Matter in our surroundings

CHAPTER 1

Matter: Anything that occupies space (has volume) and has mass.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICLES OF MATTER

1.) Particles of matter are extremely small.

2.) Particles of matter have space between them.

3.) Particles of matter attract each other.

4.) Particles of matter are continuously moving.

STATES OF MATTER

Packing of particles and Forces of attraction

1.) In solids, the constituent particles are very closely packed. Hence, the interparticle forces are the
strongest. These forces hold the constituent particles together. That is why solids have a definite
shape and fixed volume.

The particles of solids are very closely packed, i.e., spacing between the constituent particles is
extremely small; therefore, they cannot be compressed. That is why, solids possess rigidity.

2.) In liquids, the particles are less closely packed. Hence the interparticle forces of attraction are not
as strong as those in solids. However, these forces are not strong enough to keep them in fixed
positions. The particles can slip and slide over each other. That is why liquids do not have a definite
shape but have a fixed volume.

As the particles cannot remain in fixed positions, therefore, liquids possess fluidity.

3.) In gases, the interparticle space is very large, interparticle forces are the weakest. Thus, the
particles of a gas are completely free to move about . That is why gases neither have definite shape
nor a fixed volume.

The particles have maximum interparticle space, hence gases are highly compressible. Gases possess
fluidity.
Differences between SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES.

PROPERTY SOLID LIQUID GAS

Packing of the The particles are very The particles are less The particles are free
particles closely packed. closely packed. to move about.

Interpaticle space Smallest . Larger than those in solids Largest.

but smaller than those in
gases.

Interparticle Strongest Weaker than those in solids Weakest.

forces of but stronger than those in
attraction gases.

Shape and volume Solids have a definite Liquids have a fixed volume Gases have neither a
shape as well as a but no definite shape. definite shape nor a
fixed volume. fixed volume.

Compressibility Solids are completely Liquids are almost Gases are highly
incompressible. incompressible. compressible.

Rigidity/ Fluidity Solids possess rigidity. Liquids possess fluidity. Gases possess
fluidity.

Kinetic energy of Their particles have Their particles have kinetic Their particles have
the particles minimum kinetic energy higher than those of highest kinetic
energy. solids. energy.

Density Solids have high The density of liquids is The gases have very
density. lower than those of solids low densities.
but higher than those of
gases.
Definitions:

BOILING POINT: The temperature at which a liquid changes into gaseous state at atmospheric
pressure.

MELTING POINT: The temperature at which a solid changes into liquid at atmospheric pressure.

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION: The amount of heat energy which is required to convert 1Kg of solid into
liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point.

LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURAISATION: The amount of heat energy required to convert 1Kg of liquid
into vapours at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

SUBLIMATION: The change of state directly from solid to vapour on heating, without changing into
liquid state or vice versa.

A few substances which sublime on heating are:

1.) Naphthalene

2.) Camphor

3.) Dry Ice

4.) Ammonium Chloride

5.) Anthracene

6.) Iodine crystals

EVAPORATION: The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its
boiling point.

Factors affecting the evaporation of liquids:

1.) SURFACE AREA: Increase in surface area, increase the rate of evaporation.

2.) TEMPERATURE: Increase in temperature, increase the rate of evaporation.

3.) WIND SPEED: Increase in wind speed, increase the rate of evaporation.

4.) HUMIDITY: Decrease in humidity, increase the rate of evaporation.

QUESTION AND ANSWERS:

Q.) Why does temperature remain constant during the change of state of any substance?

Ans. The temperature remains constant as the heat energy is utilised by the particles to overcome
their force of attraction without raising the kinetic energy.

Q.) How can you liquefy the atmospheric gases?

Ans. We can liquefy the atmospheric gases by the following ways:

1.) By increasing pressure.

2.) By decreasing temperature.

3.) By combination of both the above factors.

Q.) What is Dry ice? How is it obtained? Why it is known as dry ice?

Ans. Solid form of Carbon dioxide is known as Dry ice.

Dry ice is obtained by increasing the pressure and decreasing the temperature in Carbon dioxide
gas.

It is called dry ice as it does not wet the surface in which it is kept. Dry ice directly changes its state
from solid to gas, i.e. it sublimes. Hence it is known as dry ice.

Q.) At 00C, which is more effective in cooling, Ice or water? Explain.

Ans. At 00C, water has more energy in the form of Latent heat of fusion than ice.

When ice melts, it absorbs heat energy equal to latent heat of fusion. Hence ice is more
effective in cooling than water at 00C.

Q.) At 1000C, which causes more severe burns, Steam or water? Explain.

Ans. At 1000C, steam has more energy in the form of Latent heat of vaporisation than water.

When steam comes in contact of our skin, it condenses, releasing the heat energy
equal to Latent heat of vaporisation on the skin causing more severe burns than water at 1000C.

Q.) Why does water kept in earthen pot remain cool in summers?
Ans. Earthen pots are porous. Hence water seeps out. Evaporation of water takes place from the
outer surface of the pot taking the heat energy from the water kept in the pot, which causes cooling.

Q.) Why do we find water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice?

Ans. When the water vapour from air comes in contact with the cool glass, the vapours condense
and change into liquid state. Hence the condensed water vapours are seen as water droplets.

Q.) Why do we sprinkle water on our roof tops in summers?

Ans. When water is sprinkled on our roof tops, water evaporates taking the heat energy from the
roof top which causes cooling of the roof tops.

Q.) Why does our palm feel cool on putting a few drops of nail paint remover (Acetone) on it?

Ans. Acetone vaporises from our palm taking the heat energy from our palm making our palm feel
cool.

Q.) How do you separate the components of a mixture containing Ammonium Chloride and Chalk
Powder? Name the process and draw a neat and labelled diagram to show the technique.

Ans. Process: Sublimation.

Draw the diagram from the text book- page no 8, fig no 1.7

Q.) Why do we consider a wooden box as solid?

Ans. A wooden box is considered as solid because it has a definite shape and fixed volume. And a
wooden box is completely incompressible.