Factorial Experiments

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Example:-(2-factor in CRD with interaction*)An experimental is interested in evaluating the relative effectiveness
of three drugs in bringing about behavioral changes in two categories,(schizophrencies and depressives). Criterion
ratings are made on each patient before and after the administration of the drugs. The following data represents the
difference between the two ratings on each of the patient.

Drug
d1 d2 d3
Category C1 8 4 0 10 8 6 8 6 4
C2 14 10 6 4 2 0 15 12 9

DxC subtable of Totals

Drug
d1 d2 d3 TOTAL
C1 12 24 18 54
Category C2 30 6 36 72
TOTAL 42 30 54 126

Solution:-
Correction Factor=(G.T)2/Total observation= (126)2/18 = 882

Total SS = (8)2+(4)2 …(9)2 – CF= 1198 - 882 = 316

SSDxC = SSsubtable DxC- SSD – SSC=144

SSError= 106 (By Subtraction)
 Factorial Experiments
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A N O V A TABLE
Source Of Degree of Sum of Mean Sum Fcal Ftab
Variation Freedom Squares of Squares
(S.O.V) (DF) (SS) (MSS=SS/df)
Drug (D) 3-1 =2 48 24 2.72ns F.05(2,12)=3.89
Category (C) 2-1 =1 18 18 2.04ns F.05(1,12)=4.75
D xC 2x1 =2 144 72 8.15* F.05(2,12)=3.89
Error 17-5=12 106 8.83
TOTAL 18-1=17 316
As interaction is significant it means two factors, category and drugs, are not independent i.e the effect of drugs are
different depending upon category of patient, so main effects do not have much meaning in the presence of
significant interaction. Present the result in the form of two-way table of means as
DxC Means
Drug
d1 d2 d3
C1 4 8 6
C2 10 2 12

 SE of difference between two drug means at same level of category =

 SE of difference between two category means at same level of drug =

Mean SE of difference 95 % C.I for diff. Of means

Level at Comparison
Difference between means Lower limit Upper limit
d1 c1 c2 -6* 2.43 -11.30 -0.70
d2 c1 c2 6* 2.43 0.70 11.30
d3 c1 c2 -6* 2.43 -11.30 -0.70
C1 d1 d2 -4ns 2.43 -9.30 1.30
d1 d3 -2ns 2.43 -7.30 3.30
d2 d3 2ns 2.43 -3.30 7.30
C2 d1 d2 8* 2.43 2.70 13.30
d1 d3 -2ns 2.43 -7.30 3.30
d2 d3 -10* 2.43 -15.30 -4.70
 Factorial Experiments
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Misleading results about main effect in presence of significant interaction

The nonsignificant F-Ratio for main effect of drug indicates that the three drugs have same effect where as two way
table of means indicates that for schizophrencies patients(i.e for C1) drugs have same effect but for depressive
patients,(i.e for C2) drug d1 and d3 are same but drug d2 is significantly different from d1 and d3.
 Factorial Experiments
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Example:-(Three Factor Factorial in CRD) The Percentage of hardwood concentration in raw pulp, the vat
pressure, and the cooking time of the pulp are to be investigated for their effect on the strength of the paper. Three
levels of hardwood concentrations, three levels of pressure and two cooking times are selected. A factorial
experiment with two replicates is conducted in a CRD.

1. Cooking time (T) Levels: 2

2. Pressure (P) Levels: 3

3. Hardwood concentrations (C) Levels: 3

Number of replicates:3

(1):- Perform Analysis of Variance

(2):-Can we conclude that the papers made by pulp having 4%hardwood concentration have the same strength as
the paper having 8% hardwood concentration in the pulp that was cooked for 3 hrs at 500 psi pressure

Cooking Time

% of 3hrs 4hrs

Hardwood Pressure Pressure

Concentration 400psi 500psi 650psi 400psi 500psi 650psi

2 196 198 213 218 211 215

197 200 214 219 215 217

200 201 210 220 210 218

4 200 212 215 216 210 220

201 210 214 217 209 223

204 211 217 218 210 225

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8 185 214 218 217 197 218

188 212 220 219 195 219

190 210 219 218 197 220

T x P x C TABLE OF TOTALS

Cooking Time

% of 3hrs 4hrs

Hardwood Pressure Pressure

Concentration 400psi 500psi 650psi 400psi 500psi 650psi

2 593 599 637 657 636 650

4
605 633 646 651 629 668

8
563 636 657 654 589 657

TxP TABLE OF TOTALS TxC TABLE OF TOTALS

Cooking Time Cooking Time

Pressure TOTAL Concentration TOTAL
3hrs 4hrs 3hrs 4hrs

400psi 1761 1962 3723 2% 1829 1943 3772

 Factorial Experiments
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500psi 1868 1854 3722 4% 1884 1948 3832

650psi 1940 1975 3915 8% 1856 1900 3756

TOTAL 5569 5791 11360 TOTAL 5569 5791 11360

PxC TABLE OF TOTALS

Concentration
Pressure TOTAL
2% 4% 8%

400psi 1250 1256 1217 3723

500psi 1235 1262 1225 3722

650psi 1287 1314 1314 3915

TOTAL 3772 3832 3756 11360

Solution:-
Correction Factor=(G.T)2/Total observation= (11360)2/54 = 2389807.41
Total SS = (196)2+(197)2 …(220)2 – CF= 2394755.997 - 2389807.41=4948.59
From TxP table of Totals

SSTXP = SSsubtable TxP- SST – SSP=3695.93-912.67-1372.48=1410.78

 Factorial Experiments
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From TxC table of Totals

SSTXC = SSsubtable TxC- SST – SSC=1235.46-912.67-178.37=144.44

From PxC table of Totals

SSPXC = SSsubtable PxC- SSP – SSC=1722.59-1372.48-178.37=171.74

From TxPxC table of Totals

SSTxPXC = SSsubtable TxPxC- SST – SSP- SSC – SSTxP - SSTxC SSPxC=655.44

SSError=By Subtraction

A N O V A TABLE
Source Of Degree of Sum of Squares Mean Sum Fcal Ftab
Variation Freedom (SS) of Squares
(S.O.V) (DF) (MSS=SS/df)
Temperature (T) 2-1 =1 912.67 912.67 320.03* F.05(1,36)=4.12
Pressure(P) 3-1 =2 1372.48 686.24 240.63* F.05(2,36)=3.27
Concentration(C) 3-1 =2 178.37 89.18 31.27* F.05(2,36)=3.27
TxP 1x2 =2 1410.78 705.40 247.34* F.05(2,36)=3.27
TxC 1x2 =2 144.44 72.22 25.33* F.05(2,36)=3.27
PxC 2x2 =4 171.74 42.94 15.06* F.05(4,36)=2.64
TxPxC 1x2x2=4 655.44 163.86 57.46* F.05(4,36)=2.64
Error 53-17=36 102.67 2.85
TOTAL 54-1=53
As the three factor interaction is significant so main effects do not have much meaning. Present the result in 3 way
table of means for further analysis as
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TxPxC TABLE OF MEANS

Cooking Time

% of 3hrs 4hrs

Hardwood Pressure Pressure

Concentration 400psi 500psi 650psi 400psi 500psi 650psi

2 197.67 199.67 212.33 219.00 212.00 216.67

4
201.67 211.00 215.33 217.00 209.67 222.67
8
187.67 212.00 219.00 218.00 196.33 219.00

 SE for difference between two cooking time at same level of Pressure & Concent

 SE for difference between two pressure at same level of time & Concentration

 SE for difference between two concentration at same level of time & Pressure
(2):-Confidence interval for the difference between means
(211-212)  t/2(Edf)SE = -1 (1.96) (1.38) (-3.70 , 1.70)
As the confidence interval contains ‘0’value so the two means are equal i.e the papers made by pulp having
4%hardwood concentration have the same strength as the paper having 8% hardwood concentration in the pulp
that was cooked for 3 hrs at 500 PSI pressure.
 Factorial Experiments
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Example:- To investigate the water uptake of amphibian, Frogs and toads were kept in moist or dry conditions
prior to the experiment. Half of the animals were injected with a mammalian water balance hormone. The
percentage increases in weight after immersion in water for two hours were recorded as fallows
SxHxM TABLE OF TOTALS
Frog Toads Frog Toads
Control Hormone Control Hormone Control Hormone Control Hormone TOTAL
Wet 0.85 3.82 2.31 28.37 Wet 3.75 6.68 0.72 42.53 53.68
2.90 2.86 -1.59 14.16 Dry 20.19 21.09 42.91 56.33 140.52
Dry 2.47 13.71 17.68 28.39
TOTAL 23.94 27.77 43.63 98.86 194.2
17.72 7.38 25.23 27.94

S x M TABLE OF TOTALS S x H TABLE OF TOTALS M x H TABLE OF TOTALS

Frog Toad TOTAL Frog Toad TOTAL Control Hormone TOTAL

Wet 10.43 43.25 53.68 Control 23.94 43.63 67.57 Wet 4.47 49.21 53.68
Dry 41.28 99.24 140.52 Hormone 27.77 98.86 126.63 Dry 63.1 77.42 140.52
TOTAL 51.71 142.49 194.2 TOTAL 51.71 142.49 194.2 TOTAL 67.57 126.63 194.2

A N O V A TABLE
Source Of Degree of Sum of Mean Sum Fcal Ftab
Variation Freedom Squares of Squares
(S.O.V) (DF) (SS) (MSS=SS/df)
Species(S) 2-1 =1 515.06 515.06 14.9* F.05(1,8)=5.32
Moisture(M) 2-1 =1 471.33 471.33 13.7* F.05(1,8)=5.32
Harmone(H) 2-1 =1 281.01 281.01 6.3* F.05(1,8)=5.32
SxM 1x1 =1 39.50 39.50 1.1 ns F.05(1,8)=5.32
SxH 1x1 =1 165.12 165.12 4.8 ns F.05(1,8)=5.32
MxH 1x1 =1 57.83 57.83 1.7 ns F.05(1,8)=5.32
S x M xH 1x1x1=1 43.43 43.43 1.3ns F.05(1,8)=5.32
Error 15-7=8 276.05 34.51
TOTAL 16-1=15 4143.43
As 2 factor and 3 factor interactions are insignificant so present the results in the form of one way table of means
for significant main effects
 Factorial Experiments
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Species TABLE OF MEANS Hormone TABLE OF MEANS Moisture TABLE OF MEANS

Frog Toad Control Hormone Wet Dry
Means 6.46 17.81 MEANS 8.44 15.83 TOTAL 6.71 17.57
SE for difference between SE for difference between SE for difference between
two species means two Hormone means = two Moisture means =

Graph for two species Mean Graph for Horm one Mean Graph for Moisture

20 20
20
15 15 15
Means

Means
10 10 10
Means

5 5 5
0 0 0
Frog Toad Control Hormone Wet Dry

Species Horm one Moisture