4.5.

SIMULATION OF UNIT OPERATIONS 203

220.0 400.0

200.0 Tube Side Tube Side

350.0
Shell Side Shell Side
180.0
300.0
Temperature (C)

160.0

Temperature (C)
140.0 250.0

120.0 200.0
100.0
150.0
80.0
100.0
60.0

40.0 50.0
xx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx 0.0 500000.0 1000000.0 1500000.0 2000000.0 2500000.0
Heat Flow (kJ/h) Heat Flow (kJ/h)
(a) E100 (b) E101

450.0

Tube Side
Shell Side
400.0
Temperature (C)

350.0

300.0

250.0

200.0
0.0 200000.0 400000.0 600000.0 800000.0 1000000.0 1200000.0 1400000.0

Heat Flow (kJ/h)

(c) E102

Figure 4.34. Temperature-heat flow profiles for the three exchangers in series (a) E100, (b) E101, and (c) E102.

4.5.6. Solids Handling

The commercial simulation programs were originally developed mainly for petro-
chemical applications, and none of them has a complete set of solids-handling
operations. Although models for filters, crystallizers, decanters, and cyclones are
present in most of the simulators, the designer may have to add user models for
operations such as
& Hoppers & Washers & Crushers and pulverizers
& Belt conveyors & Flocculators & Jet mills
& Elevators & Spray driers & Ball mills
& Pipe conveyors & Prill towers & Agglomerators
& Screw conveyors & Rotary driers & Granulators
& Kneaders & Rotary kilns & Tableting presses