Unit Ii

AR3321 NON STRUCTURAL BUILDING ELEMENTS AND FINISHES
UNIT II STEEL, ALUMINIUM AND PVC/ UPVC DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS
Outline of steel, aluminium, PVC/UPVC material for doors, windows and ventilators. Comparing their
characteristics and context of use. Basic components for door/ window/ ventilator of different types typical
sections for outer and shutter frame, shutter material, hardware and fixtures, etc. Their joining and fixing
procedures, insect screens. Finishing materials and procedures. Sketches/models of the principles.
Understanding of product literature/shop drawings. Site visits with documentation in the form of sketches/
photos. Outline of specialised products such as steel rolling shutters.
IRON
Iron is the fourth most common element in Earth's crust (after oxygen, silicon, and aluminum), and the second
most common metal (after aluminum), but because it reacts so readily with oxygen it's never mined in its pure
form (though meteorites are occasionally discovered that contain samples of pure iron). Like aluminum, most
iron "locked" inside Earth exists in the form of oxides (compounds of iron and oxygen). Iron oxides exist in
seven main ores (raw, rocky minerals mined from Earth):
 Hematite (the most plentiful)
 Limonite (also called brown ore or bog iron)
 Goethite
 Magnetite (black ore; the magnetic type of iron oxide, also called lodestone)
 Pyrite
 Siderite
 Taconite (a combination of hematite and magnetite).
Different ores contain different amounts of iron. Hematite and magnetite have about 70 percent iron, limonite
has about 60 percent, pyrite and siderite have 50 percent, while taconite has only 30 percent. Using a
combination of deep mining (under the ground) and opencast mining (on the surface), the world produces
approximately 1000 million tons of iron ore each year, with China responsible for just over half of it.
R.Rajalakshmi Page 1
Types of iron
Pure iron is too soft and reactive to be of much real use, so most of the "iron" we tend to use for everyday
purposes is actually in the form of iron alloys: iron mixed with other elements (especially carbon) to make
stronger, more resilient forms of the metal including steel.
Broadly speaking, steel is an alloy of iron that contains up to about 2 percent carbon, while other forms of iron
contain about 2–4 percent carbon. In fact, there are thousands of different kinds of iron and steel, all
containing slightly different amounts of other alloying elements.
Pig iron
Basic raw iron is called pig iron because it's produced in the form of chunky molded blocks known as pigs. Pig
iron is made by heating an iron ore (rich in iron oxide) in a blast furnace: an enormous industrial fireplace,
shaped like a cylinder, into which huge drafts of hot air are introduced in regular "blasts". Blast furnaces are
often spectacularly huge: some are 30–60m (100–200ft) high, hold dozens of trucks worth of raw materials,
and often operate continuously for years at a time without being switched off or cooled down. Inside the
furnace, the iron ore reacts chemically with coke (a carbon-rich form of coal) and limestone.
The coke "steals" the oxygen from the iron oxide (in a chemical process called reduction), leaving behind a
relatively pure liquid iron, while the limestone helps to remove the other parts of the rocky ore (including
clay, sand, and small stones), which form a waste slurry known as slag. The iron made in a blast furnace is an
alloy containing about 90–95 percent iron, 3–4 percent carbon, and traces of other elements such as silicon,
manganese, and phosphorus, depending on the ore used. Pig iron is much harder than 100 percent pure iron,
but still too weak for most everyday purposes.
Cast iron
Cast iron is simply liquid iron that has been cast: poured into a mold
and allowed to cool and harden to form a finished structural shape,
such as a pipe, a gear, or a big girder for an iron bridge. Pig iron is
actually a very basic form of cast iron, but it's molded only very
crudely because it's typically melted down to make steel. The high
carbon content of cast iron (the same as pig iron—roughly 3–4
percent) makes it extremely hard and brittle: large crystals of carbon
embedded in cast iron stop the crystals of iron from moving about.
Cast iron has two big drawbacks: first, because it's hard and brittle,
it's virtually impossible to shape, even when heated; second, it rusts
relatively easily. It's worth noting that there are actually several
different types of cast iron, including white and gray cast irons
(named for the coloring of the finished product caused by the way the carbon inside it behaves). One of the
world's most famous iron buildings, the Capitol in Washington, DC has a dome made of 4,041,146kg
(8,909,200 pounds) of cast iron.
Wrought iron
Cast iron assumes its finished shape the moment the liquid iron
alloy cools down in the mold. Wrought iron is a very different
material made by mixing liquid iron with some slag (leftover
waste). The result is an iron alloy with much lower carbon content.
Wrought iron is softer than cast iron and much less tough, so you
can heat it up to shape it relatively easily, and it's also much less
prone to rusting.
However, relatively little wrought iron is now produced
commercially, since most of the objects originally produced from it
are now made from steel, which is both cheaper and generally of more consistent quality. Wrought iron is
what people used to use before they really mastered making steel in large quantities in the mid-19th century.
How steel is used in buildings and infrastructure

The possibilities for using steel in buildings and infrastructure are limitless. The most common applications
are listed below.
For buildings
 Structural sections: these provide a strong, stiff
frame for the building and make up 25% of the steel
use in buildings.
 Reinforcing bars: these add tensile strength and
stiffness to concrete and make up 44% of steel use in
buildings. Steel is used because it binds well to
concrete, has a similar thermal expansion coefficient
and is strong and relatively cost-effective. Reinforced
concrete is also used to provide deep foundations and basements and is currently the world’s primary
building material.
 Sheet products: 31% is in sheet products such as roofing, purlins, internal walls, ceilings, cladding,
and insulating panels for exterior walls.
 Non-structural steel: steel is also found in many non-structural applications in buildings, such as
heating and cooling equipment and interior ducting.
 Internal fixtures and fittings such as rails, shelving and stairs are also made of steel.
For infrastructure
 Transport networks: steel is required for bridges, tunnels, rail track and in constructing buildings such
as fuelling stations, train stations, ports and airports. About 60% of steel use in this application is as
rebar and the rest is sections, plates and rail track.
 Utilities (fuel, water, power): over 50% of the steel used for this application is in underground
pipelines to distribute water to and from housing, and to distribute gas. The rest is mainly rebar for
power stations and pumping houses.
Steel sections
Steel is used to a large extent in modern multi-storeyed buildings. Construction in steel work is more
economical for buildings which are more than ten storeys in height. Generally a framework of heavy steel
sections is erected to take all loads and partitions or walls are built of other constructional materials.
Structural steel and concrete combination may be used in building work. A typical example would be to have
columns of structural steel and flooring systems of reinforced concrete. Due to ease in erection and heavy
loads which structural steel can take, it is commonly adopted for factory buildings.
Sections used
Various types of sections and shapes are used for building work. Most of them are made by rolling. The white
hot ingot of steel is reduced ruder the action of a steam hammer or in a cogging mill from where 0rese are
taken to the finishing rolls. Plate sections are formed by passing and repassing the metal through the rolls till
the desired thickness is obtained other sections are made with the aid of cylindrical rolls having
circumferential grooves which give the required shape to the metal. The common types of sections used in
structural steel work are shown in Figs. l8.l to 18.22 and are described below.
Plates: Plates may be of any size or thickness but generally they are not rolled to thicknesses less than 5 mm
and greater than 30 mm. The maximum area of a rolled plate is limited to 30 sq m. Larger plates have a
tendency to be thicker at the centre than around the edges. Plates lesser than 4 mm in thickness are denoted
as sheets. Sometimes plates are marked with different patterns which may be pressed into them, e.g.,
checkered plates. Common uses of plates in building construction are as webs and flanges of deep beams,
column flanges, column bases, etc.
Flats: These are rolled as in the case of plates, but are much longer in lengths and have shorter widths. The
widths vary from l8 mm to 50 mm the minimum and maximum thicknesses vary from 3 mm to 80 mm. Flats
are costlier than plates but are put to a considerable use in building construction. Flat section may have one
rounded side with greater thickness than the remaining section and this is called bulb ball. These are used
only in specific instances.
Angles: Angle sections are the most commonly used in different components of a steel framed building. Indian
Standard Specifications lay down the sizes of angle sections. Most common types are angles with equal legs
and with unequal legs. The equal angles vary from 20 mm x 20 mm to 200 mm to 200 mm in size and 3 mm to
5 mm in thickness. The term 20 mm x 20 mm denotes that the widths of legs are 20 mm overall. Unequal
angles vary in size from 20 mm x 30 mm to 220 mm x 100 mm and thickness from 4 mm to 20 mm. Special
angles with a square toe, round backed, acute, square root and bulb types are also available. These are used to
a limited extent in special constructional features.
T-Sections: These are used for roof trusses and for certain built up columns. They are designated by the width
of the stem, width of the table and by the thickness. The standard sizes vary from 40 mm x 40 mm to 150 mm
x 150 mm with thicknesses from 6 mm to 8 mm. Special T-Sections with bulbs etc. are also used to some
extent.
Channels: Channels are used for beams, columns and other small jobs. They are designated by the depth,
flange width and weight per unit length. The size varies from 50 mm x 75 mm x 3 kg to 420 mm x 100 mm x
30 kg. Whenever stronger channels of lesser depth are required, these are specially cast with greater
thicknesses than given by the Standards.
Joists: Rolled Steel Joists or I-Sections are most commonly used for beams and columns. They are denoted by
the flange width, overall depth and weight per metre run.
Miscellaneous sections: Z-Sections, rail-sections, troughs, bars etc. are used 1o a limited extent in steel work
for a building. The British Standard lays down the basic properties of structural steel. Two qualities of steel
are specified.
No. I quality: Steel made by the Open-Hearth Process or Acid-Bessemer process. Sulphur and Phosphorus
contents not exceeding 0.06 per cent.
No, 2 quality: This is similar to No. I with the addition of copper from 0.2 to 0.5 per cent.
Some common types of steel that are used for building constructions
Rebar Steel
More commonly known as reinforcing steel, this type of steel is
used as a tension device for reinforced concrete or reinforced
masonry structure. It is created out of carbon steel, with ridges
given to it for mechanical anchoring in a better way in the
concrete. It holds the concrete into compression, and it is
available in various types of grades, which are usually found in
varying specifications in yield strength, vital tensile strength,
chemical composition, and elongation percentage. It provides
resistance, durability and aesthetic resistance with local
resistance and stiffness that spreads through a wide area that other types of steel aren’t usually equipped in. It
has immense expansion potential and comes in various sizes depending on the country and construction. With
its recyclable tendencies, rebar is proven to be very useful. The grades and specifications provide varied types
in rebar as well, for instance, there is plain steel wire that is used for concrete reinforcement, aside from
epoxy coated steel bars for reinforcement, plain bars and rail steel deformed bars, steel and zinc coated bars,
low-alloy steel, stainless steel, axel steel, welded deformed steel, fabricated deformed steel bar mats,
chromium, low carbon steel bars etc.
Plain Carbon Steel

Carbon steel or plain-carbon steel, is a metal alloy. It is a combination of two elements, iron and carbon.
Other elements are present in quantities too small to affect its properties. The only other elements allowed in
plain-carbon steel are: manganese (1.65% max), silicon (0.60% max), and copper (0.60% max). Steel with a
low carbon content has the same properties as iron, soft but easily formed. With more carbon the metal
gains hardness and strength but becomes less ductile and more difficult to weld. Higher carbon content lowers
steel's melting point and its temperature resistance in general.
Typical compositions of carbon are:
 Mild (low carbon) steel: approximately 0.3% carbon content with up to 0.4% manganese
content (e.g. AISI 1018 steel). Less strong but cheap and easy to shape; surface hardness can be
increased through carburizing.
 Medium carbon steel: approximately 0.30% to 0.45% carbon content with 0.60 to 1.65% manganese
content (e.g. AISI 1040 steel). Balances ductility and strength and has good wear resistance; used for
large parts, forging and car parts.
 High carbon steel: approximately 0.45% to 0.75% carbon content with 0.30 to 0.90% manganese
content. Very strong, used for springs and high-strength wires.
 Very high carbon steel: upto 1.5% carbon content specially processed to produce specific atomic and
molecular micro structures.
Structural Steel
Structural steel shapes are made out of this kind of steel, which is formed out of a precise cross section, at the
same time it follows definite standards for mechanical properties and chemical composition. Structural steel
comes in various shapes like I-Beam, Z shape, HSS shape, L shape (angle), structural channel (C-beam, cross
section), T shaped, Rail profile, bar, rod, plate, open joist of web steel etc. Standard structural steel varies in
different countries with different specifications. For example, European I-beam is Euronorm 19-57; structural
steel in USA comes in carbon, low alloy, corrosion resistant high strength low alloy, quenched and tempered
alloy steel etc. Structural steel is ductile, strong, durable, and it can be morphed into almost any shape based
on the construction; it can be constructed almost immediately the moment it is received at the construction
site. Structural steel is fire resistant in itself but fire protection should be provided in case there is a possibility
of it getting heated up to a point where it starts to lose its strength. Corrosion must be prevented when it
comes to structural steel, but tall buildings are known to have withstood various kinds of calamities when
built using structural steel.
Flat Sections: Flat sections are the most versatile steel section as they can
be joined to another segment as a reinforcing device. In some cases, they
can be attached to another section as a strengthening tool. They are also
often referred to as ‘plates’ (for example, checker plates).
Hollow Sections: Circular

Hollow Sections have empty
cylindrical cross segments and
have a lot higher protection
from torsion that decreased
flange beams. Thickness of the
walls is uniform around the
whole circle which makes these pillars strong for use with multi-axis loading applications. Like round
hollow sections however they are rectangular cross sections also. They are extremely well known in
numerous mechanical and construction steel applications. These sections are mainly used for light weight
bearing posts and columns. These are unacceptable for pillars as their shapes are characteristically hard to
rush into different shapes and where there are heavy loads are transferred to them. They are otherwise
called box sections.
Universal Beam: Universal beams is also called as I-beams or H-

beams, are formed like their namesake, an 'I' when standing
upstanding, and an 'H' on their side. Universal beams are typically
made of structural steel and are used in construction and
structural building, among different ventures.
Universal beam consists of

three parts namely one web
and two flanges. The horizontal elements of a beam is known as
flanges, while the vertical elements is called the web. The web resists
shear forces while the flanges resist most of the bending moment. The
longer the web, the more force it can stand up and down, the wider the
flanges, the more side to side movement the beam can withstand.
Parallel Flange Channels: These

diverted beams are U-shaped with right angled corners, somewhat like
a stick of staples. They come in a wide range of sizes, be that as it may,
the different sides are consistently a similar length and are parallel to
one another. They likewise offer a high strength to weight ratio and
have comparable uses to angled sections.
Tapered Flange Beams

Taper flange beams come in an I-shaped and are also
available in a vast variety of sizes. In construction, these are
often used as cross-sections for girders. Though they have a
particularly resistance ratio, it is not usually recommended
when pressure is present along the length as they are not
torsion (twisting) resistant.
Angled Sections
Angled structural steel sections can come as
either equal or unequal. Both will be right
angled, however, unequal sections have
different sized axis’ making them L-shaped. This
kind of section is much stronger (up to 20%)
with a much higher strength to weight ratios.
Angled sections are used in residential construction, infrastructure, mining and transport. Also, they are
available in a wide range of lengths and sizes.
Gusset Joint
A gusset plate is a thick sheet of steel used for joining structural steel components. Gusset plates are
thick sheets of steel that are used to connect beams and girders to columns or to connect truss
members, which are fastened to the members by bolts, rivets or welding or a combination of the three. The
gusset plates serves as both a method of joining the steel together and of adding strength and support to
each joint. A gusset joint connects bracing members using gusset plates. The number of bracing members
that can be enabled can vary from one to three.
Definition of pressed steel

Steel parts made by shaping steel sheet between dies in a mechanical or
hydraulic press. Pressed steel is basically a factory made form of steel product,
as it is pressed against a die to its shape and finished to required accuracy.
However for using them when in contact with water a zinc coat is applied.
What is Mild Steel?
Mild steel is a form of carbon steel, which
is an alloy of iron and carbon. This steel
has around 0.05-0.25% carbon by weight.
The synonyms for mild steel include low
carbon steel and plain-carbon steel. The cost of this steel type is low.
Moreover, it has many favourable properties for many applications.
Due to the low carbon content, mild steel is softer than other forms of
carbons steels. And also, the strength of this steel is low. These
properties provide mild steel with some additional features such as high malleability and high ductility.
Mild steel has a low tensile strength. However, it is cheap and easy to produce. Carburizing is useful to
increase the surface hardness of the steel. It is a heat treatment process in which the steel absorbs carbon
from the surrounding (charcoal or carbon monoxide should be there in the surrounding) when heating the
steel. The high amount of iron in mild steel makes it magnetic. However, if the steel has no proper coating,
it undergoes rusting very easily.
Its structural strength prevents it from being used to create load-bearing girders and structural beams.
Many of the everyday objects that are created of steel are made using mild steel, including automobile
chassis, motorcycle frames, and most cookware. Due to its poor corrosion-resistance, it must be painted or
otherwise protected and sealed in order to prevent rust from damaging it. A light coat of oil or grease is
able to seal this steel and aid in rust control.
Unlike high-carbon steel, mild steel is easily welded. The properties of the steel allow the electrical current
to travel through the metal without distorting the makeup of the material. Some types of high-carbon steel,
such as stainless steel, require special techniques in order to properly weld the material. Being less brittle
than high-carbon steels, the mild variant is able to flex and give in construction projects where a higher-
carbon version could simply break.
Most of the pipeline in the world is created using mild steel. This allows the pipe to not only be easily
welded into place, but also lets the pipeline flex and avoid cracking and breaking under pressure. The
corrosive properties of the steel pipeline mean that it must be properly sealed through painting or a
process often used on pipelines that involves wrapping the pipe with a corrosive-resistant material
What is Galvanized Iron?

Galvanized iron is either iron or steel that has a protection coating, a
zinc coat on the surface of the steel, to avoid rusting. This zinc coat
acts in three ways to protect the iron or steel;
Zinc coat prevents corrosive substances from reaching iron or steel
surface. It acts as a sacrificial anode (even if the zinc coat is
damaged, the exposed iron is safe).Iron undergoes corrosion after
zinc.
Figure 02: Galvanized Anchor Rods
The common method of galvanizing is hot-dip galvanizing; that is, dipping the iron sheet in a molten zinc
bath. But in automobiles, a thin layer of zinc coat is applied via electro-galvanizing. However, galvanized
iron or steel is not suitable for outdoor applications where the iron experiences constant expose to water,
air and acids. In situations like this, stainless steel is preferable than galvanized iron.
There are a wide range of uses for this type of iron, which comes in pipes, stakes, sheeting, and wire, among
other formats. Many hardware and home supplies carry galvanized iron products and may be willing to cut
pieces to custom sizes by request.
Introduction - Non-structural elements

Non-structural elements are those elements within a building that are not considered to be part of either
the primary or secondary structural systems. Examples of non-structural elements include components
such as openings (doors, windows, and ventilators), mechanical and electrical plant, ducting, pipe work,
cable trays, and suspended ceilings, light non-load bearing partitions, and cladding systems.
Non-structural building components using steel
Doors:
(a) Hollow metal door: They are made of furniture steel and are shaped as wooden doors in appearance.
The rails, styles and places where hinges, locks, etc., are fixed are strengthened by welding small T or I
Sections inside. The styles are filled with some insulating material so that there is not much noise when
they are opened or closed.
(b) Steel plate doors: Whenever a stronger door is needed, a framework of angle or channel steel
sections is built. On this, steel plates of required thickness are welded.
(c) Corrugated steel doors: A frame-work of angles and channels is built up with suitable bracings. On
this corrugated steel sheets are fixed vertically. If a stronger door is desired, an additional sheet can be
placed and the gap between the two being filled with asbestos or any other fire-proof material.
(d) Rolling shutter doors: These are commonly used, these days for entrance to the garages, show-rooms
and shops, where the doors width is large. They are available in varying widths, up to 6 m. The shutter rolls
up and causes no obstruction to the floor space. Their operation is also easy. They are sufficiently strong
and can be used in exposed situations.
(e) Collapsible door. The doors have the advantage that they do not require any frame or hinges to hang
upon. These metallic doors are made from small rolled steel channel sections and strips. They are fitted
with rollers at the bottom which slide in rails provided in the floor. When opened, they collapse to the
sides. They are normally provided at the entrance of residential buildings, godowns or public buildings.
Composite Door
Metal covered doors: They consist of cores of seasoned non-resinous timber covered with a tight fitting
sheet metal, e.g., furniture steel, galvanized steel, cold rolled copper sheet, bronze, tin and lead combination
(template), etc. The cores are made of two or three layers of 25 mm boards and about 200 mm wide. One
layer should be vertical and the other horizontal. The covering is made of 350 mm x 500 mm sheet
preferably with double joint. The three-ply doors are very strong and two-ply doors give a moderate
degree of protection. These doors and frames referred to as “steel” or “hollow metal”. Generally, architects
refer to them as “steel” and distributors and manufacturers say “hollow metal”.
Steel is very strong, and in its unaltered state, can withstand significant natural and man-made abuse.
Properly installed and maintained hollow metal doors often last 30 years or longer. When repairs are
necessary, they typically occur in the field at relatively low cost
Anatomy of a Door Opening

 Head (header): The horizontal member which forms
the top of a frame.
 Hinge jamb: The vertical frame member prepared for
hinges or pivots.
 Strike jamb: The vertical frame member prepared for
a strike.
 Light: A glazed opening.
 Door face: The exposed surface of the door not
including the vertical edges and top and bottom.
 Lock set: The hardware and components that make up
the locking or latching mechanism on a door.
 Strike plate: A metal plate affixed to a doorjamb with a
hole or holes for the bolt of the door. When the door is
closed, the bolt extends into the hole in the strike plate
and holds the door closed.
 Core :The material(s) in a hollow metal door or panel
 Face: Exposed part of the frame
 Throat :Opening between the backbends of the frame
 Jamb: depth Overall width of frame profile—face to face
dimension
 Stop: Part of frame door the closes against

 Rabbet :The area on either side of the soffit, available in a single or double rabbet design
 Soffit: The area between the rabbets
Steel Frame Door Types

Manufacturers use three different types of steel frame doors, including cold-rolled
steel, galvanized steel and stainless steel. The first one is used to manufacture door
panels. The second one is used when you need greater rust and corrosion
resistance. The third one is used in some areas with worse corrosion problems.
Stainless steel frame doors are primarily used in swimming pools, food service
areas, coastal areas, pharmaceutical areas and industrial areas.
Cold-rolled steel: The steel is processed further in cold reduction mills, where the
material is cooled (at room temperature) followed by annealing and/or tempers
rolling. This process will produce steel with closer dimensional tolerances and a
wider range of surface finishes.
Galvanized steel: galvanization is a manufacturing
process where a coating of zinc is applied to steel or
iron to offer protection and prevent rusting.
Stainless steel: stainless steel is made primarily
from iron and carbon in a two-step process.
Stainless steels are a family of ferrous alloys
containing less than 1.2% carbon and over 10.5%
chromium and are protected by a passive surface
layer of chromium and iron oxides and
hydroxides that protects them efficiently from corrosion.
Most steel frame doors are manufactured from 18 gauge materials. The
corresponding frame of the door is manufactured from 16 gauge steel. For
light duty applications, 20 gauge steel doors are also available. On the other
hand, heavy duty applications need 14 or 16 gauge doors with 14 or 12 gauge frames.
History of the gauge system
The gauge system has long history in metal fabrication. It most likely originated from the British wire
industry before the standard and metric measurement systems were widely adopted. At that time, gauges
were used to describe the diameter of the metal wire being drawn. Since then, it has remained a prevalent
method of designating the thickness of both wire and sheet metal. A sheet metal gauge (sometimes spelled
"gage") indicates the standard thickness of sheet metal for a specific material. As the gauge number
increases, the material thickness decreases.
Steel frames and doors are mostly available to easily accommodate fire listings. They can withstand fires
and extreme temperatures. However, the fire listings will be determined by the fire code and the location of
the steel door in the building.
Many different steel frame door types can be manufactured in various ways. Most of them can easily
accommodate high end, electrified hardware with specific modifications. Conduits can also be easily placed
inside the door for more strength.
Emerging Trends in the Industry
Improved finishes are one of the areas that have become more important. Many manufacturers focus on
creating broader and wider acceptance of steel frame door types. Traditionally, wood is chosen for its
aesthetic qualities. Similarly, aluminium has been famous for its decorative extrusions and anodized
finishes to achieve excellent architectural objectives.
As mentioned earlier, steel applications are related to utilitarian roots. In the last few years, advancements
in the industry have taken Steel Frame Door Types way beyond their standard origins to deliver
exceptional finishes, and versatile design options.
Finishes offered with steel frame and doors have constantly improved. From finish coats to primers and
application methods, everything has changed. Manufacturers have been constantly turning toward new
generation finishes and designs to improve both durability and appearance. Newer designs and finishes
even minimize atmospheric pollution.
Some other aesthetic features of various steel frame door types include bevelled or engraved glass designs.
They are tempered and insulated to meet various environmental and safety standard. They make it
possible to effortlessly incorporate logos and designs to make architectural statements.
In addition to Steel Frame Door Types, glass shapes also go beyond conventional half lites or narrow
shapes to full and modified glass, oval and other shapes. Such measures improve the functionality and
performance of steel doors.
Embossed panels in some high quality steel doors can offer the same effect as wood doors. However, you
will enjoy the additional stability of steel, and great security and safety protection. There are many
manufacturers who offer an engraining process. It presses authentic wood grain prints and designs into the
steel surface. Specially formulated primers are used for the finish.
Wood finished Steel Frame Door Types make it possible for manufacturers to meet fire cold and building
requirements without compromising design integrity. In recent years, all these factors have made various
steel frame door types extremely popular. Most homeowners prefer steel doors over other materials.
Commercial hollow metal doors can come in several different metal face thicknesses or gages. Hollow
metal doors also come with many options for the door core such as honeycomb or insulated cores.
1. Flush Hollow Metal Doors

Flush hollow metal doors have a smooth face on either side of the door. Flush hollow
metal doors are probably the most common elevation in commercial applications. It
provides security and insulation as well as a clean finished appearance. A flush door
can be fire rated up to 3 hours with the proper core material.
2. Hollow Metal Doors with Windows
Windows of various sizes can be cut into the door allowing light and visibility into a
space. Fire rated hollow metal doors will have certain restrictions for glass size.
Common elevations with windows, or lites, include the half glass door (G), full glass
(FG), narrow lite (N), and vision lite (V). Hollow metal doors can also
have louvers installed to allow air flow through the door.
3. Panelled Hollow Metal Doors
Hollow metal doors with panels are generally embossed on the face of the door. Embossed panels add an
aesthetically pleasing appearance to the opening. Hollow metal doors can have any number of panels,
depending on the manufacturer, but the 6-panel design is probably the most common. Embossed panels
can also be used together with cut into the door.
Fabrication
 Frames – both the fixed and opening frames shall be constructed of sections which have been cut to
length and mitered.
 The corners of fixed and opening frames shall be welded to form a solid fused welded joint
conforming to the requirements.
 All frames shall be square and flat.
 The process of welding adopted may be flash butt welding or any other suitable method which
gives the desired requirements.
Window:
Steel windows are built from bars of various profiles that are produced in
rolling mills by passing lengths of hot steel through pairs of rolls, a process
also used to make I-beams and railroad rails.
Due to the strength of the steel, windows made from this material can
have very slender sightlines. That means there’s a minimal amount of
framing material needed for structural integrity, so will get a cleaner look
with less framing and more glass. These windows are extremely durable,
and because of the steel frame and powder coating, they are resistant to
decay, weather, and fire. The different types of steel windows are as
under:
Steel Casement Windows:
The window frame can be side-hung, top-hung or
bottom hung (or a combination), therefore
permitting the window to be opened from different directions. Depending on the
direction of the swing, steel casement windows can be left-handed, right-handed
or double-handed.
They are currently the most sought after steel window frames type, due to their
narrow mullions and elegant design and construction. They provide the greatest
amount of air inflow and outflow. It can be found in many renovated and
residential buildings
Fixed Steel Windows:

Due to its fixed in nature, these
windows can neither be opened nor closed. Its main
purpose is to let light filter in, and this makes it suitable for
many commercial and residential buildings. A fixed steel
window frames can either be composed of a smaller pane or
large glass pane, divided by vertical and horizontal bars that
have strong intersecting joints.
Pivot Steel Windows:

These steel window frames have panels that rotate either horizontally or
vertically about the frame. The frame can be combined with several other
steel window frames including fixed frames.
This relatively inexpensive and low maintenance window frame can be
secured by locks which prevent it from
being opened from the outside. The
pivot frame is highly adaptable and can
be integrated into a standard build as
well as other concrete construction
details.
French Casement Steel Windows:

French casement steel window frames lack a centre mullion; therefore
it’s providing a clear view. They are hinged on the outside. It can be
either out-swings or in-swings.
Awning Steel Windows:

Awning steel window frames are very similar to their
hopper counterparts; the difference is that the hinges are
located at the top of the frame. This casement window
type therefore pivots vertically and outwards.
Hopper Steel
Windows:
Hopper steel window
frames are a casement
window type which
opens inside. They are bottom hinged and this allows them to pivot
vertically. They are often found in small spaces. This type of window
frame is found in a basement, apartment complex or a school.
Double Hung Steel Windows:

This sash window is made up of
two parts that slide up and down
the frame, creating a slight
overlap. Spring balances support
the vertical sliding windows, but there are no exposed fasteners or
balances.
Sliding windows, or gliding

windows: have sashes that glide left or
right in either direction in a single
frame, which allows for easy use. The
two-lite sliding window has two
independent sashes that slide left to
right, which allows for maximum
ventilation and makes cleaning a
breeze. The three-lite sliding window
configuration, typically a picture window, has two independent sashes on
either side of a fixed center sash.
Rolling shutter
 These doors are capable of being rolled up at the top easily.
 These doors are commonly used for the main entrance of shop garages, warehouses, showroom
doors etc.
 These doors are sufficiently strong and offer proper safety to glass and interiors when closed and
also provide safety against fire.
 Rolling steel door consists of a frame, a drum and the shutter of thin steel plates or iron sheets of
thickness about 1 mm and with very up to 6m.
 Steel guides are provided on the sides for the movement of
shutters.
 The door is counter balanced by means of helical spring
enclosed in the drum and hood of steel protects the drum from
the weather.
 The rolling shutters are classified into two types in respect of
their operation.
Type rolling shutters.

Pull push type: when the area is less than 10 square metre the door is
operated simply by applying pull or push. Such shuttles are called pull push.
Mechanical gear type: when area of the opening is greater than10 SQM.,
shutters are operated by a reduction gear, connecting rod and winding handle
or by means of chain pulley blocks then such that is a known as mechanical
gear rolling shutters.
Aluminum
Aluminium is a silvery-white metal, the 13 element in the periodic table. One surprising fact about
aluminium is that it's the most widespread metal on Earth, making up more than 8% of the Earth's core
mass. It's also the third most common chemical element on our planet after oxygen and silicon. At the same
time, because it easily binds with other elements, pure aluminium does not occur in nature. This is the
reason that people learned about it relatively recently.
Bauxite is a clay mineral comprising various modifications of aluminium hydroxide mixed with iron,
silicon, titanium, sulphur, gallium, chromium, vanadium oxides, as well as sulphuric calcium, iron and
magnesium carbonates. On the average 4-5 tonnes of bauxite are needed to produce 1 tonne of aluminium.
Aluminum manufacture is accomplished in two phases: the Bayer process of refining the bauxite ore to
obtain aluminum oxide, and the Hall-Heroult process of smelting the aluminum oxide to release pure
aluminum.
The main reasons for aluminum’s widespread application are its combination of properties:
 Lightweight: Almost three times lighter than iron.
 Durable: Almost as durable as steel.
 Ductile: Extremely flexible and easily processed using pressure when hot or cold.
 Corrosion-resistant: Its surface is protected by an extremely thin yet very
strong layer of aluminium oxide.
 Non-magnetic.
 Excellent conductivity.
 Fire-resistant.
 Non-toxic.
 Bonds with other elements relatively easily, enabling the formation of a wide variety
of aluminium alloys.
 Re-usable: Aluminium and its alloys can be melted down and reused without any impact on their
mechanical properties. Estimates suggest that around 75% of all aluminium produced is still in
use in some form.
Applications of Aluminium
The properties of the various aluminium alloys has resulted in aluminium being used in industries as
diverse as transport, food preparation, energy generation, packaging, architecture, and electrical
transmission applications. Some examples of the areas where aluminium is used are given in the following
sections
Packaging of Aluminium
Corrosion resistance and protection against UV light combined with moisture and odour containment plus
the fact that aluminium is non-toxic and will not leach or taint the products has resulted in the widespread
use of aluminium foils and sheet in food packaging and protection.
The most common use of aluminium for packaging has been in aluminium beverage cans. Aluminium cans
now account for around 15% of the global consumption of aluminium.
Transport of Aluminium
After the very earliest days of manned flight, the excellent strength to weight ratio of aluminium has made
it the prime material for the construction of aircraft.
These same properties of aluminium mean various alloys are now also used in passenger and freight rail
cars, commercial vehicles, military vehicles, ships & boats, buses & coaches, bicycles and increasingly in
motor cars. The sustainable nature of aluminium with regards to corrosion resistance and recyclability has
helped drive the recent increases in demand for aluminium vehicle components.
Marine Applications of Aluminium

Aluminium plate and extrusions are used extensively for the superstructures of ships. The use of these
materials allows designers to increase the above waterline size of the vessel without creating stability
problems. The weight advantage of aluminium has allowed marine architects to gain better performance
from the available power by using aluminium in the hulls of hovercraft, fast multi-hulled catamarans and
surface planning vessels.
Building and Architecture

Aluminium use in buildings covers a wide range of applications. The applications include roofing, foil
insulation, windows, cladding, doors, shop fronts, balustrade, architectural hardware and guttering.
Aluminium is also commonly used as the in the form of tread plate and industrial flooring.
Foils
Aluminium is produced in commercial foils as thin as 0.0065 mm (or 6.5 µm). Material thicker than 0.2mm
is called sheet or strip.
Aluminium foil is impervious to light, gases, oils and fats, volatile compounds and water vapour. These
properties combined with high formability, heat and cold resistance, non-toxicity, strength and reflectivity
to heat and light mean aluminium foil is used in many applications. These applications include:
 Pharmaceutical packaging
 Food protection and packaging
 Insulation
 Electrical shielding
 Laminates
Other Applications of Aluminium

The above applications account for approximately 85% of the aluminium consumed annually. The
remaining 15% is used in applications including:
 Ladders
 High pressure gas cylinders
 Sporting goods
 Machined components
 Road barriers and signs
 Furniture
 Lithographic printing plates
Typical Forms Available

Aluminium is typically supplied in the following forms:
 Round bar
 Square bar
 Square box section
 Rectangular box section
 Channel
 Tee section
 Equal angle
 Unequal angle
 Flat Bar
 Tube
 Sheet
 Stucco Sheet
 Plate
 Tread plate
Aluminium extrusions
Aluminum extrusion is almost everywhere these days. From doors to appliances, railings to windows &
doors. Aluminum extrusions provide diverse solutions for a wide range of machinery and equipment
requirements. The capability for executing shapes, together with low maintenance, lightweight and high
strength; makes extrusions vital components of the equipment.
With exceptional thermal and electrical conductivity, unrestricted configurations range and non-magnetic
abilities, aluminum extrusion provides help to a wide range of applications pertaining to electronic and
electrical equipment.
Extrusion is increasingly becoming famous as a critical component in solar power units – due to be
photovoltaic (PV).Whether for trucks, buses, rail, trailers, autos, and engineers are speedily turning
towards aluminum extrusions for improving fuel economy, enhance performance and increase load-
carrying capacity.
Construction principles and procedures for non-structural building components:
As the extraction process is relatively expensive, aluminium was generally not used in construction until
the early-20th century. In the 1920s, it began to be used primarily for decorative detailing and Art
Deco structures. In the 1930s, a breakthrough was achieved when the Empire State
Building used aluminium for much of its interior structures and its famous spire. Subsequently, it began to
be used for roofing, flashing, wall panels, spandrels, and so on.
Pure aluminum is a low-strength metal and consequently not suitable for building applications but thanks
to the addition of alloying elements such as copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc etc. and thanks to specific
production processes, it changes its physical and mechanical properties to meet requirements of a large
number of applications.
Today, aluminium is the second most used metal in buildings after steel. Because of its
ductility, aluminium can be formed into many shapes and profiles. Aluminium wall cladding systems are
commonly used for building exteriors, with large wall panels requiring fewer joints, resulting in time-
efficient installation. Some of the most common applications for aluminium are:
 Long-span roof systems covering large areas such as halls and auditoriums.
 Structures located in inaccessible places where the economy of transport and ease
of installation are important, such as electrical transmission towers.
 Structures in corrosive or humid environments, such as swimming pools, bridges, hydraulic
Structures, offshore superstructures, and so on.
 Structures with moving sections, such as moving bridges.
 Aluminum is used in external facades, roofs and walls, in windows and doors, in staircases, railings,
shelves, and other several applications.
Aluminium Doors
Aluminium is the material that is also used presently in
glass curtain walls and store-fronts. Apart from strength
and durability, it is not affected by moisture and-
shrinkage or swelling due to random sun exposure or
change in moisture content. The anodized or painted
finish on aluminium is virtually permanent. Aluminium
windows require almost no maintenance.
The malleability (capable of being shaped) and flexibility

of aluminium are perhaps the most important reason for its extensive use as a window material. Because of
its malleability, aluminium can be extruded into complex cross sections, which are specially designed to
facilitate the structuring of the window. For example, continuous round, hollow intrusions, which are
referred to as screw splines are commonly provided in aluminium cross sections to join horizontal and
vertical frame members.
The flexibility of aluminium allows the use of Snap-On carving, whereby two separate aluminium sections
can be joined together without any fasteners. For example, in aluminium windows and curtain walls,
glazing stops are simply snapped on (no need for adding screws or any other fastening material).
Additionally, two aluminium windows can be effortlessly snap-connected by using mating mullion profiles
to provide a larger window with a common mullion without the use of fasteners.
Aluminium windows are installed in both commercial and residential building. They can reduce the
intrusion of noise better than other types of window, and therefore they are widely used in schools,
hospitals, etc. Properly joined Aluminium assembly hardly leaves any air gaps for sound to travel which
normally happens with wooden windows.
Sliding window
PVC/UPVC
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sometimes known as ‘vinyl’, is a
plastic material that has widespread use in building,
transport, electrical, healthcare and packaging. PVC
(polyvinyl chloride) is thermoplastic composed of 57%
chlorine (obtained from industrial grade salt) and 43%
carbon (obtained mainly from oil/gas via ethylene).
PVC or polyvinyl chloride is one of the most versatile

choices for various applications in many areas, including
construction industry. PVC pipes are inherently strong,
lightweight, flexible, easy to handle and economic. Along with all these qualities, their long-lifespan and
recyclability make them the prime economic option for residential as well as commercial building construction
projects.
P VC is the most used plastic material for building and construction products such as pipes, cables, window
profiles, flooring and roofing. PVC makes a major contribution to the quality, safety and cost-effectiveness of
construction materials, as well as contributing to lower environmental impacts of completed projects.
Manufacturing process
PVC is derived from common salt (chlorine) and carbon (predominantly from oil or gas). There are five basic
steps in the PVC manufacturing process:
1. The extraction of salt and hydrocarbons.
2. The production of ethylene and chlorine from salt and hydrocarbons.
3. The mixing of chlorine and ethylene to produce vinyl chloride monomer.
4. The polymerisation of vinyl chloride monomer to produce PVC.
5. The blending of PVC polymers with other materials such as plasticisers.
What is UPVC?
An UPVC stand for un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride.UPVC is used as an alternative for wood in the building
industry and is employed in double-glazed window frames and window sills. It is one of the most versatile
materials that can be manufactured in various colours. It can also be made in such a way that it looks like other
materials, such as wood, metal, etc.
 It is strong and cost-effective.
 It is resistant to chemical and termite attacks.
 UPVC piping is less popular than PVC piping. However, it has a smooth surface inside which does not
cause hindrance to the water flow.
 UPVC is recyclable and can be remade with a design at high temperatures.
 UPVC does not shrink or change under harsh weather conditions. It is ideal for window and door frames.
UPVC windows and doors consume less energy than wooden and metal windows/doors
 It has good insulation properties which makes them environmentally friendly.
 Extremely low in maintenance
What is PVC?
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is thermoplastic composed of 57% chlorine (obtained from industrial grade salt) and
43% carbon (obtained mainly from oil/gas via ethylene). It is one of the most widely used plastics in the world.
It is commonly used as a replacement for copper and aluminum pipes but not used for window frames.
 It is an incredibly versatile and flexible material.
 It is less durable compared to UPVC.
 It is resistant to oxidation, oil, and a number of chemicals. It also withstands sunlight and flame.
 PVC is used for unheated water. It is more suitable for cold water systems.
 PVC can be used in a number of applications, including pipes, recreational use/building, drainage
systems, cable insulations, toys, etc.
 It is not very expensive and affordable.
 It is a biodegradable material that has less impact on the environment.
 Only 1 percent of PVC is recyclable, unlike UPVC.
What is CPVC?
CPVC stands for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride. It is also known as PVC’s cousin as they possess many similar
properties. It is produced through a chlorination process of PVC resin.
 It is lightweight and resistant to corrosion and tuberculation.
 It is suitable for hot water applications. It can handle a temperature of 200F.
 It is used for industrial liquid handling.
 CPVC pipes have a soft surface inside which makes it easier to carry water to distant places.
 It performs and sustains well in a tough situations.
 It is energy efficient.
 Easy to handle and install.
Applications -Construction
PVC has extensive use in a construction products. Its strong, lightweight, durable and versatile characteristics
make it ideal for products such as window profiles and its flexibility, flame retardant and electrical insulation
properties make it ideal for cabling applications. Examples of PVC construction products include:
 Window and door profiles and conservatories.
 Pipes and fittings.
 Power, data and telecoms wiring and cables.
 Internal and external cladding.
 Cable and ducting.
 Roofing membranes.
 Flooring.
 Wall coverings.
Benefits of PVC pipes in construction

1. Strength: PVC pipes are strong and hardy pipes. Along with good mechanical strength they have high
abrasion resistance.
2. Lightweight: It’s one of the biggest advantages of PVC pipes compared to alternative materials used for
piping. Less weight means lower cost of transportation and lower labour charges. At the same time, the
work goes faster as a single person can handle a large piece of pipe easily.
3. Variety of sizes: PVC pipes are in a wide range of diameters and sizes to meet every construction needs.
4. Leak-proof joints: PVC pipes and fittings are completely leak-proof settings without any hassles at all.
5. Flexibility: PVC pipes are flexible to use for every domestic requirement that have superior resistance
to fracture, outdoor pipe for external installation or concealed wiring, pipes to carry hot/cold water,
piping solutions for underground applications where soil movement of vibrations .
6. Easy to install: The common factor in each of these lightweight PVC pipes is that they’re super easy to
install. You can cut, weld or join them easily in required shape and still expect the same performance as
ever.
7. Long lifespan with zero maintenance: PVC pipes have expected service life of over 50 years with
minimal to zero cost of maintenance.
8. Non-toxic, safe material: Chemical inertness of PVC ensures it’s safe and non-toxic material for
transporting drinking water.
9. Fire resistant: PVC pipes are not flammable and don’t continue to burn without an external source of
ignition.
10. Corrosion resistant: Unlike the alternative pipe materials, PVC doesn’t get corroded when exposed to
harsh chemicals or UV rays. This makes them perfect choice as drainage/SWR pipes, outdoor plumbing
solutions etc.
Difference between PVC and UPVC

PVC and Unplasticized PVC material are both constructed of Polyvinyl Chloride, but they have distinct qualities
and are thus suited for various uses. Some of the differences are below:
 Manufacturing Stage: Because of the stiff structure of the polymer, Polyvinyl Chloride is often highly
robust and sturdy. Plasticizing polymers are added to Polyvinyl Chloride during the manufacturing
process to make them more flexible. Contrary to common assumptions, plasticizing polymers are not
used in the production of UPVC. As a result, UPVC is hard and less flexible than Polyvinyl Chloride.
 Application: Plumbing is the major use for both PVC and UPVC. In plumbing, irrigation, and pool
circulation systems, Polyvinyl Chloride is frequently used as an alternative to aluminum or copper.
Because it is not hard, it may be readily cut to appropriate lengths and glued together. Aside from
plumbing, UPVC is employed in heavy-duty water transport and the building sector. It has high tensile
strength and is chemical and corrosion-resistant.
 Durability: Both materials are meant to be long-lasting. UPVC, on the other hand, is more durable than
Polyvinyl Chloride.
 Disposal: Both are made from non-biodegradable substances. UPVC, on the other hand, is recyclable
and may be remodelled into new things at very high temperatures.
 Safety and Risks: Because UPVC does not contain plasticizers like BPA or phthalates, they are usually
considered safe. Polyvinyl Chloride-coated wires, on the other hand, are a health concern when exposed
to fire because HCl vapours are produced. When the plasticizers used in Polyvinyl Chloride leak out,
they have an impact on the environment.
Difference between UPVC and CPVC

The fundamental difference between UPVC and CPVC is that the former is produced without the use of
plasticizers, whereas the latter is produced with the use of plasticizers and is also chlorinated. The following are
some of the most glaring differences:
 Manufacturing Process: Polyvinyl Chloride without plasticizers is referred to as UPVC (they are not
used in the manufacturing process). Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride is a thermoplastic substance made
from polyvinyl chloride that has been chlorinated.
 Mechanical characteristics: UPVC is a material that is robust, durable, transparent, and long-lasting. It
has a lot of strength and speed. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride is a more adaptable material. It has
mechanical qualities that are extremely comparable to UPVC at room temperature. This is also a
material with excellent mechanical properties. These properties are retained in the case it is processed
at greater temperatures.
 Chemical characteristics: Chemically aggressive and corrosive fluids have little effect on UPVC. It has
great weathering resistance and demonstrates strong resistance to acids, bases, and salts. Aromatic and
chlorinated solvents, esters, and ketones are not resistant to it. It’s non-conductive and flammable to a
lesser extent. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride is more resistant to heat. The temperature resistance of
UPVC is roughly 65 degrees Celsius, while Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride is around 95 degrees Celsius.
 Installation: Transporting and installing the materials is simple and light. The flexibility of Chlorinated
Polyvinyl Chloride makes the procedure even easier.
 Application: The low-maintenance qualities of UPVC make it a popular choice in the construction
business. In the chemical processing sector, shipbuilding, and other industries, it’s also employed as a
non-drinkable supply and drainage system. Water plumbing can also be accomplished using Chlorinated
Polyvinyl Chloride.
The characteristics and context of use for steel, Aluminium and PVC/UPVC/CPVC materials is based on the
following factors:
1. Material
2. Durability
3. Design
4. Eco-Friendliness
5. Level of Maintenance
Specification of PVC door & uPVC window

The 30 mm thick factory made moulded PVC
door (Wood free) shall be fabricated in
accordance with design requirement and detailed
as per drawing, in conformity with the
requirements of this specification.
Feature: Feature of moulded PVC door are as

follows:
1. 100% Water Proof
2. Dimensionally stable
3. Acid/Alkali Resistant
4. 100% Termite Proof
5. Maintenance Free
6. Flame Retardant
Fabrication description: 30 mm thick factory made moulded PVC door (Wood free) consisting of frame made
out of M.S. tubes of 19 gauge thickness and size of 20mm x 40mm for stiles as well as top, bottom & lock rail.
M.S. frame shall have a coat of metal primer of approved make & manufacturer. The inside panel shall consist of
20mm thick multi-chamber hollow PVC section of 1mm wall thickness, bonded using solvent cement /
cyanoacrylate adhesive with 5 mm (+0.25) thick moulded PVC sheet of density 600 kg/cbm with 2, 4, 6 raised
panel deign in plain / prelam colours after routing the moulded design on one side of the inside panel. 5 mm
(+0.25) plain / prelam PVC sheet to be pasted using solvent cement / cyanoacrylate adhesive on other side of
the hollow PVC section. All the four edge of the panel to be sealed with lipping of 10 mm thick & 20 mm wide
PVC sheet baton made by sticking 2 nos. foam PVC sheets of 5 mm (+0.25) thickness using PVC solvent cement
adhesive. Door edge lipping to be painted with PVC ink of matching colour of Plain/Prelam moulded PVC sheet
of door 20 mm thick (5 mm x 4 nos.) thick PVC sheet to be given for lock provision at lock height. Door to be
fixed with frame with 3 nos. stainless steel butt hinges of size 100mm x 25mm x 2mm and 50 mm long steel
screws drilled suitable to pass through both the walls of the M.S. tube other hardware should be fixed with
25mm x 8mm size steel screws etc., complete as per manufacturer’s specification and drawing or direction of
Engineer-in-charge.
Finish: All the surface of moulded PVC door (Wood free) should be uniform smooth finish and free from crack
and seam. Passing joints shall be finished ensuring that no gaps are visible.
Wire mesh Solid PVC Door

The Wire mesh Solid PVC Door shall be fabricated in accordance with design requirement and detailed as per
drawing, in conformity with the requirements of this specification.
Feature: Feature of moulded PVC door are as follows: 1. 100% Water Proof 2. Dimensionally stable 3.
Acid/Alkali Resistant 4. 100% Termite Proof 5. Maintenance Free 6. Flame Retardant
Fabrication Description: 30mm thick factory made wire mesh solid PVC door shutter consisting of frame made
out of M.S. tubes of 19 gauge thickness and size of 19mm x 19mm for stiles and 15mm x 15mm for top, lock &
bottom rails. M.S. frame shall have a coat of metal primer of approved make and manufacturer. 19mm x 19mm
M.S. square tubes shall be covered with heat moulded plain sheet 'C' channel made from 5mm(±0.5) thick PVC
Sheet of Density 600 Kg /Cbm, of size 30mm thickness, 90mm width out of which 75mm shall be flat and 15mm
shall be bent in 90° angle on either side forming stiles, one of the 90° bend edge is cut from stiles as well as rails
to nail from inner side of door to hide wire mesh fixing steel screws. 5mm (±0.5) thick 115mm wide PVC sheet
out of which 100mm shall be flat and 15mm shall be bent in 90° on the inner side to form top and bottom rail
and 130 mm wide PVC sheet out of which 100 mm shall be flat and 15mm shall be bent in 90° on both side to
form lock rail.
An additional 5mm (±) thick PVC strip of 20mm width is to be stuck on the interior side of the 'C' Channel using
PVC solvent cement adhesive. Panel will be of GI /SS wire mesh of 24 gauge to be fitted inside area of stiles &
rails. The wire mesh in top, bottom & lock rail is sealed with 15mm x15mm tube with steel screw of size 13/6
mm.10mm (5mm x 2nos) thick PVC strip of 25mm width is to be stuck & nails on both side of G.I. wire mesh
interior at the top, bottom & lock rail. 10mm thick (5mm x 2nos) thick, 20mm wide cross PVC sheet as gap insert
for top rail & bottom rail Door to be fixed to frame with 3 nos. M.S powder coated butt hinges size 100mm x
25mm x 2mm and 32mm long steel screws drilled suitable to pass through both the walls of the M.S tube. Other
hardwares should be fixed with 19 x 6mm size steel screws etc. Complete as per direction of Engineer-in -
charge, manufacturer's specification & drawings.
Finish: All the surface of Wire mesh Solid PVC Door should be uniform smooth finish and free from crack and
seam. Passing joints shall be finished ensuring that no gaps are visible
UPVC Window (2 Track)

Material Description: The Windows shall be manufactured using rigid uPVC
profile sections, using GI reinforcement. 6. Fabrication Description: uPVC
Window, size 1200mm x 1200mm of wall thickness 1.2mm ± 0.25mm made out
of extruded section plain uPVC sections. The window frame made out of rigid
uPVC sections meter cut at 4 corners & joint with plastic fusion welding with
internal reinforce required. The shutter section made out of extruded rigid
uPVC with internal reinforced with provision of 5mm glaze/wire mesh as per
requirement. The window shall be fixed to the wall using 65x100mm long M.S.
fasteners at suitable place provided for each vertical and horizontal member etc.
complete as per manufacture’s specification and direction of Engineer-in-
charge.
Track uPVC Window Detail: Length: 1200mm Width: 1200mm
Finish: All the surface of Window should be uniform smooth finish and free
from crack and seam. Passing joints shall be finished ensuring that no gaps are
visible.
60mm Casement Door Configuration
UPVC Hinges

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AR3321 NON STRUCTURAL BUILDING ELEMENTS AND FINISHES

How steel is used in buildings and infrastructure

Plain Carbon Steel

Hollow Sections: Circular

Universal Beam: Universal beams is also called as I-beams or H-

Universal beam consists of

Parallel Flange Channels: These

Tapered Flange Beams

Definition of pressed steel

What is Galvanized Iron?

Introduction - Non-structural elements

Anatomy of a Door Opening

 Stop: Part of frame door the closes against

Steel Frame Door Types

History of the gauge system

Emerging Trends in the Industry

1. Flush Hollow Metal Doors

2. Hollow Metal Doors with Windows

3. Panelled Hollow Metal Doors

Fixed Steel Windows:

Pivot Steel Windows:

French Casement Steel Windows:

Awning Steel Windows:

Double Hung Steel Windows:

Sliding windows, or gliding

Type rolling shutters.

Marine Applications of Aluminium

Building and Architecture

Other Applications of Aluminium

Typical Forms Available

The malleability (capable of being shaped) and flexibility

PVC or polyvinyl chloride is one of the most versatile

Benefits of PVC pipes in construction

Difference between PVC and UPVC

Difference between UPVC and CPVC

Specification of PVC door & uPVC window

Feature: Feature of moulded PVC door are as

Wire mesh Solid PVC Door

UPVC Window (2 Track)

60mm Casement Door Configuration

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