital. When
she comes off duty at 10 p.m., she is usually rather tired, and takes
the bus home. Sometimes she goes to the taxi-rank outside the main
entrance of the hospital and goes home by taxi.
Jane is not a qualified nurse. She is a student nurse, so she does
not work in the ward every day. On certain days, she has to attend
lectures on general nursing, anatomy and physiology, hygiene and
various other subjects. She wants to pass the State Final examina
tions and become a State Registered Nurse. As a State Registered
Nurse she becomes a staff nurse and can, in time, become a sister
or even a nursing officer.
UN IT 4
Track 7 Unit 4 - Jane on the Wards
Do you remember Jane Johnson? She and her friend Joan Chapman
are both nurses. They work at Saint Peter’s Hospital, a large teaching
hospital in London. Joan did her training at St. Peters and last year
156
she passed her State Finals and qualified. She is an S.R.N. She is now
working as a staff nurse in a mens medical ward.
Jane is a student nurse and is still training. Last month she worked
in one of the hospital’s surgical wards. She learned to set trolleys
for sterile procedures such as surgical dressings, intravenous infu
sion and catheterization. She carried out certain procedures her
self and assisted doctors with others. She often had to go to the
central sterile supply department to fetch sterile dressing packs.
Sometimes she took patients to the X-ray department or to the
occupational therapy unit.
This month Jane is working in the same ward as Joan. She is learn
ing to nurse patients suffering from diseases such as cardiac infarc
tion, cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral thrombosis and pneumonia.
At the moment, she is helping a staff nurse to give injections. The
staff nurse is explaining to her the doses, action and side effects of
the drugs they are administering.
The other nurses in the ward are carrying out various nursing
duties. Some are doing bed-baths, one is helping a patient to get
out of bed, and another is taking t.p.rs. A doctor is doing a ward
round and a physiotherapist is helping a pneumonia-patient to do
deep-breathing exercises.
U N IT 5
Unit 5.1 - Sterile Procedures Track 8

A central sterile supply department is provided in most modern
hospitals. The basic equipment for sterile procedures is obtained
in sterile packs from the C.S.S.D. Disposable equipment is often
contained in these packs, and, after use, is discarded. Non-dispos
able equipment is sent back to the C.S.S.D. for re-sterilization.
The following items are normally included in the basic dressing
pack: four cotton wool swabs, two dressing towels, four pieces of
folded gauze and two gallipots. Sometimes the necessary surgical
instruments are included in the dressing pack, sometimes they are
supplied in separate packs. A pair of scissors and four pairs of plain
dressing forceps or dissecting forceps are generally needed for ward
dressings.
157
Track 9 Unit 5.2 - The dressing trolley and how it
is prepared
The trolley is washed with soap and water or mopped with an
antiseptic such as Sudol. It is then dried. The sterile equipment
is put on the top shelf, and the unsterile equipment is put on the
bottom shelf.
Top shelf
Sterile pack or bowl containing dressings
Sterile gallipots
Sterile pack or box containing instruments
Jar or cylinder containing instrument handling forceps
Bottom shelf
Bandage tray
Bottles containing antiseptics
Jar or cylinder for used instruments
Paper container for soiled dressings
Some items from the dressing trolley

Cheatles forceps are used for handling sterile instruments. They
are sterilized by boiling and placed in a jar containing a suitable
disinfectant. The blades and the lower halves of the handles are
immersed in the disinfectant.
The bandage tray contains a selection of bandages, adhesive strap
ping, Nobecutane, a pair of bandage scissors, safety pins and ban
dage clips.
The lotion bottles contain Cetrimide or Hibitane for cleaning the
skin, and methylated ether for removing Nobecutane or marks left
by adhesive tape.
The jar for used instruments contains a suitable disinfectant. Lysol
1 in 40 is often used.
If stitches are to be removed, a pair of sterile suture scissors is added
to the basic dressing equipment. If clips are to be removed, a pair
of sterile clip-removing forceps is added.
If a wound is to be explored, sterile ribbon gauze, a sterile wound
probe and a pair of sterile sinus forceps are added to the basic
equipment.
158
UNIT 6
Unit 6 - Instruments Track 10
Last week, Joan tested Jane on instruments. They had a pile of pic
tures in front of them. Sometimes Joan held up a picture and asked
Jane to name it. Sometimes Joan said the name of an instrument
and Jane had to find the correct picture. This was the first picture
and Jane said, “Easy, they’re scissors.”
“But what shape are they?” asked Joan.
“Well, they’re straight.”
“Now look at the blades.”
“They’re sharp-ended,” answered Jane.
“Good,” said Joan, “they’re straight, sharp-ended scissors. W hat
about these, then?”
And Joan held up this picture:
Jane sighed. “Those, my dear Joan, are a pair of straight, sharp-
and blunt-ended scissors.”
W hat do you think Jane said for this picture?
“They’r e ........................................................ ”
Joan agreed, but said, “W hat type are they?”
1hey r e .........................................................
“And what type of scissors are these?”
“They’r e ...............................................................”
Next, Joan held up two pictures at once and asked, “W hat are
these two?”
“Those a re ............................................................ ”
(d)
and those a re ................................ ,” answered Jane.
Then Joan showed Jane some more pictures of a lot more
instruments. One was of a straight instrument, like this
(e)
“It’s a ...............................................................”
Another was of a curved one, like this
(f)
“They’r e .............................................................. ”
And a third was of an angular instrument
(g)
“h1tl
hey5r e ............................................................. »
O n the next pages, there are pictures of other instruments on which
Joan tested Jane. Not to worry; Jane didn’t get them all right, and
Joan had to tell her.
159
UNIT 7
Track 11 Unit 7.1 - Disinfectants and Antiseptics
Disinfectants are toxic chemical substances which destroy micro

organisms and living tissue. Antiseptics are less toxic substances
which inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Generally speaking,
disinfectants are used for sterilizing inanimate objects, and anti
septics are used for cleansing the skin and maintaining the sterility
of boiled or autoclaved instruments. These definitions are, how
ever, not precise because the destructive power of a disinfectant
depends on its strength and the length of time for which it is used.
Nowadays, disinfectants are often referred to as ‘bactericides’ be
cause they kill bacteria, and antiseptics are called ‘bacteriostatics’
because they prevent bacteria from growing and multiplying.
Unit 7.2 - Some chemical agents commonly

Track 12 used as disinfectants or antiseptics
Proflavine for disinfecting the skin and swabbing

wounds
Gentian violet for preparing the skin before operation
Tincture of iodine for disinfecting the skin
Cetrimide for disinfecting the skin, instruments and
other equipment
Hydrogen peroxide for irrigating wounds and cavities and
removing pus and blood
Hibitane for disinfecting the skin and instruments
Lysol for disinfecting floors, baths, clothes etc.
Phenol for disinfecting linen sanitary equipment
and excreta
160
UNIT 8
Unit 8 - Casualty 1 Track 13
While John Smith was going to school this morning, a car knocked
him down. His right leg was broken just below the knee. Some
people who saw the accident laid him in a comfortable position on
the pavement and telephoned for an ambulance. John was badly
shocked and in great pain. While the people were waiting for the
ambulance, the driver of the car that knocked John down covered
him with a coat and tried to comfort him.
When the ambulance arrived, John was lifted onto a stretcher, put
into the ambulance and driven to a hospital that was not far away.
When he arrived at the casualty department, he was admitted. The
nurse who admitted him gave him an injection of morphine to
combat the shock and the pain. The doctor who examined him
comforted him and told him everything would be all right. While
the doctor was examining him, the nurse who had admitted him
took his pulse and blood pressure. No antitetanus injection was
necessary as John had been immunized against tetanus six months
earlier.
As John’s wound was lacerated and contused, he was given an an
tibiotic to prevent the onset of infection. He was then taken to the
X-ray department. While the X-ray examination was being car
ried out, John’s parents arrived at the hospital. The doctor who
examined John told them that John had sustained a compound
fracture of the tibia and fibula. He explained that an operation
was necessary and asked M r Smith to sign a consent for operation
form. M r Smith signed the consent form while Mrs Smith was
giving John’s personal particulars and previous medical history to
the nurse. Before John’s parents left the hospital, they were told
when they could visit him and were given a list of things that he
would need.
While John was waiting to go to theatre, a quarter-hourly record
of his pulse and blood pressure was kept and he was given a suit
able premedication.
161
UNIT 9
Track 14 Unit 9 - Casualty 2
In the theatre, John will be given an anaesthetic and his wound

will be explored. The X-rays which were taken by the radiographer
will show the surgeon the exact site and extent of the fracture.
Dead or dirty tissue will be excised and any small splinters of bone
will be removed. The surgeon will perform the operation using
a ‘no touch’ technique to reduce the chances of infection.
When the surgeon is satisfied that the wound is as clean as pos
sible, he will dust it off with an antibiotic powder. He will then
suture it and cover it with a sterile gauze dressing. Any areas that
are raw will be dressed with sterile Vaseline petroleum jelly gauze.
The surgeon will now be able to treat the fracture as closed. He
will reduce the bones into their anatomical position, and the leg
will be put in plaster of Paris. John will then be taken back to an
orthopaedic ward.
W hen a post-operative patient like John arrives in the ward, he is

carefully lifted from the stretcher and laid in a specially prepared
bed. The foot of the bed is often raised on wooden blocks. The
patient is placed on his back with his head turned to one side. As
he is generally still unconscious, an artificial airway is in position
and a nurse stays with him to ensure that his airway is kept clear.
She also checks his pulse rate and volume, his colour and the rate
and depth of his respirations.
U N IT 10
Unit 10 - Casualty 3
Track 15
Soon after John had returned to the ward, he began to regain con
sciousness. The nurse who was looking after him removed the air
way from his mouth and gave him a pillow for his head. For the
next few hours he slept soundly. From time to time the toes of his
162
injured leg were examined to see if they were warm and pink, and
his pulse and blood pressure were taken half-hourly.
At 6 p.m. John woke up and complained of severe pain in his
leg. The surgeon who had performed the operation had prescribed
Pethidine if John complained of pain, and he was given an in
tramuscular injection of 50 mgs of Pethidine at 6.10 p.m. As his
blood pressure was now within normal limits, the bed-blocks were
taken away and a bed-cradle was put in his bed to take the weight
of the bed-clothes off his legs. A nurse offered him a bottle, but he
said he could not manage to pass water.
A houseman visited John during the evening to check that he was
all right and that he would be able to sleep. He prescribed a second
injection of Pethidine, which was to be given at midnight if John
complained of further pain. Two nurses came and helped John
to wash his hands and face and to change from the white theatre
gown into his own pyjama jacket. John, who had been allowed
frequent sips of water because he had not complained of nausea,
was now given a cup of tea and told the nurses that he was begin
ning to feel fine.
U N IT 11
Unit 11 - The Ward Unit 1 Track 16
The ward is the patient’s home during his stay in hospital. It is

the place in which he spends his days, eats and sleeps, and where
his personal needs are catered for. A well-planned ward provides
a pleasant, safe and comfortable environment for patients and
staff.
The planning of ward units for new hospitals, and for moderniza
tion schemes in older ones, has received a great deal of consid
eration. In the past, in-patients were allowed up only for short
periods during convalescence. The modern practice of early am
bulation has made it essential to provide adequate space for re
creation and sufficient bathing and toilet facilities. Bright colours
have been used to create a cheerful atmosphere in the ward, and
furniture has been designed to suit the different needs of patients.
Another problem on which hospital planners have focused their
attention is the reduction of unnecessary noise. The use of plastic
163
equipment, and the provision of central dish-washing and steril
izing departments have been a great help in eliminating noise.
The question of ward cleaning has also been taken into consider
ation by the planners. Nowadays the floors and walls are made of
materials that can withstand very frequent washing and polishing.
Furniture and fittings have been designed to permit easy cleaning
and maintenance.
UN IT 12
Unit 12 - The Ward Unit 2

Track 17
Accommodation for patients
Most modern hospital wards have between twenty and thirty beds.
The beds are arranged so that each patient can have as much priv
acy, natural light and fresh air as possible, and can be observed
without difficulty by the nursing staff. There must be adequate
space between beds to prevent cross-infection and to allow all bed
side procedures to be carried out in comfort.
Most wards have a number of cubicles or side wards — usually
six for a thirty-bed ward —and two of these have their own hand
basins and lavatories so that suitable accommodation is available for
infectious patients. Ambulant patients and patients in wheelchairs
are provided with a day room where they can have their meals,
watch television, smoke and enjoy various recreations without dis
turbing patients who are confined to bed.
Lavatories and bathrooms are sufficiently spacious to allow nurses
to assist old and disabled patients. Doorways are wide enough to
allow wheelchair patients to enter with ease. The rooms are usually
fitted with grab-rails, shelves and hooks, and a patient-to-nurse
alarm system is provided. It is important that lavatories flush quiet
ly and efficiently.
164
UNIT 13
Unit 13-T h e Ward Unit3 Track 18
Clinical areas
In the treatment room of a ward unit, surgical dressings, investiga
tions and other sterile procedures can be carried out under optimal
conditions and with minimal risk of cross-infection. The treatment
room should be large enough to accommodate a patient in his bed,
a couch for ambulant patients, and all the equipment needed for
treatments. It must of course allow medical and nursing staff ad
equate space to work in comfort.
Next to the treatment room, there are usually a ‘clean and ‘dirty’
annex. The clean annex, or preparation room, is where trolleys are
laid up. If there is no C.S.S.D., equipment and instruments are
sterilized there too. The preparation room is provided with dust-
proof cupboards in which sterile equipment is stored. In the dirty
annex, used equipment is collected and cleaned, or kept for collec
tion by the C.S.S.D.
Near the dirty annex, there is usually a sluice room. The sluice
room has facilities for cleaning and sterilizing bedpans, urinals,
sputum mugs and so-on, and for disinfecting soiled bed linen.
In many wards, one corner of the sluice room is provided with
a bench, sink and the necessary equipment for testing urine.
The arranging of flowers is also normally done in the ‘sluice’.
U N IT 14
Unit 14 - The Ward Unit 4

Track 19
The sister’s office
A sister’s office, usually situated near the ward entrance, is provided
for general administration. In the office, medical and nursing staff
can have privacy to discuss the treatment and progress of patients.
165
The sisters office is also used by medical-social workers and the
hospital chaplain for interviewing patients and relatives.
Domestic and storage areas

The domestic and storage areas of a ward include the kitchen, the
linen and equipment store, the cleaners’ room and the staff cloak
room. The kitchen has facilities for making hot drinks and pre
paring light meals, and for washing up. The linen and equipment
store is used for storing blankets, sheets and pillowcases, and bulky
equipment such as bed cradles, portable backrests and cot sides. If
the linen store is sufficiently spacious, stretchers and wheelchairs
are often ‘parked’ there. The cleaners’ room is usually near the ward
entrance, and is used for storing brooms, buckets, mops, vacuum
cleaners and cleaning materials. The staff cloakroom is also usually
near the entrance of the ward. It has washbasins and lavatories,
personal lockers and facilities for hanging clothes.
UN IT 15
Unit 15 - Admissions
In Britain, most people who fall ill are treated at home by their
family doctors. Not all illnesses can be treated at home, however,
so many people are admitted to hospital at some time during their
lives. They are admitted either as arranged admissions or as emer
gency admissions.
Arranged Admissions
A patient who goes into hospital as an arranged admission has
previously attended an out-patients’ clinic to which he has been
sent by his family doctor. At the clinic he is examined, his previ
ous history is taken and all the necessary investigations are carried
out. If admission is recommended, his name is put on a waiting
list and when a bed in an appropriate ward becomes vacant, he
is sent a letter which tells him when to report to the hospital for
admission. W ith this letter, most hospitals enclose a leaflet telling
the patient what he will need while he is in hospital. The leaflet
166
also outlines the general ward routine and gives details of visiting
hours.
Emergency Admissions
Nowadays, many people go into hospital as a result of accidents or
sudden illnesses. These patients are called emergency admissions.
They are often seriously ill and in need of immediate care and at
tention. Unlike arranged admissions, little or nothing is known
about emergency admissions or their previous histories. They are
usually taken to the casualty and emergency department by ambu
lance. They are often unconscious. Sometimes they are accompa
nied by friends or relatives who are able to supply at least their per
sonal particulars. In the casualty department, they are examined
and the necessary emergency treatment is carried out. If possible
their previous histories are taken. The appropriate ward is notified
that a patient is being sent up so that the necessary preparations
can be made.
U N IT 16
Unit 16 - Arranged Admission Track 21
A patient who has been on the waiting list for admission has re
ceived a letter telling him to report to Dixon ward at Cambury
Hospital for admission on 24th July at 2.30 p.m. At 2.30 he ar
rives at the sister’s office.
167
Here is the admission card she filled in:
CAMBURY HOSPITAL Hosp. Reg. No.
Admission Card Ward/Dept.
SURNAME (IN BLOCK FIRST NAME(S)
LETTERS)
McLEOD PETER JOHN

ADDRESS & TELEPHONE NO. DATE OF BIRTH
26 GREENEND, WATERBEACU
WATERBEACU 2 3 4 750 21.12.1964
CIVIL STATE OCCUPATION
(In the case of a child, father’s
Married occupation.)
Single
Widowed CARPENTER
O ther
RELIGION NAME & ADDRESS OF
NEXT OF KIN
C. of E.
MARY McLEOD (*&)
Ai aboifc
NAME & ADDRESS OF G.P. TELEPHONE NO.
(If not on the phone, give
DR BEALE a number where messages
W E OAK£, UIGU £T., may be sent. Add ‘Messages
LANDBEAO-f only’.)
SURGEON O R PHYSICIAN IN CHARGE OF CASE
MR TNORPE
Here is w hat they said
Patient Excuse me, nurse. Is this Dixon ward?

Sister Yes, this is Dixon.
Patient Well, I’m Peter McLeod. You sent me a letter telling
me to report here at half past two.
Sister That’s right, Mr McLeod. Would you come in and sit
down, please? We have to fill in an admission card.
Patient Thank you.
168
Sister Now, your surname is McLeod —would you mind
spelling it, please?
Patient M C capital L E O D.
Sister Thank you. And your Christian names?
Patient Peter John.
Sister Where do you live?
Patient 26 Greenend, Waterbeach.
Sister W hat’s your phone number?
Patient Waterbeach 234 750.
Sister And when were you born?
Patient 21st December 1964.
Sister Are you married?
Patient Yes, I am.
Sister And what’s your occupation?
Patient I’m a carpenter.
Sister W hat’s your religion?
Patient Church of England.
Sister It says here, ‘Name and address of next of kin’. Who
is your nearest relation?
Patient My wife, Mary.
Sister And you live at the same address?
Patient Yes, of course.
Sister Now, who is your family doctor?
Patient Dr Beale.
Sister And his address?
Patient The Oaks, High Street, Landbeach.
Sister Do you know which doctor is in charge of your case?
Patient Er... I believe it’s Dr Thorpe.
Sister Ah yes. Mr Thorpe —he’s a surgeon, you see. Well,
thank you, M r McLeod. If you would just wait here
for a few minutes, I’ll get a nurse to come and take
care of you.
169
UNIT 17
Track 22 Unit 17 - Observation of the Patient
After admission, general observation of the patient is made regu

larly. Here the staff nurse is telling the student about observing
patients.
S ta ff You know that we have to keep an eye on all patients

all the time, don’t you?
Student Yes, we have to keep on the look out for changes in
their condition.
S ta ff That’s right. W hat sort of changes?
Student Er, changes in t.p.r., changes in colour. W hat mental
state he’s in. And of course anything on his record
card. I must say it seems an awful lot. How do we
find the time to do it?
S ta ff You must get into the habit of observing the patients
when you’re carrying out normal nursing duties.
After a time it becomes second nature.
Student They gave us a list of things to look for in training
school. I expect I’ll get used to it soon.
S ta ff Don’t forget that it’s very important to chat to
patients. If you get on friendly terms with them it’s
a great help.
Student Why?
S ta ff Well it makes them more relaxed. Also they may
tell you something about their lives which has some
bearing on their illness.
Student And what about the quiet ones?
S ta ff There may be a lot of reasons why they don’t want
to talk to you. They may be frightened. They may
be depressed. They may not be able to speak the
language. The important thing is that even though
you’re rushed off your feet you must find time to talk
to people. You’ll be surprised how important it is.
170
UNIT 18
Unit 18.1 - The Skin Track 23
The skin is the outer covering of the body. It consists of two coats:
the epidermis or cuticle, and the dermis or corium. Beneath these,
there is a layer of adipose tissue which connects the skin to the un
derlying structures. This layer is known as the subcutaneous layer.
The skin is usually warm, dry and elastic, but changes in its condi
tion can occur both in illness and in health. The skin of patients
who are dehydrated as a result of prolonged pyrexia is dry and in
elastic. In some infectious diseases, it is hot and wet due to hyper
pyrexia and profuse sweating. In cases of shock and haemorrhage,
it is cold and clammy. In skin diseases, it can be either excessively
moist or excessively dry and scaly.
The colour of the skin can also vary considerably. It can be flushed
in pyrexia, pallid in shock, cyanosed in anoxaemia or yellowish in
jaundice.
Unit 18.2 - Diagram of a section of the skin Track 24
pore epidermis
tactile corpuscle dermis
nerve subcutaneous layer
duct of sweat gland
blood vessel
adipose tissue
sweat gland
171
UNIT 19
Track 25 Unit 19.1 - Respiration, the Cough

and Sputum
Respiration
Changes in the rate and type of respiration are one of the princi
pal symptoms of disorders of the respiratory system. They are also
symptoms of diseases affecting other parts of the body. Respiratory
disturbances can be seen in cardiac disease, cerebral depression,
uraemia and diabetic coma.
W hen observing a patient, the rate and depth, and the ease or
difficulty of breathing are noted. It is also important to observe
whether breathing is noisy or quiet.
The following are some of the terms commonly used to describe

the different types of respiration:
Apnoea —a period during which breathing is
absent
Dyspnoea —difficult breathing
Orthopnoea —the patient can breathe comfortably only
when sitting or standing erect
Hyperpnoea —breathing of increased rate and depth
Shallow breathing —seen when chest movements are painful
Stertorous breathing —noisy, snoring breathing
The cough
Coughing is a reflex action which occurs when the respiratory pas
sages are irritated.
Coughing expels irritants such as excess sputum and foreign bodies
from the respiratory tract.
A cough is known as non-productive when no sputum is expec
torated, and when sputum is expectorated, the cough is known as
productive.
Sputum
The following terms are used to describe various types of sputum:
Mucoid sputum is clear, tenacious mucus which is produced in the
early stages of respiratory tract infection.
172
Mucopurulent sputum is a mixture of mucus and pus which is pro
duced in the later stages of respiratory tract infection.
Purulent sputum consists mainly of pus, and is seen in cases of
bronchiectasis and lung abscess.
Rust-coloured sputum is tenacious and contains altered blood. It
occurs in cases of lobar pneumonia.
Haemoptysis is the term used to describe the coughing up of bright
red, frothy blood from the lungs. It is seen in cases of pulmonary
tuberculosis, carcinoma of the lung and bronchiectasis.
Unit 19.2 - Diagram of the respiratory Track 26

system
nasal cavity oral cavity

larynx pharynx
right lung trachea
upper lobe left lung
right bronchus upper lobe
middle lobe left bronchus
lower lobe pleura
lower lobe
Unit 19.3 - Interview Track 27
A patient with chest trouble and a high temperature has come to

the casualty and emergency department of a hospital. Here is part
of the interview between the patient and a doctor
Doctor Good afternoon, Mrs Williams. I’m Doctor

Martin. Now, you’re having some trouble with
your chest, aren’t you?
Patient Yes, doctor, I am. I’ve got a terrible cough and
a pain down here in my chest.
Doctor How long have you had the cough?
Patient Oh, it started about a month ago... a nasty tight
cough... then it seemed to go away. Then, about
a week ago, it came back again.
Doctor Are you bringing anything up when you cough?
173
Patient Yes. The last couple of days I’ve been bringing up
sticky, reddish-brown phlegm.
Doctor Next time you bring something up, I’d like you to
spit it into this mug, please.
Patient O.K.
Doctor Do you smoke much?
Patient No... not really. Fifteen to twenty a day.
Doctor Have you ever coughed up any blood?
Patient No, never.
Doctor Have you had a temperature?
Patient Well, I’ve been feeling feverish for two or three
days. I took my temperature this morning... just
before I came here... and it was 102. Oh, I feel
awful!
U N IT 20
Track 28 Unit 20.1 - Vomitus
W hen a patient is sick, the contents of the stomach are ejected

through the mouth. These ejected stomach contents are correctly
known as vomitus. Vomitus usually consists of partially digested
food, but may consist of bile, blood or a foul-smelling, brown
fluid. Vomiting, or emesis, is one of the principal symptoms of
disorders of the digestive system but it is also a symptom of many
other illnesses.
W hen vomiting is a symptom, the consistency of the vomitus and
the frequency of vomiting are noted. The patient is asked whether
nausea precedes vomiting, if pain is present and whether it is re
lieved by vomiting. It is also important to ascertain whether vomit
ing occurs in connection with the taking of food and, if it does,
whether it occurs immediately after or some time after a meal.
174
Unit 20.2 - Diagram of the digestive system Track 29
and associated glands
mouth salivary gland

gall bladder oesophagus
liver stomach
bile duct duodenum
large intestine pancreas
appendix small intestine
rectum
anus
Unit 20.3 - A nurse who is taking t.p.rs has

a chat with Mr Smith Track 30
Patient Hello, nurse.

Nurse Hello, Mr Smith, how are you feeling this
morning?
Patient Not too bad, thanks, but I am feeling a bit
queasy.
Nurse Have you been sick?
Patient Not this morning, but I was sick as a dog just
after you went off duty yesterday afternoon.
Nurse Oh? After you’d had your tea?
Patient No. Before tea. All of a sudden I was violently
sick.
Nurse Did you have nausea before you were sick?
Patient Pardon?
Nurse Did you feel queasy before you were sick?
Patient No. It came on suddenly.
Nurse Did you have any pain?
Patient No. None at all. I was feeling fine. Then I was
sick. Then I felt fine again.
Nurse But you’re feeling a bit queasy now?
Patient Well, I’m not really sure, perhaps I’m
imagining it.
Nurse It’s nothing to worry about. We’ll tell Dr
Higgins when he does his round and see what
he says.
Patient I suppose it could have been the chocolates.
175
Nurse Chocolates?
Patient Well, I had visitors yesterday afternoon, you
know. They brought me a box of Black Magic.
I was a bit lonely when my visitors went...
there’s one chocolate left... would you like it?
U N IT 21
Track 31 Unit 21.1 - Faeces
In the adult, normal faeces are brown, semi-solid and have a char
acteristic odour. Faeces consist of indigestible or undigested food,
altered bile pigments, water, mucus, cells from the intestinal tract,
and bacteria. W hen observing faeces, the following points are
noted: the frequency of defaecation and whether flatus is passed,
the colour and consistency of the stools, and the presence of any
abnormal substances or objects. Fresh blood in a stool is usually
due to bleeding in the lower bowel. Altered blood in a stool is due
to bleeding in the stomach or small intestine and produces dark,
tarry stool-melaena. The absence of bile pigments and the presence
of large amounts of fat produce stools that are putty-coloured and
extremely offensive.
Constipation is a condition in which the passing of stools is dif
ficult and infrequent.
Diarrhoea is a condition in which frequent loose or liquid stools
are passed.
Track 32 Unit 21.2 - Stomach trouble
M r Mills has a history of stomach trouble. He has an appointment

at a medical out-patients’ clinic at 14.30 on Monday, July 1st. He
arrives on time, and after a few minutes, the doctor is ready to see
him.
Doctor Good afternoon. Mr Mills, isn’t it?

Patient Yes. Good afternoon, doctor.
176
Doctor Sit down, please. Now, let me see, you’ve been
having trouble with your stomach, haven’t you?
Patient Yes. I have this pain, and now my stools are all
black and tarry.
Doctor How long have you had the pain?
Patient Oh, for about two years. But it’s been getting
much worse since the beginning of May.
Doctor Do you have it all the time?
Patient No, it comes on about an hour to an hour and
a half after I’ve had a meal.
Doctor Does it last long?
Patient No. I usually have a biscuit and a glass of milk
and then it goes off.
Doctor Have you ever vomited any blood?
Patient Never.
Doctor Have you been feeling weak or tired or cold?
Patient Well, I have been feeling a bit weak since I came
home from my holidays.
Doctor When was that?
Patient Three weeks ago.
Doctor For how long have you been passing these tarry
stools?
Patient Since last Friday.
Doctor Are they loose?
Patient No, they’re not. They’re all black and hard.
Doctor How often do you have your bowels open?
Patient Once a day. I usually take a laxative.
Doctor Well, thank you, Mr Mills. Now would you mind
undressing? I’d like to examine you.
U N IT 22
Unit 22.1 - Urine Track 33
Normal urine is an amber fluid which consists of approximately

96% water, 2% urea and 2% salts. It has a slightly acid reaction,
and a specific gravity of between 1.004 and 1.025. The amount
of urine passed depends on the fluid intake and the needs of the
body. W hen the fluid intake is decreased, or when there is pro
177
fuse sweating, excessive emesis or diarrhoea, the volume of urine
passed is decreased. It is darker and has a higher specific gravity
than usual.
When the fluid intake is increased, and in cold weather the volume
of urine passed is increased. It is lighter and has a lower specific
gravity than usual.
Track 34 Unit 22.2 - Diagram of the urinary system
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
Track 35 Unit 22.3 - The following terms are used to

describe abnormalities in the excretion of
urine:
Polyuria an increase in the amount of urine

excreted.
Oliguria a decrease in the amount of urine
excreted.
Dysuria difficult micturition.
Anuria or suppression failure of the kidneys to excrete
urine.
Retention urine is excreted by the kidneys
but retained in the bladder,
Frequency micturition occurs more frequently
than usual.
Incontinence absence of control over the passing
of urine.
Haematuria the presence of blood in the urine,
Proteinuria or albuminuria the presence of protein in the
urine.
178
UNIT 23
Unit 23.1 - Temperature Track 36

Human beings maintain an almost constant body temperature.
The normal temperature of some adults is as low as 97°F and in
others, it is as high as 99°F. There is also a normal daily variation
of about one degree. The temperature is lowest in the early hours
of the morning and highest in the evening.
Body heat is produced by metabolic and muscular activity. It is lost
by evaporation of sweat from the skin, expiration of air from the
lungs and excretion of urine and faeces.
The balance between heat production and heat loss is maintained
by the heat-regulating centre in the hypothalamus, which is sensi
tive to minute variations in the temperature of the blood passing
through it.
A rise in blood temperature produces an increase in the flow of
blood to the surface of the body. Sweat gland activity is increased,
muscle tone is diminished and there is unwillingness to move
about.
A fall in blood temperature produces a decreased flow of blood
to the superficial vessels. There is decreased activity of the sweat
glands, increased muscle tone and a desire to move about. Shiver
ing, which is a reflex contraction of the muscles, may occur to
increase heat production.
Unit 23.2 - Fahrenheit and Centigrade Track 37

The Fahrenheit thermometric scale extends from 0° to 212°.
0°F = —18°C, 32°F = 0°C (freezing-point) and 212°F = 100°C
(boiling-point). Normal body temperature is 98.4°F.
To convert degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Centigrade, we
subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9.
Example 100°F
1 0 0 - 3 2 = 68
68 x 5 = 340
340 H- 9 = 37.7
.*. 100°F = 37.7°C
179
To convert from Centigrade into Fahrenheit, we multiply by 9,
divide by 5, and add 32.
Example 25°C
25 x 9 = 225
225 5 = 45
45 + 32 = 77
.\25°C = 77°F
U N IT 24
| Track 38 Unit 24.1 - Pulse
The pulse is the wave of distension produced in the arteries when

the left ventricle of the heart contracts and pumps blood into the
aorta, It is most easily felt where a large superficial artery crosses
a bone. The most convenient point is on the anterior surface of
the wrist, where the radial artery crosses the radius.
The pulse rate is the frequency of the heart beat. This can vary con
siderably. The normal pulse rate of some adults is as slow as 50 per
minute, and others as fast as 90 per minute: the average is said to
be 72. In the infant, the pulse rate can be as rapid as 140.
The pulse volume indicates the amount of blood in circulation,
and the propulsive power of the heart.
The pulse rhythm is normally even in time and force, but irregu
larities occur in health and in illness. In all cases where irregularit
ies are noted, the heart apex beat is counted. The apex beat can be
located in the fifth intercostal space about two inches to the left of
the sternum.
I Track 39 Unit 24.2 - Diagram of the thoracic cage
sternum
rib
intercostal space
heart apex
180

Austin, Crosfield - English For Nurses Podręcznik Dla Studentów I Pielęgniarek

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Austin, Crosfield - English For Nurses Podręcznik Dla Studentów I Pielęgniarek

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contents

Unit 1 Where Do You Work? 7

Nurse Smith Where do you work?

Male - anterior aspect

male - mężczyzna, osobnik

She has (she’s got) a pain in her leg.

DRILLS: POLITE REQUESTS

1 Raise your arm. 6 Open your mouth.

1 Roll your sleeve up. 5 Take your trousers off.

1 Stand up. 5 Sit up.

Look at the figure on p. 16 and complete the following sentences

He has a pain in his 1 ....................................................................

1 Ask the patient to co m e..................... and s i t ...............

1 Tell Mrs Smith to raise.................... right arm.

Jane Johnson works in a surgical ward in a London hospital. Jane

N egatives w ith do and does. Look at these sentences:

Jane works in a medical ward. Jane doesnt work in a medical

I go to work at 7 o’clock. I dont go to work at 7 o’clock.

Q uestions w ith do and does. Look at these sentences:

You do shift work. Do you do shift work?

She wants to go home now. Does she want to go home now?

I work in a surgical ward. —And Mary?

DRILL 2 Questions with do and does

Ask if Jane goes on duty at 7 a.m.

DRILL 3 Ask the patient

1 back 4 left arm 7 stomach 10 fingers

DRILL 4 Answer these questions

1 Does your chest hurt? Yes.

niggly - pot. czepialski

‘He’s a bit niggly because I confiscated a bottle of Scotch he’d smuggled

Som ething about verbs

1 The simple present tense is used for permanent truths,

Water freezes at 32° Fahrenheit.

It is used with such words as:

usually, generally, often, sometimes, frequently, rarely, never,

and such phrases as:

every day, every week, once a day, once a week,

2 The continuous present tense is used for actions which are

W hat are you doing? I’m writing a letter.

It is sometimes used with such words as:

now, still, at present, at the moment

Last year I studied medicine.

It is used with such words as:

DRILL 1 Simple Past

The doctor is doing a ward round. Yesterday —

1 Ask if Jane came on duty at 2 p.m.

DRILL 3 Present Continuous

We usually walk past the theatre. Today —

1 She usually works in the E.N.T. ward. This month —

Jane and Joan (b e)..................... both nurses. They (work)

A central sterile supply department is provided in most modern

Cheatles forceps are used for handling sterile instruments. They

The bandage tray contains a selection of bandages, adhesive strap­

Lister’s bandage scissors

The jar for used instruments contains a suitable disinfectant. Lysol

If stitches are to be removed, a pair of sterile suture scissors is added

M ichel’s clip-removing forceps

If a wound is to be explored, sterile ribbon gauze, a sterile wound

Lister’s curved sinus forceps

receiver (kidney dish)

[-t] C-d] [-id]

Look at these sentences, which are all in the present tense:

The basic equipment is obtained from the C.S.S.D.

The bandage tray contains a selection of bandages, adhesive strap

Disinfectants are toxic chemical substances which destroy micro